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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Comparision of clove cigarette on nicotine delivery, physiologic & subjective effects to their own brand of cigarette in 10 adult smokers indicated that clove cigarettes were rated as better tasting, but deliver nicotine, CO & other toxic components of tobacco smoke.
Malson 2003
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Stimulation of human olfactory epithelium with clove oil produces depolarization of 12.3 mV
Monti-Bloch 1991
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Sweetening spices studied on 70 adults found cinnamon, vanilla, spearmint & anise to be more comparable to sugar than nutmeg, ginger, cloves, bay, and salt
Blank 1990
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Dry socket treated with a specially formulated collagen paste was more effective than a treaditional method of zinc oxide/oil of cloves, with less pain and reaction
Mitchell 1986
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Blood glucose reduction by Syzigium cumini (Jamun), a folk medicine for diabetes in India, at 2.5 or 5.0 g/kg of seed aqueous extract for 6 weeks in alloxan diabetic rats.
Prince 1998
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"In pursuit of palliation: oil of cloves in the art of dentistry " (historical, no abstract)
Curtis 1990
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Eugenia uniflora is widely used in Paraguayan folk medicine for treating gout. Xanthine oxidase is inhibited by the quercitrin, quercetin, myricitrin and myricetin of the leaves.
Schmeda-Hirschmann 1987
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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"Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? " (no abstract)
Pallares 1999
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Keratitis or uveitis were induced by intrastromal injection of clove oil in rabbits
Palmero 1999
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"Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist " (no abstract)
Sanchez-Perez 1999
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A specific pattern of dental decay in 1160 male bus drivers in Indonesia grows with number of years of clove cigarette smoking to 89% after 15 years
Soetiarto 1999
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Of 1000 dermatology patients, 5 had occupational (food handling) allergy to spices, including garlic, cinnamon, ginger, allspice and clove. Although rare, it should not be overlooked
Kanerva 1996
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4 microliters eugenol, i.v., caused acute respiratory distress with hemorrhagic pulmonary edema in rats. Superoxide dismutase pretreatment decreased the protein content
Wright 1995
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Zinc-eugenol root canal sealer is toxic to fibroblasts when fresh and not after setting for a day. Substituting eugenol with higher fatty acids & glycol reduced toxicity
Araki 1994
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Among 55 contact dermatitis patients none were allergic to clove or basil
Futrell 1993
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A case of coma and liver damage from ingesting oil of cloves, similar to paracetamol poisoning and treated likewise
Hartnoll 1993
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Case of an infant with intravascular coagulation & hepatocellular necrosis, following ingestion of clove oil. Treatment with heparin,plasma coagulation factor and inhibitor concentrates
Brown 1992
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Inflammation induced by clove oil or arachidonic acid was reduced by ibufenac, ibuprofen, and their hydroxyethoxy analogs in the rabbit eye
Rao 1992
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Allergy to spices among 28 processing workers appears to be proportional to the pungency of the spice
Uragoda 1992
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"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Abuse: Hazards of clove cigarettes " (no abstract)
AAP 1991
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Case of an infant with CNS depression, urinary abnormalities and a large anion-gap acidosis after the accidental oral administration of clove oil
Lane 1991
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Lung edema was caused by infusing eugenol (0.1 & 1.0 mM) into isolated rabbit lungs
McDonald 1991
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"Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil " (no abstract)
Kirsch 1990
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Allergy testing 32 dermatitis patients found sensitivity to nutmeg (28%), paprika (19%), or cloves (12%)
van den Akker 1990
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Allergy testing 32 dermatitis patients found sensitivity to nutmeg (28%), paprika (19%), or cloves (12%)
van den Akker 1990
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Yeast assays shows mutagenicity of safrole & eugenol while the Ames assay does not
Schiestl 1989
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N2O can suppress chemotaxis of PMNs in the cornea of rabbits injured by clove oil
Kripke 1987
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Clove oil irritation of the eye is reduced by chromocarb diethylamine
Lapalus 1986
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Clove, Jamaica pepper and cinnamon were the spices giving the most positive skin patch tests among 118 people allergic to balsam of Peru
Niinimaki 1984
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"Permanent local anaesthesia and anhidrosis after clove oil spillage " (no abstract)
Isaacs 1983
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11,632 patch tests with eugenol containing products showed only two cases of hypersensitivity
Rothenstein 1983
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Essential oils and safrole-like compounds had only slight and mixed evidence of mutagenicity in sensitive microbe reversion assays
Sekizawa 1982
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Prednisolone reduces the uveitis induced by clove oil in rabbit eyes
Bolliger 1980
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"Evaluation of possible mutagenicity of the condiment clove when administered alone or in combination with caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster " (no abstract)
Abraham 1978
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Myeloperoxidase activity in rabbit eyes in response to clove oil
Williams 1982
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Contraindications
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Of 29 patients allergic to balsam of Peru, 5 had positive patch test with cinnamon and 17 to clove
Niinimaki 1995
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Sensitivity to clove oil was common among 22 patients with dermatitis from propolis
Rudzki 1983
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Animal Studies
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Eugenol, the essential oil of Caryophyllus aromaticus even at a dose of 5 microg/kg of mice, regardless of the chosen administration route, produced reduction and inhibition of the tongue edema induced by juice of a toxic plant Dieffenbachia picta.
