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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Systematic assessment of effectiveness of herbal medicines in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease shows that significant intergroup differences for one or more outcome were reported for several herbal medicines including Panax ginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza.
Guo 2006
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The results of two acute placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over studies assessing the effect of Panax ginseng (G115) on blood glucose levels are reported.
Reay 2006
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Clinical antidiabetic efficacy & safety of 12 weeks of supplementation with a Korean red ginseng preparation, dose, & mode of administration, selected from an acute, clinical, model revealed good glycemic control although clinical efficacy as assessed by HbA(1c), was not demonstrated.
Vuksan 2006
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A single administration of Korean red ginseng water extract (500 mg/50 kg) increased nitric oxide levels in exhaled breath, and concomitantly decreased mean blood pressure and heart rate in 12 healthy, non-smoking adult volunteers.
Han 2005
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It is indicated that Kan Jang, ginseng and valerian are safe with respect to effects on human male sterility when administered at dose levels corresponding to approximately 3 times the human daily dose.
Mkrtchyan 2005
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Panax ginseng improved performance and subjective feelings of mental fatigue during sustained mental activity in 30 healthy young adults and this effect may be related to the acute gluco-regulatory properties of the extract.
Reay 2005
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After chronic administration, Gincosan (320mg/day) containing 120mg Ginkgo biloba, and 200mg Panax ginseng, appeared to have no beneficial effects in 30 post-menopausal women.
Hartley 2004
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In a double-blind study cognitive & mood effects of 75 mg of extract of guarana (12% caffeine), 200 mg of Panax ginseng (G115), & their combination (75 mg/200 mg), were assessed in 28 healthy volunteers which showed that both ginseng & ginseng/guarana combination enhanced speed of memory task.
Kennedy 2004
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Panax ginseng has been studied in a number of randomized clinical trials investigating its effect on physical and psychomotor performance, cognitive function, immunomodulation, diabetes mellitus and herpes simplex type-II infections.
Coleman 2003
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Supplementation with ginseng fails to improve physical performance and heart rate recovery of individuals undergoing repeated bouts of exhausting exercise.
Engels 2003
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It is demonstrated for the first time that Panax ginseng can directly modulate cerebroelectrical activity in 15 healthy volunteers, and these effects are more pronounced than those following Ginkgo biloba.
Kennedy 2003
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Administration of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) in humans increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, while decreased malondialdehyde level indicating that antioxidant potential of PGE might induce hypolipidemic effect as one of action mechanism.
Kim 2003
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Asian ginseng showed both null and opposing effects on indices of acute postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in 11 healthy subjects.
Sievenpiper 2003
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The morning/evening menopause formula with Panax ginseng in morning formula are found to be safe and effective for relieving menopausal symptoms including hot flashes and sleep disturbance in healthy menopausal women.
Sun 2003
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P. ginseng increases the QTc interval and decreases diastolic blood pressure 2 hours after ingestion in healthy adults on the first day of therapy.
Caron 2002
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P. ginseng improved aspects of mental health and social functioning after 4 weeks of therapy.
Ellis 2002
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Garlic oil reduced CYP2E1 activity in 12 healthy volunteers (6 females) by 39%, whereas no significant effect on CYP activity was observed for Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba.
Gurley 2002
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The effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a product combining the two was compared on aspects of mood and cognitive performance in the same cohort of healthy, young adult volunteers.
Kennedy 2002
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In study of healthy young volunteers, Ginseng improved accuracy and responses on computerised serial subtraction tasks with Ginkgo-Ginseng combination showing highly significant and sustained increase in the number of responses accompanied by improved accuracy.
Scholey 2002
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The responses of plasma hormones after ginseng consumption were not significant during the 2-hour recovery period following acute resistance exercise. [species unidentified]
Youl 2002
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Prolonged supplementation with P. ginseng has no ergogenic benefits during and in the recovery from short, supramaximal exercise.
Engels 2001
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A clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) and Panax ginseng (PG) on competitive club-level endurance athletes engaged in their normal in-season training.
Gaffney 2001
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Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination showed dose-dependent improvement in secondary rather than working memory performance, with a dose dependent decrement in speed of attention.
