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SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. or quinquefolius L.
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FAMILY NAME:
Araliaceae
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COMMON NAME:
Ginseng, Chinese ginseng, American ginseng
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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Systematic assessment of effectiveness of herbal medicines in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease shows that significant intergroup differences for one or more outcome were reported for several herbal medicines including Panax ginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza.
Guo 2006
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The results of two acute placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over studies assessing the effect of Panax ginseng (G115) on blood glucose levels are reported.
Reay 2006
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Clinical antidiabetic efficacy & safety of 12 weeks of supplementation with a Korean red ginseng preparation, dose, & mode of administration, selected from an acute, clinical, model revealed good glycemic control although clinical efficacy as assessed by HbA(1c), was not demonstrated.
Vuksan 2006
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A single administration of Korean red ginseng water extract (500 mg/50 kg) increased nitric oxide levels in exhaled breath, and concomitantly decreased mean blood pressure and heart rate in 12 healthy, non-smoking adult volunteers.
Han 2005
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It is indicated that Kan Jang, ginseng and valerian are safe with respect to effects on human male sterility when administered at dose levels corresponding to approximately 3 times the human daily dose.
Mkrtchyan 2005
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Panax ginseng improved performance and subjective feelings of mental fatigue during sustained mental activity in 30 healthy young adults and this effect may be related to the acute gluco-regulatory properties of the extract.
Reay 2005
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After chronic administration, Gincosan (320mg/day) containing 120mg Ginkgo biloba, and 200mg Panax ginseng, appeared to have no beneficial effects in 30 post-menopausal women.
Hartley 2004
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In a double-blind study cognitive & mood effects of 75 mg of extract of guarana (12% caffeine), 200 mg of Panax ginseng (G115), & their combination (75 mg/200 mg), were assessed in 28 healthy volunteers which showed that both ginseng & ginseng/guarana combination enhanced speed of memory task.
Kennedy 2004
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Panax ginseng has been studied in a number of randomized clinical trials investigating its effect on physical and psychomotor performance, cognitive function, immunomodulation, diabetes mellitus and herpes simplex type-II infections.
Coleman 2003
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Supplementation with ginseng fails to improve physical performance and heart rate recovery of individuals undergoing repeated bouts of exhausting exercise.
Engels 2003
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It is demonstrated for the first time that Panax ginseng can directly modulate cerebroelectrical activity in 15 healthy volunteers, and these effects are more pronounced than those following Ginkgo biloba.
Kennedy 2003
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Administration of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) in humans increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, while decreased malondialdehyde level indicating that antioxidant potential of PGE might induce hypolipidemic effect as one of action mechanism.
Kim 2003
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Asian ginseng showed both null and opposing effects on indices of acute postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in 11 healthy subjects.
Sievenpiper 2003
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The morning/evening menopause formula with Panax ginseng in morning formula are found to be safe and effective for relieving menopausal symptoms including hot flashes and sleep disturbance in healthy menopausal women.
Sun 2003
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P. ginseng increases the QTc interval and decreases diastolic blood pressure 2 hours after ingestion in healthy adults on the first day of therapy.
Caron 2002
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P. ginseng improved aspects of mental health and social functioning after 4 weeks of therapy.
Ellis 2002
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Garlic oil reduced CYP2E1 activity in 12 healthy volunteers (6 females) by 39%, whereas no significant effect on CYP activity was observed for Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba.
Gurley 2002
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The effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a product combining the two was compared on aspects of mood and cognitive performance in the same cohort of healthy, young adult volunteers.
Kennedy 2002
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In study of healthy young volunteers, Ginseng improved accuracy and responses on computerised serial subtraction tasks with Ginkgo-Ginseng combination showing highly significant and sustained increase in the number of responses accompanied by improved accuracy.
Scholey 2002
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The responses of plasma hormones after ginseng consumption were not significant during the 2-hour recovery period following acute resistance exercise.