Dip 2004
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The 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt.and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr.& Perry.(clove) (500 mg/kg; p.o.) enhanced the mounting behaviour of male mice, and increased their mating performance & they were devoid of any conspicuous general short term toxicity.
Tajuddin 2003
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The essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata (Myrtaceae), an antiepileptic remedy in Iranian folk medicine exhibited anticonvulsant activity against tonic seizures induced by maximal electroshock in male mice.
Pourgholami 1999
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Co-administration of urethane with extracts vegetables (carrot, spinach and cabbage), spices (cinnamon, pepper, cumin, clove and cardamom), tea and coffee and effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity
Abraham 1998
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Anaphylaxis (induced by compound 48/80) was inhibited by Syzygium aromaticum flower bud aqueous extract, IC50 = 31 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats, possibly by the lowered serum histamine levels.
Kim 1998
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CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats is reduced by eugenol. It also showed anti-peroxidative activity in addition to decrease in O2 formation
Krishnaswamy 1998
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Cytomegalovirus inhibition in mice by anti-herpes herbs: Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula & Rhus javanica.
Shiraki 1998
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Curcumin from turmeric (30 mg/kg body weight) or eugenol from cloves (100 mg/kg body weight), for 10 days lowered the liver and serum lipid peroxide levels, serum ALAT, ASAT and LDH, induced by iron in rats
Reddy 1996
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Cytomegalovirus inhibition in mice by anti-herpes herbs: Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula & Rhus javanica.
Yukawa 1996
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Effectiveness of herpes treatment with acyclovir was increased by Geum japonicum, Rhus javanica, Syzygium aromaticum or Terminalia chebula in mice.
Kuorkawa 1995
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Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide release by macrophages is reduced by capsaicin or curcumin (10 microM), eugenol or piperine (500 microM). Capsaicin and curcumin fed rats had lower radical levels
Joe 1994
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Glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome b5 and sulfhydryl increased and cytochrome P-450 & malondialdehyde decreased in mice fed cloves at 0.5%, 1% and 2%
Kumari 1991
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Eugenol was more effective in reducing fever than acetaminophen in rabbits induced by IL-1
Feng 1987
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Tiger Balm Red (menthol, camphor, 5% clove, cajuput, 5% cassia oils) is more irritating than Tiger Balm White (no cassia oil and 2% clove oil) on rabbit skin
Guppy 1982
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Pharmacodynamics
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Impact of essential oils on growth rate, zearalenone production by Fusarium graminearum under different temperature and water activity conditions in maize grain revealed at 0.995 water activity clove had an inhibitory effect on growth rate of Fusarium graminearum and on zearalenone production.
Velluti 2004
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The quantification of the
antibacterial properties of five essential oils (EO) including clove bud on a non-toxigenic strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence of agar as stabilizer & an emulsifier showed that Bay and clove bud EO are less active.