Kennedy 2001
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Administration of single doses of Ginseng in healthy adults showed significant improvement in "Quality of Memory" and associated "Secondary Memory" with a significant decrement in "Speed of Attention" factor and reduced alertness at lower doses. [species unidentified]
Kennedya 2001
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A Ginkgo/ginseng combination was found to significantly improve an Index of Memory Quality of healthy middle-aged volunteers.
Wesnes 2000
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Ginseng treatment was found to shorten reaction time at rest and during exercise thus improving psychomotor performance during exercise without affecting exercise capacity. [species unidentified]
Ziemba 1999
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Lack of benefit was found in VO2, exercise time, workload, plasma lactate and hematocrit at peak levels, heart rate and rate of perceived exertion in a study of 28 adults randomly assigned to ginseng (200 mg for 21 days) or placebo
Allen 1998
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Oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, blood lactic acid concentration, heart rate, and perceived exertion were unaffected by 200 or 400 mg/day P. ginseng concentrate (G115) for 8 weeks in a study with 36 healthy men
Engels 1997
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Right cerebral blood flow, TCD and CT improved in 96% of 202 patients given Nao Li Shen (ginseng, gastrodia tuber, chuanxiong rhizome and red sage root). [species unidentified]
Lu 1997
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Leukocyte subpopulations: CD3 (T cells), CD 19 (B cells), CD4 (T-helper), CD8 (T-suppression), CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD25 (IL-2-receptor) were unaffected by 150 mg twice a day for 8 weeks in a placebo controlled trial with 20 healthy men. [species unidentified]
Srisurapanon 1997
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Gericomplex, to evaluate ginseng for geriatric patients, failed to show benefit. [species unidentified; Article in Norwegian]
Thommessen 1997
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64 neurasthenia patients given Ginkgo biloba/ginseng combination at 80, 160, or 320 mg bid for 90 days had improved heart rate and cognition
Wesnes 1997
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Quality-of-life assessed by an 11-item questionnaire, improved 6.4 points with vitamins and 11.9 points with vitamins plus ginseng in a 4 month, randomized, double-blind study with 625 patients. [species unidentified]
Caso Marasco 1996
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No endurance benefit was found for 8 or 16 mg/kg/d of ginseng for 7 days over placebo for people using a cycle ergometer. [species unidentified]
Morris 1996
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Spermatozoa number and motility and plasma testosterone, DHT, FSH and LH levels increased in men taking ginseng while PRL decreased in a study with 66 patients
Salvati 1996
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Antibody titre after flu vaccination was increased from 171 to 272 and number of flu cases dropped from 42 to 15 in the group taking 100 mg Ginsana for 12 weeks in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation of 227 people. [species unidentified]
Scaglione 1996
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No cognitive or rehabilitation benefit was found in 24 geriatric patients (avg 78 yr) taking 2 capsules/d of Gericomplex (ginseng, vitamins, minerals and trace elements) for 8 weeks compared to the placebo group. [species unidentified]
Thommessen 1996
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Erectile dysfunction patients had greater improvement with ginseng than placebo or trazodone in a trial with 90 men
Choi 1995
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Digoxin treatment of cardiac function was enhanced by red ginseng in a trial with 45 patients [Article in Chinese]
Ding 1995
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Improved quality of life with ginseng preparations? Positive effects in healthy working people. [species unidentified; Article in Swedish]
Wiklund 1995
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A review of nutritional ergogenics in athletics. [species unidentified]
Williams 1995
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Cancer incidence was lower among ginseng users. Level was lowest for red ginseng (0.20), followed by white ginseng powder (0.30), fresh ginseng extract (0.37) and white ginseng extract (0.57)
Yun 1995
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Systolic blood pressure of 10 adults decreased with large-dose (120 mg ginkgo biloba +200 mg ginseng) or half that dose. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased only in the high dosage group. Platelet aggregation is reduced by both doses. [species unidentified]
Kiesewetter 1992
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Exercise work load and maximal oxygen consumption were increased by ginseng in a double-blind, crossover study with 50 men taking, for 6 weeks, a preparation of ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. [species unidentified]
Pieralisi 1991
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Angina improvement by Shenshao Tongguan Pian (saponins from Ginseng & Paeoniae, etc) in a randomized double blind trial of 565 cases of coronary heart disease [Article in Chinese]
Hu 1990
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Immune parameters were improved in 20 healthy volunteers taking 100 mg of aqueous or standardized extracts twice daily for 8 weeks
Scaglione 1990
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Among 905 consecutive cancer patients , the odds ratio of cancer in relation to ginseng intake was 0.56. Ginseng extract and powder were more effective than fresh sliced ginseng, the juice, or tea. [species unidentified]
Yun 1990
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Senility and coronary benefit was seen with 358 people (50-85 yr old) taking ginseng saponin at 150 mg/d for 2 months [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1990
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Blood alcohol was 35% lower in men taking ginseng extract (3 g/65 kg body weight) along with alcohol (72 g/65 kg body weight)
Lee 1987
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Improvements in attention (cancellation test), processing (mental arithmetic, logical deduction), integrated sensory-motor function (choice reaction time) and auditory reaction time in 16 men taking 100 mg Korean ginseng twice a day for 12 weeks. [species unidentified]
D'Angelo 1986
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Total cholesterol, triglyceride and NEFA decreased while HDL (healthy) cholesterol increased in patients taking red ginseng powder. Platelet adhesiveness was also reduced
Yamamoto 1983
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A review of the properties and clinical effects of ginseng. [species unidentified]
Popov 1973
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Administration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, which consists of tissue cultured Panax ginseng 0.3 gram/dose decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles.