Youl 2002
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Prolonged supplementation with P. ginseng has no ergogenic benefits during and in the recovery from short, supramaximal exercise.
Engels 2001
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A clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) and Panax ginseng (PG) on competitive club-level endurance athletes engaged in their normal in-season training.
Gaffney 2001
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Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination showed dose-dependent improvement in secondary rather than working memory performance, with a dose dependent decrement in speed of attention.
Kennedy 2001
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Administration of single doses of Ginseng in healthy adults showed significant improvement in "Quality of Memory" and associated "Secondary Memory" with a significant decrement in "Speed of Attention" factor and reduced alertness at lower doses.
Kennedya 2001
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Treatment with a combination of Panax quinquefolium extract and Ginkgo biloba extract may improve symptoms of ADHD.
Lyon 2001
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American ginseng reduced postprandial glycemia in subjects without diabetes only when administered 40 min before an oral glucose challenge.
Vuksan 2001
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In nondiabetic individuals, 3, 6 or 9g of American ginseng taken 40, 80 or 120 minutes before a glucose challenge similarly improved glucose tolerance.
Vuksan 2000
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American ginseng reduced postprandial glycemia irrespective of dose and time of administration in type 2 diabetic patients.
Vuksan 2000
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American ginseng attenuated postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Vuksan 2000
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A Ginkgo/ginseng combination was found to significantly improve an Index of Memory Quality of healthy middle-aged volunteers.
Wesnes 2000
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Ginseng treatment was found to shorten reaction time at rest and during exercise thus improving psychomotor performance during exercise without affecting exercise capacity.
Ziemba 1999
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Lack of benefit was found in VO2, exercise time, workload, plasma lactate and hematocrit at peak levels, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion in a study of 28 adults randomly assigned to ginseng (200 mg for 21 days) or placebo
Allen 1998
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Oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, blood lactic acid concentration, heart rate, and perceived exertion were unaffected by 200 or 400 mg/day P. ginseng concentrate (G115) for 8 weeks in a study with 36 healthy men
Engels 1997
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Right cerebral blood flow, TCD and CT improved in 96% of 202 patients given Nao Li Shen (ginseng, gastrodia tuber, chuanxiong rhizome and red sage root)
Lu 1997
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Leukocyte subpopulations: CD3 (T cells), CD 19 (B cells), CD4 (T-helper), CD8 (T-suppression), CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD25 (IL-2-receptor) were unaffected by 150 mg twice a day for 8 weeks in a placebo controlled trial with 20 healthy men
Srisurapanon 1997
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Gericomplex, to evaluate ginseng for geriatric patients, failed to show benefit [Article in Norwegian]
Thommessen 1997
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64 neurasthenia patients given Ginkgo biloba/ginseng combination at 80, 160, or 320 mg bid for 90 days had improved heart rate and cognition
Wesnes 1997
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Quality-of-life assessed by an 11-item questionnaire, improved 6.4 points with vitamins and 11.9 points with vitamins plus ginseng in a 4 month, randomized, double-blind study with 625 patients
Caso Marasco 1996
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No endurance benefit was found for 8 or 16 mg/kg/d of ginseng for 7 days over placebo for people using a cycle ergometer
Morris 1996
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Spermatozoa number and motility and plasma testosterone, DHT, FSH and LH levels increased in men taking ginseng while PRL decreased in a study with 66 patients
Salvati 1996
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Antibody titre after flu vaccination was increased from 171 to 272 and number of flu cases dropped from 42 to 15 in the group taking 100 mg Ginsana for 12 weeks in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation of 227 people
Scaglione 1996
