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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Phase II clinical study of ImmunoGuard (standardized combination of Andrographis paniculata, Schizandra chinensis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, & Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts) suggests the combination is safe & efficacious for management of patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever.
Amaryan 2003
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When clinical trials were undertaken to study effects on competitive club level endurance athletes, no significant change in testosterone, cortisol or TCR (testosterone to cortisol ratio) was observed in Panax ginseng group but, in Eleutherococcus senticosus group, TCR decreased by 28.7%.
Gaffney 2001
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Exercise induced increase of blood coagulation is reversed by A 20-day course of Eleuthrococcus tincture or by new preparations Elton and Leveton containing, respectively, eleutherosids and ecdisten [Article in Russian]
Azizov 1997
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No significant differences were seen between Eleutherococcus and placebo for: heart rate, VO2, volume expired, VE/VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion; Time(max) to exhaustion; or serum lactate in marathon runners after 6 weeks
Dowling 1996
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Pre-surgical preparation with vitamins, Eleutherococcus, sodium oxybutyrate, retabolil, splenin, curantyl, heparin, panangin, sulfalen and trichopol reduced post-operative complications in a study with 414 cancer patients
Starosel'skii 1991
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T lymphocytes were increased (mainly helper/inducer type, but also cytotoxic and natural killer cells) by 10 ml of ethanolic Eleutherococcus preparation, 3 times daily for 4 weeks in a study with 36 healthy people. No side effects after 6 months
Bohn 1987
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Recovery from children's dysentery was quicker when Eleuterococcus was added to monomycin in a study of 100 cases [Article in Russian]
Vereshchagin 1978
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"Complementary Naturopathic Medicine for Periodontitis"--a clinical trial involving Siberian Ginseng at
ClinicalTrials.gov
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Research protocols show no benefit of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) on cardiorespiratory fitness, fat metabolism & endurance performance. Supplementation of ES (up to 1000 to 1200 mg/d for 1 to 6 wk) offers no advantage during exercise ranging in duration from 6 to 120 min.
Goulet 2005
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KanJang oral solution, a fixed combination of standardised extracts of Echinacea purpurea(1) Adhatoda vasica(2) and Eleutherococcus senticosus(3) was found to be more effective in non-complicated acute respiratory tract infections compared with combined extracts of 1&3 alone.
Narimanian 2005
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Review of sympatho-adrenal-system-mediated stimulating effects of single doses of adaptogens derived from Rhodiola rosea, Schizandra chinensis & Eleutherococcus senticosus revealed that these drugs generate no side effects & increase mental performance and physical working capacity in humans.
Panossian 2005
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Administration of Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. (Araliaceae) on 20 elderly hypertensive and digitalized volunteers revealed thar E. senticosus safely improves some aspects of mental health and social functioning after 4 weeks of therapy.
Cisero 2004
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Study to examine physiological responses to supplementation with Eleutherococcus senticosus in endurance cyclists using a randomized, double-blind crossover design, 9 highly-trained men revealed no change in steady-state substrate utilization or 10-km cycling performance time.
Eschbach 2000
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Problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs
Rege 1999
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Multi-modal treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis in 39 children included adaptogens (Eleutherococcal fluid extract, B and C vitamins)
Savenko 1996
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Effect of eleutherococc extract and dibazole on general and intracellular adaptive reactions in children aged 4-14 years with acute pneumonia [Article in Russian]
Kim 1992
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Immunomodulating polysaccharides or saponins isolated from Astragalus mongholicus, Acanthopanax senticosus and Panax notoginseng, stimulate macrophages, promote antibody formation, activate complement and increase T lymphocyte proliferation
Li 1991
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Ventricular late potential was changed from positive to negative in 74% of Acanthopanax (eleutheroside) group vs. 35% in the insulin group of 57 heart disease patients [Article in Chinese]
Shang 1991
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Gastroduodenal diseases in 32 metallurgists were prevented by Eleutherococcus, alpha-tocopherol acetate, methyuracil, milfoil, nettle leaves, wort and camomile leaves, oxygen foam cocktails
Karnaukh 1990
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Serum beta-lipoprotein decreased from 902 to 608 mg/dl and healthy HDL-C increased from 52.6 to 61.2 mg/dl by Acanthopanax senticosus and Elscholtzia splendens in 31 hyperlipemia patients [Article in Chinese]
Shi 1990
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Combined therapy of methyluracil and eleutherococcus is more effective for pneumonia patients than the complex including aloe and antibacterial and symptomatic agents alone [Article in Russian]
Domashenko 1989
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Immunomodulating action of an Eleuterococcus extract in oncologic patients [Article in Russian]
Kupin 1987
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Efficacy of the use of biologically active substances to increase the body resistance in sailors [Article in Russian]
Novikov 1987
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Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity.