Hijikata 2005
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The effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes induced by an acute exhaustive exercise in sedentary humans were studied.
Kim 2005
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Ginsenosides compound may attenuate gastrointestinal injury and inhibit inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease.
Xia 2005
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[Transient ischemic attack secondary to hypertensive crisis related to Panax ginseng.]
Martinez-Mir 2004
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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Korea is a non-organ specific cancer preventive against human cancers and the anticarcinogenicity or human cancer preventive effect of Panax ginseng is due to ginsenoside Rg(3), Rg(5) and Rh(2).
Yun 2003
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The red ginseng powder from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer inhibits the recurrence of AJCC stage III gastric cancer and shows immunomodulatory activities during postoperative chemotherapy, after a curative resection with D2 lymph node dissection.
Suh 2002
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Manic symptoms in a patient with affective disorder attributed to Ginseng. [species unidentified]
Vazquez 2002
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation for complications due to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis decreased the frequency and duration of dialysis
Wei 1999
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Systolic blood pressure was decreased by 8 weeks of 4.5 g/d red ginseng in a study of 26 hypertensive patients
Han 1998
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In smokers, 1.8 gm of red ginseng provided nearly as much antioxidant protection of DNA as 200 IU vitamin E
Lee 1998
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Dietary recall study of 4634 older people indicates lower cancer incidence among ginseng users
Yun 1998
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Gastric cancer risk decrease by ginseng has been reported in case-control and cohort studies. [species unidentified]
Ahn 1997
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Ginsenoside Rb1 is hydrolyzed to protopanaxadiol by 79% of 58 human fecal specimens; attributed to Prevotella oris intestinal bacteria. [species unidentified]
Hasegawa 1997
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Coronary angina pectoris treated with Radix Ginseng, Radix Notoginseng and Succinum improved compared with Fufang Danshen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) in a study of 116 patients
Yuan 1997
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Experimental and epidemiological evidence of the cancer-preventive effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
Yun 1996
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Non-insulin-dependent diabetics had some improvements with 8 weeks of ginseng (100 or 200 mg) over placebo in a trial with 36 newly diagnosed patients. [species unidentified]
Sotaniemi 1995
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Review of ergogenic properties of ginseng finds that although animals studies show prolonged survival to physical or chemical stress, there is, generally, a lack of controlled research demonstrating improved performance in fatigued humans. [species unidentified]
Bahrke 1994
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Adding TCM (leaf of Asiatic Ginseng, root of Astragalus membranaceus Bge, etc) and other adjuvants to chemotherapy improved cancer survival in small cell lung cancer patients.[species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Cha 1994
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Chronic renal failure symptom scores was decreased from 12.5 to 5.6 in 36 patients by Baoyuan Dahuang Decoction (Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia cinnamomi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Rheum palmatum) [Article in Chinese]
Sheng 1994
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Shen-Qi (Ginseng-Astragalus) reduced the toxic effects of chemotherapy in 176 cases of malignant tumor of the digestive tract, maintaining immunology parameters. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Li 1992
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Anti-senility action of saponin in Panax ginseng fruit in 327 cases [Article in Chinese]
Huo 1984
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Traditional and Folk Use
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12 herbs, including Camellia sinensis & Panax ginseng, are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities.