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No cognitive or rehabilitation benefit was found in 24 geriatric patients (avg 78 yr) taking 2 capsules/d of Gericomplex (ginseng, vitamins, minerals and trace elements) for 8 weeks compared to the placebo group
Thommessen 1996
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Erectile dysfunction patients had greater improvement with ginseng than placebo or trazodone in a trial with 90 men
Choi 1995
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Digoxin treatment of cardiac function was enhanced by red ginseng in a trial with 45 patients [Article in Chinese]
Ding 1995
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Improved quality of life with ginseng preparations? Positive effects in healthy working people [Article in Swedish]
Wiklund 1995
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Cancer incidence was lower among ginseng users. Level was lowest for red ginseng (0.20), followed by white ginseng powder (0.30), fresh ginseng extract (0.37) and white ginseng extract (0.57)
Yun 1995
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200 precancerous patients treated with Hua-sheng-ping (Chrysanthemum morifolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Panax notoginseng) had 95.5% effective rate compared with 57% in the control group [Article in Chinese]
Yu 1993
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Systolic blood pressure of 10 adults decreased with large-dose (120 mg ginkgo biloba +200 mg ginseng) or half that dose. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased only in the high dosage group. Platelet aggregation is reduced by both doses
Kiesewetter 1992
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Exercise work load and maximal oxygen consumption were increased by ginseng in a double-blind, crossover study with 50 men taking, for 6 weeks, a preparation of ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements
Pieralisi 1991
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Angina improvement by Shenshao Tongguan Pian (saponins from Ginseng & Paeoniae, etc) in a randomized double blind trial of 565 cases of coronary heart disease [Article in Chinese]
Hu 1990
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Immune parameters were improved in 20 healthy volunteers taking 100 mg of aqueous or standardized extracts twice daily for 8 weeks
Scaglione 1990
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Among 905 consecutive cancer patients , the odds ratio of cancer in relation to ginseng intake was 0.56. Ginseng extract and powder were more effective than fresh sliced ginseng, the juice, or tea
Yun 1990
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Senility and coronary benefit was seen with 358 people (50-85 yr old) taking ginseng saponin at 150 mg/d for 2 months [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1990
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Blood alcohol was 35% lower in men taking ginseng extract (3 g/65 kg body weight) along with alcohol (72 g/65 kg body weight)
Lee 1987
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Improvements in attention (cancellation test), processing (mental arithmetic, logical deduction), integrated sensory-motor function (choice reaction time) and auditory reaction time in 16 men taking 100 mg Korean ginseng twice a day for 12 weeks
D'Angelo 1986
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Total cholesterol, triglyceride and NEFA decreased while HDL (healthy) cholesterol increased in patients taking red ginseng powder. Platelet adhesiveness was also reduced
Yamamoto 1983
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A review of the properties and clinical effects of ginseng.
Popov 1973
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Administration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, which consists of tissue cultured Panax ginseng 0.3 gram/dose decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles.
Hijikata 2005
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The effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes induced by an acute exhaustive exercise in sedentary humans were studied.
Kim 2005
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Ginsenosides compound may attenuate gastrointestinal injury and inhibit inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease.
Xia 2005
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[Transient ischemic attack secondary to hypertensive crisis related to Panax ginseng.]
Martinez-Mir 2004
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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Korea is a non-organ specific cancer preventive against human cancers and the anticarcinogenicity or human cancer preventive effect of Panax ginseng is due to ginsenoside Rg(3), Rg(5) and Rh(2).
Yun 2003
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Manic symptoms in a patient with affective disorder attributed to Ginseng.