Burt 2003
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The methanolic extract of the cortex of Eugenia caryophyllata inhibited prostaglandin E(2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells, while eugenol suppressed the cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cells.
Kim 2003
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Aqueous ethanolic extracts from 9 plants including Eugenia caryophllata (leaf) showed protein glycation inhibitory activity in vitro in bovine serum albumin & fructose & also had antioxidative activity & glycation inhibitory activity was significantly correlated with the antioxidative potency.
Kim 2003a
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A study on acaricidal activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) bud oil-derived eugenol & its congeners (acetyleugenol, isoeugenol, & methyleugenol) against adult mites of Dermatophagoides farinae & D. pteronyssinus revealed methyleugenol was most potent.
Kim 2003b
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The study of antimicrobial activity(AMC)of 1%(w/v) fresh garlic, ground clove & red dried chilli on Listeria monocytogenes revealed that clove had bacteriocidal activity & reduced the count from 3 x 10(8) CFU/ml to 1 CFU/ml but no AMC of 1% (w/w)garlic or clove powder were observed in cheese.
Leuschner 2003
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The antimutagenic activities of dehydrodieugenol & trans-coniferyl aldehyde and its derivatives, the phenylpropanoids from clove against furylfuramide, Trp-P-1 and activated Trp-P-1 were assayed by the Ames test using the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain.
Miyazawa 2003
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The comparative effects of some food condiments on sodium arsenite-induced clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow cells using micronucleus assay method revealed the reduction of clastogenic effect of arsenite was the order ginger > garlic > cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) > sconio.
Odunola 2003
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Water extracts of cinnamon & clove spices inhibited the activity of rat liver Na+/K+ ATPase & Cu2+-ATPase, but stimulated F0F1ATPase which resulted in a decrease in ATP level, defects in proton & ion transports leading to electrolyte imbalance & derangements in mitochondrial function.
Usta 2003
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The Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf essential oils, particularly eugenol and methyl salicylate or leaf compounds were found as potential Pediculus capitis control agents and are comparable with delta-phenothrin & pyrethrum.
Yang 2003
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Among 170 methanol extracts of medicinal plants, 8 extracts including clove showed potent inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity (>80% inhibition at the test concentration) in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells.
Hong 2002
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Among the 49 plant metabolites, eugenol, pyrogallol and cinnamaldehyde (with IC(50) values of 129, 144 & 245 microM, respectively) were found to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E(2) biosynthesis using scintillation proximity assay.
Huss 2002
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Essential oils of cinnamon & clove (Syzygium aromaticum) in a range of 0.03-0.11% (v/v) were used in post harvest fungal diseases caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium proliferatum of banana when tested against crown rot & anthracnose peel blemishes.
Ranasinghe 2002
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The investigation of some Moroccan medicinal plants for antibacterial activity revealed that the aqueous extract of Eugenia caryophyllata proved to be the most effective against the 8 pathogenic bacteria tested.
Larhsini 2001
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Eugenol, thymol and benzyl alcohol, the aroma chemicals identified in the aroma extracts of clove buds & eucalyptus leaves inhibited malonaldehyde formation from blood plasma oxidation by 57, 43 & 32% respectively, at the level of 400 microg/ml.
Lee 2001
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Trans-isoeugenol and eugenol, the alkylphenols from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) suppressed 42.3 and 29.9% of the furylfuramide-induced SOS response at a concentration of 0.60 micromol/mL in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 umu test.
Miyazawa 2001
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Considerable antibacterial activity against 25 bacteria by volatile oils of Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum, Pelargonium graveiolens, Myristica fragrans, Origanum vulgare & Thymus vulgaris.
Dorman 2000
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Of the spices tested only garlic and clove had antimicrobial activity
Arora 1999
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Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, E. coli & S. cerevisiae by clove, cinnamon, bishop's weed, chilli, horse raddish, cumin, tamarind, black cumin, pomegranate seeds, nutmeg, garlic, onion, tejpat, celery, cambodge for food preservation
De 1999
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Culex pipiens mosquito larvae inhibition by methanol extracts of Rhazya stricta LC50=251 ppm, Azadirachta indica LC50=824 ppm. Syzygium aromaticum was less toxic to larvae but caused complete inhibition of adult emergence at 200 ppm.