Asano 1986
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Breath and blood alcohol concentration following intake of Eleutherococcus and Gallexier [Article in German]
Gerling 1986
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Neurocirculatory hypotension in children was improved with Eleutherococcus, resulting in increased systolic and diastolic pressures [Article in Russian]
Kaloeva 1986
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Mechanism of adaptogenic effect of Eleutherococcus on the human body during thermal stress [Article in Russian]
Novozhilov 1985
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Effectiveness of treating enuresis with Eleutherococcus (People's Republic of Bulgaria) [Article in Russian]
Chenkov 1984
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Effect of adaptogenes on the immunological reactivity of patients with a history of acute pneumonia [Article in Russian]
Gladchun 1983
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Rehabilitation of cancer patients with physical therapy, dietotherapy, mesenchemotherapy, oxygen and iodine-bromine baths, mineralized water and non-specific medication (vitamins, eleutherococci, methonine, cholenzyme) and psychotherapy
Tsurkerman 1982
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Experience in using sugar and an Eleutherococcus extract with the workers of the hot shops and the nigh shifts of the Raichikhinsk Glass Plant [Article in Russian]
Batin 1981
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Effect of the long-term intake of Eleutherococcus on the adaptation of sailors in the tropics [Article in Russian]
Berdyshev 1981
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Effect of Eleutherococcus on body functions and the work capacity of sailors on a cruise [Article in Russian]
Berdyshev 1981
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Indices of antistress activity of an Eleutherococcus extracts in lymphogranulomatosis after splenectomy [Article in Russian]
Tseitlin 1981
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Effect of Eleutherococcus on respiratory viral infectious morbidity in children in organized collectives [Article in Russian]
Barkan 1980
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Effect of physical exercises and Eleutherococcus on lipid metabolic indices in submariners [Article in Russian]
Elizarov 1977
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Effect of Eleutherococcus extract on some functions of the digestive organs [Article in Russian]
Andreev 1976
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Experience in using Eleutherococcus for raising the level of the color discrimination function in railroad engineers [Article in Russian]
Sosnova 1976
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Comparative evaluation of the effect of Eleutherococcus and an acid-saline beverage on the development of processes of adaptation to intermittent heat effects [Article in Russian]
Afanas'ev 1973
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The effect of Eleutherococcus spinosus on the color discrimination function of the visual analyzer in persons with normal trichromatic vision [Article in Russian]
Sosnova 1969
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Eleutherococcal extract in the treatment of patients with psychoses and marginal states of sematogenous origin [Article in Russian]
Turkevich 1969
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The use of Eleutherococcus in ophthalmology [Article in Russian]
Zaikova 1968
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Siberian ginseng toxicity may be case of mistaken identity.
Awang 1996
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Ethanol extract of Acanthopanax giraldii has analgesic action and reduces body temperature but no effect was observed on fever induced by choleraic vaccine in rabbits. Acute LD50 in mice was 73 g/kg ip
Deng 1994
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Contraindications
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A case of a man taking digoxin whose serum level increased when he added Siberian ginseng and decreased when the ginseng was stopped
McRae 1996
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Platelet aggregation is inhibited by 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid from Acanthopanax senticosus
Yun-Choi 1987
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Animal Studies
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Acanthopanax senticosus has neuroprotective effect as it inhibits inflammation & microglial activation in brain ischaemia & reduces infarct volume by 36.6% when given as i.p. injection & inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 & OX-42 expressions after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in S-D rats.
Bu 2005
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Male rats when orally treated with two different doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) of extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus for 3 or 15 days showed no modification of serum levels of prolactin which plays an important role in immune system regulation.