Yance 2006
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Review on recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products shows that the use of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng declined during the study, while lutein use increased dramatically, because of its addition to multivitamin products.
Kelly 2005
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Review of botanical dietary supplements for menopause shows that single clinical trials do not support the use of dong quai, ginseng, or evening primrose seed oil for improving menopausal symptoms. [species unidentified]
Low Dog 2005
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Review on nutrients and botanicals for erectile dysfunction shows that arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba all have some degree of evidence they may be helpful for erectile dysfunction.
McKay 2004
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The reports on seven Chinese herbs including Panax ginseng & Zingiber officinale Rosc. was reviewed with emphasis to their immunomodulatory & antimicrobial activities. This review supports traditional practice of using Ganoderma lucidum, ginseng & Zingiber officinale to stimulate immune system.
Tan 2004
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Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a safe, widely available alternative remedy that improves patients' ability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for intercourse, even in a population with severe erectile dysfunction.
Price 2003
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A kampo medicine, Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT) which contains 14 kinds of component herbs including roots of Panax ginseng and/or onjisaponins in Polygala tenuifolia have potential therapeutic effects for the treatment of Alzheimer disease patients.
Yabe 2003
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According the scientific data, the mostly used plants in diabetes mellitus are Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, Vaccinium myrtillus, Phaseolus vulgaris. [Article in Lithuanian]
Savickiene 2002
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses were performed on a number of botanicals including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gingko biloba, Panax ginseng, etc. which are currently used for women's health.
Xu 2002
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Contextualized review of ginseng use in the Far East including history, nomenclature, geographical distribution and type of products.
Yun 2001
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Memory improvement is enhanced by Ding Zhi, a combination of Poria, Radix Polygalae and Rhizoma Acori Graminei over just Radix Ginseng in scopolamine-induced impairment of passive avoidance in rats [Article in Chinese]
Xie 1996
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Fourier components of the pulse of the radial artery are specifically affected by Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium roots and Ganoderma lucidum and is in agreement with traditional Chinese medical descriptions
Wang 1994
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Fresh as well as sun-dried specimens had a high percentage of Rg1 in the main root and this might account for the traditional preference of this plant part despite its lowest percentage of saponin in the whole plant
Yip 1985
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Juzentaihoto (Astragali, Chinnamomi, Rehmanniae, Paeonia, Cnidii, Atractylodis, Angelicae, Ginseng, Hoelen, Glycyrrhizae) improves survival of mice with leukemia and improves tolerance to mitomycin treatment
Aburada 1983
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Historical comparison of the traditions of ginseng by Chinese in Asia and Indians in North America finds remarkable similarity
Goldstein 1975
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Forty-seven samples from 20 suppliers, including both Panax ginseng and American ginseng, were analysed for pesticides and toxic metals like arsenic, aluminium, copper, zinc, mercury and lead, etc The results showed that 24 samples (80%) contained pesticides above the detection limit.
Durgnat 2005
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The toxicity of ginseng appears to be low: some of the reports of toxic episodes of ginseng may actually pertain to other components of multicomponent preparations.
Chang 2003
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A review of randomised controlled trials and articles showing that P. ginseng monopreparations are rarely associated with adverse events or drug interactions.
Coon 2002
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Bioton-1, a biologically active food supplement obtained from ginseng root [species unidentified], had no embryotoxic, gonadotoxic or teratogenic effects, and no negative effect on growth and development of rats.
Sorokina 2000
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Adverse effects of ginseng [species unidentified]. No cure in breast cancer [Article in Swedish]
Albertsson 1996
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A ginseng [unidentified species] protein with high homology to an intracellular pathogenesis-related protein of parsley and to a Birch tree pollen allergen is a ribonuclease
Bufe 1996
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Ginseng [unidentified species] as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
Faleni 1996
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Manic episode and ginseng [species unidentified]: report of a possible case.
Gonzalez-Seijo 1995
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Case of a woman with a severe headache after ingesting a large quantity of ethanol-extracted ginseng [species unidentified]. Cerebral angiograms indicated arteritis.
Ryu 1995
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Wild ginseng was mitogenic to lymphocytes while cultured ginseng was not
Mizuno 1994
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Maternal ginseng [species unidentified] use associated with neonatal androgenization.