El Hag 1999
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Helicobacter pylori inhibition by Coptidis japonica (rhizoma), Eugenia caryophyllata (flower), Rheum palmatum (rhizoma), Magnolia officinalis (cortex) and Rhus javanica
Bae 1998
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Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes are inhibited by eugenol (clove extract) and pimento extract
Hao 1998
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Herpes inhibition by eugeniin from Geum japonicum & Syzygium aromaticum, with effective concentration 14 fold lower than the cytotoxic concentration, possibly by acting on DNA polymerase.
Kurokawa 1998
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Microbial inhibition with Pelargonium essential oils was comparable with that of commercial thyme, clove, geranium and coriander oils
Lis-Balchin 1998
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Aspergillus on corn is reduced by essential oils of Cinnamomum (cinnamon), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (origanum), Teloxys ambrosioides (epazote), Syzygium aromaticum (clove) or Thymus vulgaris (thyme).
Montes-Belmont 1998
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Oils of bay, cinnamon, clove and thyme were the most antimicrobial (concentration under 0.075%) against Campylobacter, Salmonella, E coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria
Smith-Palmer 1998
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Gram negative Pseudomonas & Serratia and gram-positive Brochothrix, Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus & Lactobacillus bacteria are most inhibited by essential oils of clove, cinnamon, pimento, and rosemary
Ouattara 1997
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Existing agar-cup or disc diffusion methods are not adequate to study the antibacterial activity of aromatic oils due to lack of ideal diffusion. Agar slant method found Thymus vulgaris more effective than Eugenia, Cinnamonum or Cuminum
Agnihotri 1996
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Antibacterial activity against Gram-negative anaerobes by Syzygium aromaticum MeOH extract and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone 8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside, biflorin, kaempferol, rhamnocitrin, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid & oleanolic acid.
Cai 1996
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Cinnamon and clove essential oils have strong activity against HEp-2 cells in vitro
Saenz 1996
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Cinnamon and clove inhibited histamine production and histidine decarboxylase activity of Morganella morganii (bacteria in fish). Turmeric and cardamom had a moderate effect and pepper was ineffective
Shakila 1996
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Aflatoxin production on lentils inhibited by Chinese cassia, cinnamon, clove and thyme
El-Maraghy 1995
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IL8 is inhibited by 9 out of 59 Korean traditional anti-inflammatory herbs: Aralia continentalis root, Cnidium, Coptis, Fritillaria, Saussurea, Sparganium, Syzygium, Trichosanthes, Tripterygium and by dexamethasone but not by NSAID.
Lee 1995
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Ginger, pepper, pippali and mustard increased the number of revertants in a sensitive Salmonella assay indicating their mutagenic potential. Garlic, Asafoetida, tumeric, curcumin & eugenol were protective
Soudamini 1995
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Tobacco-induced mutagenicity is inhibited by eugenol, Anacyclus pyrethrum extract or Spilanthes calva extract
Sukumaran 1995
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Staphlococcus aureus is inhibited by Eugenia caryophyllata flowers, Myristica fragans seeds, Theobroma cacao bark, Triticum fruit, Zea mays fruit and Piper nigrum ripe fruit
Perez 1994
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Superoxide anion generation by XO and Fenton reaction are inhibited by curcumin and eugenol
Reddy 1994
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Clove oil inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor or collagen
Saeed 1994
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Local anesthetics such as cocaine, ethyl chloride spray, tropocaine and Nupercaine, are composed of an aromatic portion, intermediate chain and an amide portion
Wicker 1994
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Anti-mold activity of cinnamaldehyde and clove oil
Zhang 1994
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Aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin production by Aspergillus is inhibited by cumin, onion and clove oils
Hasan 1993
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Superoxide radicals were inhibited by zingerone from ginger, linalool from coriander, eugenol and cumin but not by piperine nor tumeric
Krishnakantha 1993
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0.2% Agar suspension was sufficient to obtain a stable dispersion of oregano and clove essential oils in liquid media and was more toxic to microbes indicating that studies using solvent dispersion underestimate antibiotic activity
Remmal 1993
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Leukemia virus reverse transcriptase is inhibited by 125 micrograms/ml of hot-water extracts of Eugenia caryophyllus, Phyllanthus urinaria, Terminalia belerica, Nelumbo nucifera, Psidium guajava and Lawsonia inermis
Suthienkul 1993
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Tannins, gallotannins, ellagitannins, and condensed & complex tannins evaluated for their cytotoxicities against human tumor cell lines.