Di Carlo 2005
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Water extracts (A, B, C, D and E) of five Eleutherococcus senticosus cortex when compared for swimming time, natural killer activity and blood corticosterone level using forced swimming stressed mice showed that eleutheroside E has anti-fatigue and anti-stress actions.
Kimura 2005
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Aqueous extract of roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (SG) demonstrated that vascular effect of SG is endothelium-dependent and mediated by NO &/or EDHF dependent on the vessel size as shown in in vitro vascular ring preparations from dog carotid artery, rat aorta and rat mesenteric artery.
Kwan 2004
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Water-soluble polysaccharide from Siberian Ginseng stems attenuates fulminant hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine & lipopolysaccharide in mice as i.p. injection lowered serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha, aspartate transaminase & alanine transaminase, improved histologic changes in liver.
Park 2004
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Influence of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular and humoral immune response when evaluated using animal models (Balb/c mice and F1 crossbreeds Balb/cxC3H) revealed enhanced cellular response of the mouse immunological system such as chemokinetic activity of mice spleen cells & GvH reaction.
Rogala 2003
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The influence of two pharmaceutical preparations containing an extract from root of Eleutherococcus senticosus: Argoeleuter & Immuplant tablets, when experimented on six weeks old female Balb/c mice exerted influence on increase of the level of immunoglobulins comprised in the serum.
Drozd 2002
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Stress induced gastric ulcers were reduced in rats by 2 weeks pretreatment with stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus or the major components, chlorogenic acid and syringaresinol di-o-beta-D-glucoside
Fujikawa 1996
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TNF-alpha and IL-1 production by macrophages are inhibited by 0.1-10 microg/ml acanthoic acid, (-)-pimara-9(11), 15-dien-19-oic acid, a pimaradiene diterpene isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum. It also reduced CCl4 induced liver damage in rats
Kang 1996
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Reduction of spontaneous activity, prolonged hypnotic time of pentobarbital sodium and reversal of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity by Acanthopanax giraldii i.p. in mice shows some similarity to reserpine
Deng 1994
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Experimental acute myocardial infarct and serum CK and LDH were reduced by saponin from Acanthopanax senticosus leaves, 25-50 mg/kg i.v. in dogs
Sui 1994
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Hyperglycemia induced by adrenaline, glucose and alloxan were reduced by saponin from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus, 100, 200 mg/kg, i.p. in mice
Sui 1994
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Ethanol and sodium salicylate embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were prevented by Eleutherococcus XXX extract in rats
Gordeichuk 1993
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Emotional--painful stress model in rats showed cardioprotective activity of adaptogens: rodiolae, eleutherococcus, levsea, p-tyrosol
Maslova 1993
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Phagocytosis and binding of complement (C3) cleavage products to receptors on peritoneal macrophages was enhanced Acanthopanax obovatus polysaccharide in mice
Wang 1993
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N-nitrosoethylurea induced nerve tumors were reduced by bioginseng, Rhaponticum carthamoides and Eleutherococcus senticosus
Bespalov 1992
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Chronosensitivity of hemostasis to the phytoadaptogens, eleutherococcus and liquorice, which is important for assessment of their chronopharmacological properties and prospects of their use
Khetagorova 1992
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Quercetin normalization of blood sugar and cholesterol exceeds that of chlorpropamide and Eleutherococcus extract in alloxan diabetic rats
Nuraliev 1992
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Solid Sarcoma 180 was inhibited and mice survival time prolonged by Acanthopanax giraldii polysaccharide. Macrophage C3 binding and phagocytosis were increased
Wang 1992
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Circadian rhythm change of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leucocytes concentration in peripheral blood was seen only in after-dinner-injected dogs: increased mesor and amplitude, acrophase shift by 1-2 hours by the beginning of the 24 hours
Khetagurova 1991
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Polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus inhibit transplanted tumor growths and ameliorated toxicities of toxic substances in experimental animals and suppressed human TB propagation in mice
Shen 1991
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Spleen weight and phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages were increased by Acanthopanax obovatus polysaccharide in mice
Wang 1991
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Effects of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms on coronary flow in isolated perfused guinea-pig heart and arrhythmia in other animals [Article in Chinese]
Liu 1990
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Thymus and spleen weight increased and modulation of humoral immunity seen with Eleutherococcus or ginseng in mice
Chubarev 1989