Vazquez 2002
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation for complications due to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis decreased the frequency and duration of dialysis
Wei 1999
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Systolic blood pressure was decreased by 8 weeks of 4.5 g/d red ginseng in a study of 26 hypertensive patients
Han 1998
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In smokers, 1.8 gm of red ginseng provided nearly as much antioxidant protection of DNA as 200 IU vitamin E
Lee 1998
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Dietary recall study of 4634 older people indicates lower cancer incidence among ginseng users
Yun 1998
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Gastric cancer risk decrease by ginseng has been reported in case-control and cohort studies
Ahn 1997
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Left ventricular diastolic function was improved by total saponins of Panax notoginseng in hypertensive patients [Article in Chinese]
Feng 1997
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Ginsenoside Rb1 is hydrolyzed to protopanaxadiol by 79% of 58 human fecal specimens; attributed to Prevotella oris intestinal bacteria
Hasegawa 1997
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Coronary angina pectoris treated with Radix Ginseng, Radix Notoginseng and Succinum improved compared with Fufang Danshen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) in a study of 116 patients
Yuan 1997
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Experimental and epidemiological evidence of the cancer-preventive effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
Yun 1996
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Non-insulin-dependent diabetics had some improvements with 8 weeks of ginseng (100 or 200 mg) over placebo in a trial with 36 newly diagnosed patients
Sotaniemi 1995
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Review of ergogenic properties of ginseng finds that although animals studies show prolonged survival to physical or chemical stress, there is, generally, a lack of controlled research demonstrating improved performance in fatigued humans
Bahrke 1994
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Adding TCM (leaf of Asiatic Ginseng, root of Astragalus membranaceus Bge, etc) and other adjuvants to chemotherapy improved cancer survival in small cell lung cancer patients [Article in Chinese]
Cha 1994
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Chronic renal failure symptom scores was decreased from 12.5 to 5.6 in 36 patients by Baoyuan Dahuang Decoction (Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia cinnamomi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Rheum palmatum) [Article in Chinese]
Sheng 1994
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Shen-Qi (Ginseng-Astragalus) reduced the toxic effects of chemotherapy in 176 cases of malignant tumor of the digestive tract, maintaining immunology parameters [Article in Chinese]
Li 1992
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Anti-senility action of saponin in Panax ginseng fruit in 327 cases [Article in Chinese]
Huo 1984
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Traditional and Folk Use
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12 herbs, including Camellia sinensis & Panax ginseng, are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities.
Yance 2006
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Review on recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products shows that the use of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng declined during the study, while lutein use increased dramatically, because of its addition to multivitamin products.
Kelly 2005
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Review of botanical dietary supplements for menopause shows that single clinical trials do not support the use of dong quai, ginseng, or evening primrose seed oil for improving menopausal symptoms.
Low Dog 2005
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Review on nutrients and botanicals for erectile dysfunction shows that arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba all have some degree of evidence they may be helpful for erectile dysfunction.
McKay 2004
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The reports on seven Chinese herbs including Panax ginseng & Zingiber officinale Rosc. was reviewed with emphasis to their immunomodulatory & antimicrobial activities. This review supports traditional practice of using Ganoderma lucidum, ginseng & Zingiber officinale to stimulate immune system.
Tan 2004
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Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a safe, widely available alternative remedy that improves patients' ability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse, even in a population with severe erectile dysfunction.
Price 2003
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A kampo medicine, Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT) which contains 14 kinds of component herbs including roots of Panax ginseng and/or onjisaponins in Polygala tenuifolia have potential therapeutic effects for the treatment of Alzheimer disease patients.
Yabe 2003
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According the scientific data, the mostly used plants in diabetes mellitus are Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, Vaccinium myrtillus, Phaseolus vulgaris. [Article in Lithuanian]
Savickiene 2002
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses were performed on a number of botanicals including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gingko biloba, Panax ginseng, etc. which are currently used for women's health.
Xu 2002
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Contextualized review of ginseng use in the Far East including history, nomenclature, geographical distribution and type of products.
Yun 2001
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Fourier components of the pulse of the radial artery are specifically affected by Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium roots and Ganoderma lucidum and is in agreement with traditional Chinese medical descriptions
Wang 1994
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Fresh as well as sun-dried specimens had a high percentage of Rg1 in the main root and this might account for the traditional preference of this plant part despite its lowest percentage of saponin in the whole plant
Yip 1985
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Historical comparison of the traditions of ginseng by Chinese in Asia and Indians in North America finds remarkable similarity
Goldstein 1975
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Forty-seven samples from 20 suppliers, including both Panax ginseng and American ginseng, were analysed for pesticides and toxic metals like arsenic, aluminium, copper, zinc, mercury and lead, etc The results showed that 24 samples (80%) contained pesticides above the detection limit.