Kashiwada 1992
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) oxidation by liver microsomes inhibited by zingerone from ginger at high concentrations (over 150 microM), curcumin (5-50 microM), turmeric & eugenol (25-150 microM), cloves and capsaicin (25-150 microM)
Reddy 1992
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Differentiation of M1 leukemia cells into macrophage-like cells was induced by Syzygium aromaticum methanol extracts and some triterpene aglycones.
Umehara 1992
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture is strongly inhibited by cinnamon; somewhat by anise, chloroform or rose; not by clove, dill or peppermint; and growth is enhanced by lemon
Ibrahim 1991
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Acetyl eugenol from oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets.
Srivastava 1991
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Apple pie spice, cinnamon, cloves, bay leaves, and turmeric increased insulin activity more than three-fold in the rat epididymal fat cell assay
Khan 1990
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Germicidal effect against various bacteria and Candida albicans by essential oil of clove, dispersed (0.4% v/v) in a concentrated sugar solution
Briozzo 1989
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Oral bacterial tests against Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Actinobacillus, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Fusobacterium and Propionibacterium show inhibition by cinnamon bark oil, papua-mace and clove bud oil
Saeki 1989
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Myeloperoxidase from human PMNs, catalyzed the oxidation of eugenol to a reactive intermediate, which is likely to be a quinone methide
Thompson 1989
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Antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum gratissimum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Melaleuca viridiflora, Helichrysum sp., Psiadia altissima
Ramanoelina 1987
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Arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation inhibition by clove oil is mediated by reduced formation of thromboxane
Srivastava 1987
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8 yeasts are more sensitive to essential oils (allspice, cinnamon, clove, garlic, onion, oregano, savory, and thyme) after sub-lethal heat stress
Conner 1984
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Cholagogue effect by acetone extract of clove and eugenol
Yamahara 1983
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Aspergillis fungus growth is inhibited best by cinnamon and clove, weakly by mustard, caraway seed, or celery seed. Aflatoxin production is inhibited by thyme and oregeno
Llewellyn 1981
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Aspergillus inhibition by 29 spices: cloves, star anise seeds and allspice completely inhibited fungal growth, whereas most others inhibited only toxin production. Eugenol (cloves) and thymol (thyme) completely inhibited growth at 0.4 mg/ml or less
Hitokoto 1980
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Aflatoxin inhibition by black pepper, cinnamon, peppermint, cumin, ginger and clove
Mabrouk 1980
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[The bacteriology of dry socket: the effect of zinc oxide and oil of cloves.]
MacGregor 1970
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Analytical Chemistry
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A fast, simple, accurate method was developed for quality control of Xingnao tinctures which contain mentholum, Flos Caryophylli & Borneoum Syntheticum. All were identified by TLC method, but mentholum content was determined by GC using Naphthalene as an internal standard. [Article in Chinese].
Huang 2003
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Based upon results of the retention behavior and mechanism of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, buthyl & isobuthyl benzoates at different eluent compositions of aqueous mixture with polar solvents in RPLC, benzoates in clove was determined.
Yasuda 2003
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The quantities of carbon-centered radicals (.R) trapped from tobacco smoke were: 54 +/- 2 nmol .R per Marlboro cigarette, 66 +/- 9 nmol .R per Djarum clove cigarette and 185 +/- 9 nmol .R per Swisher Sweet cigar.
Flicker 2001
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4 tannins including eugeniin (1), casuarictin (2), tellimagrandin I (3) & 2 chromones (4) biflorin & isobiflorin among which compound 3 showed high virus-cell fusion inhibitory activity on the syncytia formation with an IC50 value of 16.12 +/- 1.98 micrograms/ml.