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Stress effects of adrenal gland hypertrophy, involution of thymus and spleen, ulcers, increased lipid peroxidation and the effect of ionol and eleutherococcus
Golotin 1989
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Blood sugar was lowered in alloxan diabetes of rodents by Ginseng root and leaf, Echinopanax, Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola and Leuzia. Aralia and Schizandra were ineffective
Molokovskii 1989
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Tumor growth was inhibited and survival time prolonged of tumor-bearing mice at 100 mg/kg/day, ip.by Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide. Also it increased the response of murine spleen cells to Con A and LPS
Xie 1989
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Radiation protection is found with Shigoka (Acanthopanax senticosus) 5 mg i.p. from 24 hours beforehand to 12 hr after exposure
Miyanomae 1988
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Myocardial infarction lesions are decreased and recovery is accelerated by Eleutherococcus in rats. Accumulation of glycogen, lipids and lysosomes is seen in lipocytes
Afanas'eva 1987
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Thromboplastine induced clotting was reduced by Eleutherococcus in rats. Effect was most obvious after 60-day treatment
Bazaz'ian 1987
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Radiation protection by the radioprotector, Adeturone, and adaptogen, Eleutherococcus, for 14 days, provide mutual potentiation of benefit in rats
Minkova 1987
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Changes in hemopoiesis in the rat as a result of combined exposure to acceleration, irradiation and radiation-modifying agents [Article in Russian]
Tenchova 1987
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Effects of Crataegus pinnatifidae, Astragalus memoranaceus and Acanthopanax senticosus on cholesterol metabolism in the guinea pig [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1987
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Plasma corticosterone increased 1 hour after i.p. treatment with Panax, Polyscias or Eleutherococcus in rats [Article in Russian]
Filaretov 1986
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Hypoglycemic guided fractionation revealed 7 glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F and G, having hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice
Hikino 1986
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Anti-inflammatory action of ethanol extracts from Acanthopanax sessiliflorus [Article in Chinese]
Zhou 1985
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Effect of aqueous extracts of Acanthopanax senticosus on parathion toxicity in mice.
Ferguson 1984
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A leu-enkephalin arginine-containing analog has marked antistressor properties in mice comparing very favourably with adaptogens from eleutherococcus
Lishmanov 1984
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Plasma glucose levels in resting rats were decreased by saponin extracts of Canadian white, American red, Sanchi, Aralia, Eleutherococcus, Korean red and Shiu-Chi ginsengs
Martinez 1984
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Sleep duration increased and sleep latency were decreased in mice by hexobarbital and Eleutherococcus senticosus. Hexobarbital metabolism was inhibited
Medon 1984
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Animals restrained from activity grew slower and returned to normal quicker when treated with Eleuthero [Article in Russian]
Khasina 1983
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Peripheral blood changes in Eleutherococcus pretreated mice exposed to acute gamma radiation.
Minkova 1982
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Hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of Eleutherococcus senticosus following acute and chronic administration in mice.
Medon 1981
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Use of Eleutherococcus for preventing transportation stress in swine [Article in Russian]
Buzlama 1976
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Effect of an Eleutherococcus extract on the body of animals [Article in Russian]
Grigorian 1976
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Effect of eleutherococcus on the specific antibody level in calves [Article in Russian]
Lazarev 1972
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Protective role of Eleutherococcus during the administration of rubomycia under experimental conditions [Article in Russian]
Gol'dberg 1971
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Eleutherococci improve the maintenance and growth of pigs [Article in Russian]
Liapustina 1970
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Effect of eleutherococcus on alarm-phase of stress.
Brekhman 1969
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Pharmacological investigation of glycosides from Ginseng and Eleutherococcus.
Brekhman 1969
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Indications of the immunological effectiveness of the combined use of dysentery ultraviolet vaccines and Eleutherococcus under experimental conditions [Article in Russian]
Bronnikov 1968
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The combined effect of stress reactions and extracts of Eleutherococcus on the inoculation of tumor cells by intravenous administration [Article in Russian]
Iaremenko 1967
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The effect of Eleutherococcus extract on the sexual function of bulls [Article in Russian]
Liapustina 1967
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The effect of large doses of extracts of ginseng and Eleutherococcus extracts on the occurrence of spontaneous tumors in hubrid mice [Article in Russian]
Ronichevskaia 1967
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Effect of Eleutherococcus extract on adenomas induced by urethan in lungs of mice.