Durgnat 2005
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The toxicity of ginseng appears to be low: some of the reports of toxic episodes of ginseng may actually pertain to other components of multicomponent preparations.
Chang 2003
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A review of randomised controlled trials and articles showing that P. ginseng monopreparations are rarely associated with adverse events or drug interactions.
Coon 2002
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Bioton-1, a biologically active food supplement obtained from ginseng root, had no embryotoxic, gonadotoxic or teratogenic effects, and no negative effect on growth and development of rats.
Sorokina 2000
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Adverse effects of ginseng. No cure in breast cancer [Article in Swedish]
Albertsson 1996
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A ginseng protein with high homology to an intracellular pathogenesis-related protein of parsley and to a Birch tree pollen allergen is a ribonuclease
Bufe 1996
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Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
Faleni 1996
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Case of a woman with a severe headache after ingesting a large quantity of ethanol-extracted ginseng. Cerebral angiograms indicated arteritis
Ryu 1995
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Wild ginseng was mitogenic to lymphocytes while cultured ginseng was not
Mizuno 1994
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Maternal ginseng use associated with neonatal androgenization.
Koren 1990
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Two cases of ginseng toxicity reported with mydriasis, dizziness and semiconsciousness [Article in Chinese]
Lou 1989
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A case of postmenopausal bleeding attributed to the use of topical ginseng is reported
Hopkins 1988
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Pharmacological studies on the incompatibility of nineteen medicinal herbs--acute toxicity tests [Article in Chinese]
Chang 1985
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Interactions
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It has been shown that 21% (n=16, N=76) of patients co-ingested herbs ( Panax ginseng, Allium sativum, Gingko biloba) with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, of which half of them were at risk of potential drug-herb interactions.
Saw 2006
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Panax ginseng reduced the blood concentrations of alcohol (ethanol) and warfarin, and induced mania when used concomitantly with phenelzine, but ginseng increased the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
Hu 2005
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Herbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic, ginkgo, echinacea, Panax ginseng, St John's wort and kava.
Sparreboom 2004
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Panax ginseng appears to be well tolerated, although caution is advised about concomitant use with some pharmaceuticals, such as warfarin, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and phenelzine.
Kiefer 2003
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Eubacterium sp. A-44, in human intestinal flora, transforms inactive Ginsenoside Rb1 to the active forms Rd and F2
Akao 1998
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Contraindications
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Gynecomastia in a male and ginseng [Article in Spanish]
Palop 1999
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Warnings that ginseng might cause headache, tremulousness, and manic episodes in patients treated with phenelzine sulfate; should not be used with estrogens or corticosteroids; may interfere with digoxin monitoring and may affect blood glucose
Miller 1998
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Gamma-globulin and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA in serum were decreased by 30 or 150 mg/kg ginseng extract fed for 52 days to mice
Kim 1997
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A case of a man taking digoxin whose serum level increased when he added ginseng and decreased when ginseng was stopped
McRae 1996
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Blood testosterone increased and prostate weight decreased after 60 days for rats on a diet containing 5% ginseng
Fahim 1982
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Animal Studies
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It is shown that pretreatment of ginsan (25 mug/kg) protected mice from lethality induced by Staphylococcus aureus challenge.
Ahn 2006
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Postsurgical pericardial adhesions with porous acellular bovine pericardia loaded with ginsenoside Rg1, an angiogenic agent isolated from Panax ginseng (the Acellular/Rg1 patch) was found to be reduced in rabbit model.
Chang 2006
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It is demonstrated that ginsenoside Re could lower blood glucose & lipid levels, and exerts protective actions against the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and kidney of diabetic rats.