Koren 1990
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Two cases of ginseng [species unidentified] toxicity reported with mydriasis, dizziness and semiconsciousness [Article in Chinese]
Lou 1989
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A case of postmenopausal bleeding attributed to the use of topical ginseng [species unidentified] is reported
Hopkins 1988
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Pharmacological studies on the incompatibility of nineteen medicinal herbs--acute toxicity tests [species unidentified. [Article in Chinese]
Chang 1985
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Interactions
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It has been shown that 21% (n=16, N=76) of patients co-ingested herbs ( Panax ginseng, Allium sativum, Gingko biloba) with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, of which half of them were at risk of potential drug-herb interactions.
Saw 2006
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Panax ginseng reduced the blood concentrations of alcohol (ethanol) and warfarin, and induced mania when used concomitantly with phenelzine, but ginseng increased the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
Hu 2005
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Herbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic, ginkgo, echinacea, Panax ginseng, St John's wort and kava.
Sparreboom 2004
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Panax ginseng appears to be well tolerated, although caution is advised about concomitant use with some pharmaceuticals, such as warfarin, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and phenelzine.
Kiefer 2003
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Eubacterium sp. A-44, in human intestinal flora, transforms inactive Ginsenoside Rb1 to the active forms Rd and F2
Akao 1998
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Contraindications
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Gynecomastia in a male and ginseng. [species unidentified; Article in Spanish]
Palop 1999
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Warnings that ginseng might cause headache, tremulousness, and manic episodes in patients treated with phenelzine sulfate; should not be used with estrogens or corticosteroids; may interfere with digoxin monitoring and may affect blood glucose. [species unidentified]
Miller 1998
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Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. [species unidentified]
Janetzky 1997
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Gamma-globulin and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA in serum were decreased by 30 or 150 mg/kg ginseng extract fed for 52 days to mice. [species unidentified]
Kim 1997
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Ginseng-induced diuretic resistance. [species unidentified]
Becker 1996
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Blood testosterone increased and prostate weight decreased after 60 days for rats on a diet containing 5% ginseng
Fahim 1982
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Animal Studies
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It is shown that pretreatment of ginsan (25 mug/kg) protected mice from lethality induced by Staphylococcus aureus challenge.
Ahn 2006
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Postsurgical pericardial adhesions with porous acellular bovine pericardia loaded with ginsenoside Rg1, an angiogenic agent isolated from Panax ginseng (the Acellular/Rg1 patch) was found to be reduced in rabbit model.
Chang 2006
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It is demonstrated that ginsenoside Re could lower blood glucose & lipid levels, and exerts protective actions against the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and kidney of diabetic rats.
Cho 2006
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It is suggested that injection of Shengmai San, a traditional Chinese medicine comprising three herbals including Panax ginseng, might be useful for preventing the progression of injury in cerebral infarction after stroke in rats.
Ichikawa 2006
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The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was assessed in the bone marrow of C57BL/6 male mice treated with ginsan or amifostine, 30 min before as well as 15 min after 1.5 Gy of gamma-irradiation.
Ivanova 2006
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It is indicated that in vivo long-term administration of ginseng saponins, active ingredients of Panax ginseng, attenuates adverse vascular effects associated with chronic L-methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats.
Kim 2006
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Ginsenoside Rh2 may lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats based on an increase in beta-endorphin secretion that activates opioid mu-receptors thereby resulting in an increased expression of glucose transporter subtype 4.
Lai 2006
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Panax ginseng extract exhibited a protective action against Acrylamide (ACR) toxicity and it is worth noting that treatment with Panax ginseng extract before or at the same time as ACR treatment was more effective than when administered after ACR treatment in rats.
Mannaa 2006
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The effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer G115 on inflammatory cytokine production and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) RNA expression was examined in mice during 4 weeks of swimming stress.
Pannacci 2006
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The possibility of using a tissue cultured root of wild Panax ginseng (tcwPG) as a fertility agent was examined. The effect of tcwPG on spermatogenesis was studied using male rats which revealed that tcwPG had feasibility as a therapeutic agent on spermatogenic disorder.
Park 2006
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The immune-enhancement effect of Panax ginseng was determined using a forced swimming test and by measuring cytokine production in MOLT-4 cell culture and mouse peritoneal macrophages.