Dzhioev 1966
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The use of eleutherococcus in animal husbandry [Article in Russian]
Maksimov 1966
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Influence of extract of Eleutherococcus on urethane-induced lung adenomas in mice [Article in Russian]
Dzhioev 1965
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Influence of the liquid extract from the roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the toxicity and antitumor activity of cyclophosphan [Article in Russian]
Monokhov 1965
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Eleutherococcus senticosus and spontaneous leukosis in mice [Article in Russian]
Stukov 1965
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Influence of chemotherapeutic agents combined with the extract of eleutherococcus senticosus on rise and development of the "SSK" tumour metastases [Article in Russian]
Tsyrlina 1965
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Pharmacodynamics
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A standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata and Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts when investigated in cultivated whole blood cells showed higher increase in formation of TNF-alpha & beta2MG compared to individual pure extracts.
Panossian 2002
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Study on effect of Acanthopanax senticosus stem (ACPS) on mast cell-dependent anaphylaxis revealed that ACPS inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction & histamine release from mast cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Yi 2002
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Compounds isolated from Eleutherococcus and their pharmacological effects support hypothesis that the reported beneficial effects of adaptogens derive from their capacity to exert protective and/or inhibitory action against free radicals.
Davydov 2001
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"Siberian ginseng" (Ezoukogi) prepared from the root bark or stem bark of Eleutherococcus senticosus exhibited anti-fatigue, anti-stress, immuno-enhancing effect CNS activity, and anti-depressive effects which were mainly due to lignans and iridoid glycosides.
Deyama 2001
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Increasing and decreasing the stress response effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus is by increased occupancy of positive and negative feedback stress hormone receptors by their natural ligands due to inhibition of specific enzymes which function to limit receptor occupancy.
Gaffney 2001
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A liquid extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus roots inhibited the productive replication of human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza.
Glatthaar 2001
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Ethanol extract of roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus was found to influence cytokine synthesis of activated whole blood cultures of ten healthy volunteers & release of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12 significantly inhibited suggesting that the preparation possesses immuno-modulatory potency.
Schmolz 2001
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Enhancing immunopharmacological activities on acute phase response mediators are best exhibited by the induction with whole ethanolic extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus whereas the species-specific and characteristic eleutherosides B and E are not associated with these activities.
Steimann 2001
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['The influence of active components of eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defence and physical fitness in man'.]
Williamson 2001
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The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus, contained in Taiga Wurzel preparation, when studied on cellular defence and physical fitness in man revealed that preparation affects cellular defence and physical fitness, as well as lipid metabolism.
Szolomicki 2000
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Eleutherococcus or indomethacin offset morphine-induced enzyme activation and increase of active forms of oxygen in neutrophils but had no effect on antioxidant enzymes
Dolmatova 1998
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CNS medicinal plants at 280-436 nm were photoprotectors in low concentration and photosensitizers in high concentration: Leonurus > Hypericum > Aralia > Schizandra > Echinopanax > Eleutherococcus > Valeriana > Panax ginseng
Bol'shakova 1997
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Review of cancer preventives like vitamin D, dehydroepidandrosterone, coenzyme Q10, celery seed oil, parsley leaf oil, sulforaphane, isoflavonoids, lignans, protease inhibitors, tea polyphenols, curcumin and Acanthopanax genus polysaccharides
Ren 1997
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Platelet aggregation is inhibited and clotting time lengthened by saponins from Acanthopanax gracilistylus var pubescens Li
Chen 1996
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Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides inhibit proliferation of S180 mice sarcoma (IC50=0.38 mg/ml) and K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells (IC50=0.28mg/ml)
Tong 1994
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Effect of essential oil of the stem cortex of Acanthopanax giradii Harms on the biological activity in human leukaemia cells (K562) [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1994
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Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes from healthy donors was increased by Echinacea purpurea or Eleutherococcus senticosus. They did not induce in vitro transformation of lymphocytes
Wildfeuer 1994
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Histamine release from IgE stimulated peritoneal mast cells was inhibited by ciwujianosides D1 and C1 from Acanthopanax senticosus, concentration-dependently and was 6800 times stronger than Na2 cromoglycate
Umeyama 1992
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Reperfusion induced arrhythmias and action potential alterations were reduced by Ciwujia extract [Article in Chinese]
Tian 1989
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Chromosome mutations induced by ethylmethanesulphonate in onion and barley were decreased by Eleutherococcus extracts used in weak concentrations [Article in Russian]
Strel'chuk 1987
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Lymphocytes treated with eleuthero, in vitro, show an immune-boosting effect
Kupin 1986
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A study of pharmacological actions of flos Acanthopanacis senticosi.