Cho 2006
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It is suggested that injection of Shengmai San, a traditional Chinese medicine comprising three herbals including Panax ginseng, might be useful for preventing the progression of injury in cerebral infarction after stroke in rats.
Ichikawa 2006
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The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was assessed in the bone marrow of C57BL/6 male mice treated with ginsan or amifostine, 30 min before as well as 15 min after 1.5 Gy of gamma-irradiation.
Ivanova 2006
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It is indicated that in vivo long-term administration of ginseng saponins, active ingredients of Panax ginseng, attenuates adverse vascular effects associated with chronic L-methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats.
Kim 2006
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Ginsenoside Rh2 may lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats based on an increase in beta-endorphin secretion that activates opioid mu-receptors thereby resulting in an increased expression of glucose transporter subtype 4.
Lai 2006
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Panax ginseng extract exhibited a protective action against Acrylamide (ACR) toxicity and it is worth noting that treatment with Panax ginseng extract before or at the same time as ACR treatment was more effective than when administered after ACR treatment in rats.
Mannaa 2006
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The effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer G115 on inflammatory cytokine production and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) RNA expression was examined in mice during 4 weeks of swimming stress.
Pannacci 2006
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The possibility of using a tissue cultured root of wild Panax ginseng (tcwPG) as a fertility agent was examined. The effect of tcwPG on spermatogenesis was studied using male rats which revealed that tcwPG had feasibility as a therapeutic agent on spermatogenic disorder.
Park 2006
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The immune-enhancement effect of Panax ginseng was determined using a forced swimming test and by measuring cytokine production in MOLT-4 cell culture and mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Shin 2006
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Protopanaxadiol saponins (Rg3, Rd, Rc, Rb1 and Rb2) and protopanaxatriol saponins (Rg1, Re and Rg2) isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were evaluated for their adjuvant effects on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice.
Sun 2006
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Ginsenosides Rg3(S) and Rg5/Rk1 significantly reversed the memory dysfunction induced by ethanol or scopolamine, in mice when tested by using a passive avoidance test and their neuroprotective actions against excitotoxicity may be attributed to their memory enhancing effects.
Bao 2005
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The effects of ginsan, a polysaccharide fraction from Panax ginseng, on the gamma-radiation induced alterations of some antioxidant systems in the spleen of Balb/c mice was evaluated.
Han 2005
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The effects of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 in a rat model was determined, with specific emphasis on nitric oxide and cytokines, which have been implicated in chronic brain inflammation.
Joo 2005
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Wild Panax ginseng leaf extract supplementation is involved in suppressing a sudden increase in blood glucose levels and a consequent decrease in TBARS levels in diabetic rats.
Jung 2005
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Protopanaxatriol ginsenosides of Panax ginseng might be the main active components for the attenuation of experimentally colorectal distention-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity, and may be clinically relevant for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome when tested in a rat model.
Kim 2005
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Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract in male BALB/c mice appears to potentiate humoral immune response but suppresses spleen cell functions.
Liou 2005
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Oral administration of Panax ginseng root (125.0 mg/kg) into rats three times daily for three days after receiving fructose-rich chow for four weeks reversed the increased glucose-insulin index, indicating that Panax ginseng root has the ability to improve insulin sensitivity.
Liu 2005
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The chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effects of a standardized Panax Ginseng extract (EFLA400, processed Panax ginseng extract containing a high titre of ginsenoside Rg3 (>3.0% w/w) known as Phoenix ginseng) in Swiss albino mice have been evaluated.
Panwar 2005
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The chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effect of Panax ginseng extract, EFLA400 in Swiss albino mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice.
Panwar 2005a
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Study of the long-term effect of a conflict situation on the cognitive functions in animals with different cognitive abilities showed that the positive influence of panax (ginseng) and skullcap (Scutellatria baicalensis) extracts was mostly manifested in bad-learning animals. [Article in Russian]
Pershina 2005
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Ginseng in a dose-dependent manner increased the % freezing time and the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of rats that received contextual fear conditioning.