Kim 2001
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Derivatizing alcohols and phenols of oil of cloves, lemon oil, rose absolut, and oil of peppermint with ferroceneoyl azide for electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry
Quirke 2000
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Casuarictin & eugeniin (ellagitannins) inhibit intestinal maltase. Activity is associated with increasing number of galloyl units in the molecule.
Toda 2000
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Beta-caryophyllene, beta-caryophyllene oxide, alpha-humulene, alpha-humulene epoxide & eugenol (sesquiterpenes from Eugenia caryophyllata (Clove) which induce glutathione S-transferase in mouse liver & small intestine
Zheng 1992
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Nutrient content of spices. Celery seed, cumin, coriander leaf, dill weed, cloves & parsley flakes--were very high in sodium (3 to 9 mg. per 2 gm)
Murphy 1978
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"Studies on the components of essential oil of clove " (Japanese, no abstract)
Deyama 1971
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"Determination of eugenol in the essence of "Eugenia caryophyllata". Titration in non-aqueous solvent and comparison with other methods of analysis " (Italian, no abstract)
Covello 1966
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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16S rRNA gene sequences for Burkholderia, a bacterial disease of bananas and Pseudomonas syzygii, the cause of Sumatra disease of cloves
Taghavi 1996
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Acetylcholine esterase inhibition by Eugenia caryophyllus water, saline and ethanol extracts
Akinrimisi 1976
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Hydrolysis of acetylcholine by the esterase is inhibited by aqueous extract of Eugenia caryophyllus
Akinrimisi 1975
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Contemporary Formulas
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Syzygium powder, at 3% in combination with Jute bag packaging, effectively suppressed cross infection of healthy groundnut kernels (12% moisture) by Aspergillus parasiticus fungi from diseased kernels when both kernel types occurred in the same lot.
Awuah 2002
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"Zinc oxide-oil of cloves or zinc oxide-eugenol? " (German, no abstract)
Gulzow 1981
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Imperviousness comparison of the materials Dycal, guttapercha, Reocap and zince oxide-oil of cloves for teeth
Mayer 1978
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Folk Blends
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Radioactive 137-Cs was highest in clove and black pepper out of 38 food items in Brazil
Venturini 1999
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The mixing behaviour of plant oils (ricebran, saffola & clove) with water in presence of amphiphiles (Triton X-100, Tween-60, oleate, ethanol & cinnamic alcohol). Urea further increased the monophasic extent whereas NaCl decreased it
Mitra 1996
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Ethylene oxide, used for spice storage & disinfection, quickly vaporizes off but there is persistent 2-chloroethanol
Chaigneau 1993
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"Decontamination of spices by ethylene oxide. The case of cloves (Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng.) and white pepper " (French, no abstract)
Muraz 1985
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"Action of clove oil, eugenol, and zinc-oxide eugenol paste on the dental pulp within "in vitro" conditions " (Croatian, no abstract)
Stojicevic 1980
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Analytical methods for the determination of components of seasonings
Salzer 1977
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Extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked spices by solvents & flotation
Glaze 1975
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "clove," "Syzygium aromaticum" or "Eugenia caryophyllata" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Reducing desire for tobacco by a mixture of oil of cloves, oil of wintergreen, monosodiumglutamate, extract of evodia fruit, and extract of Sichuan Lovage Rhizome applied to certain specific acupuncture points;
US Patent 5,592,956
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Insecticide for beetles composed of 50-90% boric acid, 1-15% sugar and 1-15% cloves and corn starch;
US Patent 5,223,270
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Mixture of dry alum powder and powdered cloves for the treatment of gum diseases;
US Patent 4,495,171
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Herbal compositions for combating inflammation, treating a cough and/or common cold, alleviating menstrual discomfort and soothing muscles and joints.
US patent 6,541,045
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Related Links
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Scroll down index of herbs to find Flos Caryophylli within the pdf file in
WHO monograph
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Entry for S. aromaticum at USDA's Germplasm Resources Information Network
GRIN
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D. May 2000 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate June 2001 |
| REVISED BY: J. Mohanasundaram, MD, Ph.D November, 2004 |
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