Wang 1986
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Dynamic study of the interferon-stimulating effect of a polysaccharide of Acanthopanax senticosus on leukemic cell culture [Article in Chinese]
Yang 1986
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ED50 for E. senticosus root extracts against L1210 cells was approximately 75 micrograms/mL. It gave additive antiproliferative effects with Cyt and Ade analogs
Hacker 1984
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Review of three decades of Soviet research. Concern about scarcity of Panax led to focus on Eleutherococcus
Baranov 1982
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Radiation protection was slight with Eleutherococcus and significant with Ginseng saponin
Ben-Hur 1981
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Effect of liquid extracts of ginseng and Eleutherococcus roots on cell carbohydrate-phosphorus metabolism in the rat liver [Article in Russian]
Alekseeva 1975
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Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus glycosides on early embryogenesis in the sea urchin [Article in Russian]
Anisimov 1973
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Two glycoside-containing genera of the Araliaceae family Panax and Eleutherococcus.
Sandberg 1973
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Incorporation of P32 into rat liver RNA during physical effort and exposure to Eleutherococcus glycosides [Article in Russian]
Dardymov 1972
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Reduction of the toxic effect of various antiblastic preparations by means of Eleutherococcus extract [Article in Russian]
Monakhov 1967
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Extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus maxim and the therapeutic activity of cyclophosphane, ethymidine, and benzo-TEPA [Article in Russian]
Monakhov 1967
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The influence of eleutherococcus on the leukemogenic effect of indole [Article in Russian]
Stukov 1967
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Eleutherococcus--a means of increasing the nonspecific resistance of the organism [Article in Russian]
Brekhman 1965
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Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosis): Current status as an adaptogen.--Farnsworth, N.R., et al. Econ Med Plant Res, 1: 156-215, 1985
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Analytical Chemistry
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HPLC method based on several known methods for determination of eleutherosides B and E developed, optimised and validated in terms of linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision on different days and at different concentration levels), accuracy & recovery.
Apers 2005
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Component dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol monopyranose, co-eluted with eleutheroside E reported during a quantification assay of the constituents of Eleutherococcus senticosus by reverse-phase HPLC.
Gaffney 2004
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5'-O-Caffeoylquinicacid & 3 isomeric compounds,of 5'-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, have been isolated & identified from Eleutherococcus senticosus by liquid chromatography-electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a novel NMR Liquid technique.
Tolonen 2002
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7 ginsenosides (Panax species), and 2 eleutherosides (Eleutherococcus senticosus), were correctly identified by botanical plant species however, concentrations of marker compounds differed significantly from labeled amounts in 25 commercial ginseng preparations.
Harkey 2001
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A new lignan glycoside, named eleutheroside E(2) (1), has been isolated from the roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), along with isomaltol 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2), eleutherosides B, E and E(1), and thymidine.
Li 2001
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8 phenolic acids, in different quantitative proportions were isolated by solid-phase extraction and identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography from roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus and formulations.