Qiao 2005
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The neuroprotective/ cerebroprotective actions of Korean ginseng tea in stroke, using rat global and focal models of ischemia was evaluated.
Shah 2005
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It is indicated that in a diabetic ob/ob mouse model total ginsenosides in Chinese ginseng was endowed with significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity properties.
Xie 2005
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It is indicated that ginseng may be partially protective against adriamycin-induced heart failure in Wistar rats.
You 2005
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Ginsenosides Rd, Rb2, Rgl had no effect on morphine-induced hyperactivity, but antagonized morphine-induced CPP. On the contrary, ginsenoside Re increased morphine-induced hyperactivity whereas it showed no effect on morphine-induced conditioned place preference.
Guo 2004
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It is found that Panax ginseng improves the survival rate and sperm quality in guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Hwang 2004
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Among 6 extracts including Paecilomyces japonia (PJ), Grifola frondosa (GF), and Panax ginseng (PG), PJ and GF extracts enhanced the forced swimming capacity of mice by increasing fat utilization and by delaying the accumulation of plasma lactate and ammonia.
Jung 2004
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The antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs including ginseng radix, was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice.
Kuribara 2004
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Ginsenosides (GS) of ginseng was isolated by silica gel column chromatography & their in vitro & in vivo antiallergic effects were studied which showed that GS Rh1 potently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells & IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice.
Park 2004
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Ginsan in the dose of 100 mg/kg caused marked elevation of heme oxygenase activity, decrease of total CYP450 level (by 20-34%), and prolongation of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time (by 65-70%), and showed some differences between male and female mice.
Song 2004
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It is found that the administration of ginseng extract was able to protect skeletal muscle from exercise-induced oxidative stress irrespective of fiber type in acutely exercised rat.
Voces 2004
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Compared to ginseng root, ginseng berry exhibits more potent anti-hyperglycemic activity, and only ginseng berry shows marked anti-obesity effects in ob/ob mice.
Dey 2003
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Ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rd were representative compounds of Ginseng Radix for improving the accelerated movement of the small intestine in mice and that these compounds partly contribute to the action of Dai-kenchu-to on small intestinal transit.
Hashimoto 2003
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The preventive effect of Shengmai San (SMS) & related decoctions of Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus & Schisandra chinensis against oxidative brain injury were studied in rat by glutathione peroxidase activity loss & thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation to rationalize their use.
Ichikawa 2003
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Anti-inflammatory & anti-tumor effects of Rg(3), a ginsenoside derived from heat-processed ginseng was evaluated on dorsal skins of female ICR mice. Rg(3) pretreatment abrogated expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inhibited eukaryotic transcription factor, NF-kappaB & activator protein-1.
Keum 2003
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The effect of extract of whole ginseng and ginsenosides (total saponin, panaxadiol and panaxatriol) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with high- and low-doses of gamma-radiation was determined.
Kim 2003
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Ginseng markedly inhibits lipid peroxidation & it acts in indirect fashion to protect radical processes by inhibition of initiation of free radical processes and thus reduces the radiation damages in testes of Swiss albino mice.
Kumar 2003
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Ginsenoside Rf potentiates U50-induced analgesia, inhibits tolerance to its analgesia, and Rf affects U50-induced analgesia via non-opioid, non-dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca(+2) and non-benzodiazepine-GABA(A)ergic mechanisms in mice.
Nemmani 2003
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The behavioral effects of a extract from Panax ginseng roots, & that of Ginkgo biloba leaves (& of their combination (PHL-00701) (Gincosan) were examined in experiments on rats with undisturbed memory & with experimentally-impaired memory which proved their cognition-enhancing (nootropic) effects.