Zgorka 2001
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Nipponosides A-E, glycosylated hederagenin and oleanolic acids, and kalopanaxsaponin isolated from Acanthopanax nipponicus leaves
Miyakoshi 1999
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Chemical constituents of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms var. hispidus Hoo [Article in Chinese]
Chang 1993
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3 alpha-hydroxy-oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosyl esters, spinoside C1, C4 and C5, from Acanthopanax spinosus leaves were identified
Miyakoshi 1993
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Hederagenin and oleanolic saponins from Acanthopanax sieboldianus leaves were identified
Sawada 1993
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(+/-) Demethoxy-eleutherol and (+/-) demethoxy-eleutherin synthesis to study the relationship between structure and coronary dilation activity
Wang 1993
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Chemical constituents of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupt. et Maxim.) Harms [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1993
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Nevadensin, kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, taraxerol and taraxerol-acetate were isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax trifoliatus
Du 1992
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Chemical constituents of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1991
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Oleanolic acid and hederagenin saponins from leaves of Acanthopanax hypoleucus were identified
Kohda 1990
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Isofraxidin, syringin, chlorogenic acid, glucosides of isofraxidin, syringin, pinoresinol and medioresinol found in Acanthopanax senticosus stem bark. (+)-syringaresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucoside increases rat swimming time
Nishibe 1990
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Determination of syringin in Acanthopanax senticosus by HPLC [Article in Chinese]
Sun 1986
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HPLC separation of the phenylpropanoids syringin, syringenin-apiosylglucoside, eleutheroside E and the high molecular lectins and viscotoxins of mistletoe
Wagner 1986
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Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from Echinacea, Eupatorium, Chamomilla, Calendula, Baptisia, Achyrocline, Arnica, Sabal and Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) is related to acidic branched chain heteroglycans [Article in German]
Wagner 1985
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Quantitative determination of biologically active constituents in crude extracts of medicinal plants by thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. II. Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim., Panax ginseng Meyer and Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle.
Vanhaelen 1984
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Polysaccharides from Echinacea, Eupatorium, Chamomilla, Calendula, Baptisia, Achyrocline, Arnica, Sabal or Eleutherococcus, MW 25- 500 kd, are immunostimulating in granulocytes- and carbon clearance tests
Wagner 1984
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Studies on the constituents of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Franch. et Sav. 3. Higher fatty acid esters of taraxerol [Article in Japanese]
Yasue 1970
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Studies on the constituents of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Franch. et Sav. II. On the flavonoid and terpenoid constituents. Coincidence of hirsutrin and isoquercitrin [Article in Japanese]
Yasue 1969
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Studies on the constituents of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides franch et sav. I. Isolation cyclitols and flavonoid glycosides. Structure of antoside [Article in Japanese]
Yasue 1968
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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Study to assess in normal volunteers the influence of a standardized Eleutherococcus senticosus(SG) extract on activity of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 & 3A4 showed no significant differences between pre & post SG treatment dextromethorphan metabolic ratios indicating lack of effect on CYP2D6.
Denovan 2003
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Transgenic Eleutherococcus senticosus generated by introducing SS-encoding gene derived from Panax ginseng with genes expressing hygromycin phospho-transferase & green fluorescent protein through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation enhance production of phytosterols & triterpenoids.
Seo 2005
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Genetic relationships and intraspecific variation within Eleutherococcus senticosus analysed by performing polymerase chain reaction on total genomic DNAs of 10 collections and cytotoxic effects evaluation on seven human cancer cell lines showed 50% growth inhibition below 30 mcg/ml.
Yu 2003
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A molecular genetic study of Far Eastern species of family Araliaceae by means of RAPD analysis when conducted by assessing variability at 595 loci using 21 primers suggested that Acanthopanax sessiliflorus & Eleutherococcus senticosus belong to different genera [Article in Russian]
Zhuravlev 2003
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Gene expression of TNF-alpha is suppressed by acanthoic acid (a pimaradiene diterpene isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum) without affecting IL-6 expression
Kang 1998
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Genetic diversity, indicated by RAPD DNA analysis, of Acanthopanax brachypus in China is rather limited
Yan 1997
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Contemporary Formulas
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Separation and identification of the anti-inflammatory diterpene from the root cortices of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith [Article in Chinese]
Tang 1995
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Identification of Acanthopanax senticosus by TLC and UV absorption spectroscopy [Article in Chinese]
Wu 1986
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Eleutherococcus senticosus" or "Siberian Ginseng" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Pharmaceutical composition essentially comprising herbal extract of Chaenomelis Fructus, Achyranthis Radix, Acanthopanax, Phlomidis Radix, Gentianae Radix, Clematidis Radix & additional herbs as potent anti-inflammatory & anti-arthritic agent.
US patent 7,074,435
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Preparation of (-)-pimara-9(11),15-diene-19-oic acid (acanthoic acid) for inhibiting IL-1 and TNF-a;
US Patent 5,900,434
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Immune enhancing mixture with 2-10% Eleutherococcus plus other herbs and nutrients;
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