Petkov 2003
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The anti-stress potential of Ginkgo biloba (30 mg/kg, p.o.) was explored & compared with that of Panax ginseng (100 mg/kg, p.o.) against acute stress (AS) and chronic stress (CS) models in rats which revealed that G. biloba is more effective in AS, whereas for CS, P.ginseng will be a better option.
Rai 2003
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Pretreatment with ginsan, a purified polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, protected mice from the lethal effects of ionizing radiation more effectively than when it was given immediately after or at various times after irradiation.
Song 2003
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The Chinese medicine Jiang-Tang-Ke-Li, which contains Panax ginseng as one of its valid components, improves insulin resistance by modulating muscle fiber composition and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in skeletal muscles in hypertensive and insulin-resistant fructose-fed rats.
Wang 2003
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Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited the induction phase of long-term potentiation induced by high frequency stimulation in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner.
Wang 2003a
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Panax ginseng reduced serum insulin levels in fed and fasting mice, increased rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, weight loss and reduced plasma cholesterol levels in obese mice.
Attele 2002
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Treatment of guinea pigs with ginseng extract decreased cytochrome P450, reduced ECOD activity and may act as an inhibitor of CYP1A rather than that of CYP2B.
Lee 2002
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Ginsenosides attenuated induced cell death by decreasing acid fuchsin-positive neurons and also suppressed induction of HSP-70 kainic acid in kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus.
Lee 2002
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Polysaccharide isolated from P. ginseng decreased concentration of S. aureus in macrophages of infected mice and, combined with vancomycin, showed a potent anti-septicaemic activity and potentiality as an immunomodulator.
Lim 2002
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Ginseng total saponin attenuates a selective kappa opioid agonist-induced analgesia and inhibits tolerance by benzodiazepine receptors and GABAA-gated chloride channels.
Nemmani 2002
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GRb1, from P. ginseng, may regulate the activity of microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and might lower TG levels via cAMP-production in the liver.
Park 2002
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The antiinflammatory effects of several ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rc, Re, Rg(1), Rg(3)) derived from Panax ginseng was examined on dorsal skin of mice which showed that Rg(3) was found to be most effective and inhibited TPA-induced ear edema, COX-2 expression, and NF-kappaB activation.
Surh 2002
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Mice treated with P. ginseng were normoglycemic, had lower fasting blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and weight loss as compared to controls.
Xie 2002
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Ginseng inhibited tumor development and stimulated production of thyroid hormones in rats, induced cytotoxic activity of macrophages in mice, enhanced T-lymphocyte rosette formation in guinea pigs, and was found to be therapeutic in chronic erosive esophagitis in humans.
Bespalov 2001
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Panax ginseng extracts appeared effective in reducing injuries and inflammation caused by eccentric muscle contractions in rats.
Cabral de Oliveira 2001
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Dietary administration of ginseng in combination with DMH suppresses colon carcinogenesis in rats, and may be associated, in part, with inhibition of cell proliferation, acting on ACF in the colonic mucosa.
Fukushima 2001
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P. ginseng showed significant protection for antiepileptic activity against pentylenetetrazole induced chemical kindling in rats as compared to control.
Gupta 2001
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Panax ginseng root extract can activate the innate immunity of cows and may contribute to the cow's recovery from mastitis.
Hu 2001
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Prolonged infusion of ginsenosides could differentially modulate [(3)H]MK-801 and [(3)H]muscimol binding in a region-specific manner.
Kim 2001
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Ginseng showed a radioprotective effect in mice.
Kim 2001
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Sheng-Mai, a mixture of P. ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ker-Gawl, and Fructus Schisandrae, can reduce quantity of erythroid progenitor cells and promote rapid restoration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase activity in CFU-Es of aplastic anemic mice.
Liu 2001
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Oral administration of red ginseng extracts resulted in significant suppression of spontaneous liver tumor formation and development in mice.
Nishino 2001
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Immunomodulating activities of a water-soluble, acidic polysaccharide fraction of Panax ginseng were mediated by the production of nitric oxide.
Park 2001
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