Shin 2006
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Protopanaxadiol saponins (Rg3, Rd, Rc, Rb1 and Rb2) and protopanaxatriol saponins (Rg1, Re and Rg2) isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were evaluated for their adjuvant effects on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice.
Sun 2006
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Ginsenosides Rg3(S) and Rg5/Rk1 significantly reversed the memory dysfunction induced by ethanol or scopolamine, in mice when tested by using a passive avoidance test and their neuroprotective actions against excitotoxicity may be attributed to their memory enhancing effects.
Bao 2005
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The effects of ginsan, a polysaccharide fraction from Panax ginseng, on the gamma-radiation induced alterations of some antioxidant systems in the spleen of Balb/c mice was evaluated.
Han 2005
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The effects of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 in a rat model was determined, with specific emphasis on nitric oxide and cytokines, which have been implicated in chronic brain inflammation.
Joo 2005
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Wild Panax ginseng leaf extract supplementation is involved in suppressing a sudden increase in blood glucose levels and a consequent decrease in TBARS levels in diabetic rats.
Jung 2005
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Protopanaxatriol ginsenosides of Panax ginseng might be the main active components for the attenuation of experimentally colorectal distention-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity, and may be clinically relevant for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome when tested in a rat model.
Kim 2005
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Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract in male BALB/c mice appears to potentiate humoral immune response but suppresses spleen cell functions.
Liou 2005
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Oral administration of Panax ginseng root (125.0 mg/kg) into rats three times daily for three days after receiving fructose-rich chow for four weeks reversed the increased glucose-insulin index, indicating that Panax ginseng root has the ability to improve insulin sensitivity.
Liu 2005
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The chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effects of a standardized Panax Ginseng extract (EFLA400, processed Panax ginseng extract containing a high titre of ginsenoside Rg3 (>3.0% w/w) known as Phoenix ginseng) in Swiss albino mice have been evaluated.
Panwar 2005
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The chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effect of Panax ginseng extract, EFLA400 in Swiss albino mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene in newborn mice.
Panwar 2005a
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Study of the long-term effect of a conflict situation on the cognitive functions in animals with different cognitive abilities showed that the positive influence of panax (ginseng) and skullcap (Scutellatria baicalensis) extracts was mostly manifested in bad-learning animals. [Article in Russian]
Pershina 2005
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Ginseng in a dose-dependent manner increased the % freezing time and the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of rats that received contextual fear conditioning.
Qiao 2005
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The neuroprotective/ cerebroprotective actions of Korean ginseng tea in stroke, using rat global and focal models of ischemia was evaluated.
Shah 2005
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It is indicated that in a diabetic ob/ob mouse model total ginsenosides in Chinese ginseng was endowed with significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity properties.
Xie 2005
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It is indicated that ginseng may be partially protective against adriamycin-induced heart failure in Wistar rats.
You 2005
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Ginsenosides Rd, Rb2, Rgl had no effect on morphine-induced hyperactivity, but antagonized morphine-induced CPP. On the contrary, ginsenoside Re increased morphine-induced hyperactivity whereas it showed no effect on morphine-induced conditioned place preference.
Guo 2004
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It is found that Panax ginseng improves the survival rate and sperm quality in guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Hwang 2004
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Among 6 extracts including Paecilomyces japonia (PJ), Grifola frondosa (GF), and Panax ginseng (PG), PJ and GF extracts enhanced the forced swimming capacity of mice by increasing fat utilization and by delaying the accumulation of plasma lactate and ammonia.
Jung 2004
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The antidepressant effect of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs including ginseng radix, was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice.
Kuribara 2004
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Ginsenosides (GS) of ginseng was isolated by silica gel column chromatography & their in vitro & in vivo antiallergic effects were studied which showed that GS Rh1 potently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells & IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice.
Park 2004
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Ginsan in the dose of 100 mg/kg caused marked elevation of heme oxygenase activity, decrease of total CYP450 level (by 20-34%), and prolongation of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis time (by 65-70%), and showed some differences between male and female mice.
Song 2004
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It is found that the administration of ginseng extract was able to protect skeletal muscle from exercise-induced oxidative stress irrespective of fiber type in acutely exercised rat.
Voces 2004
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Compared to ginseng root, ginseng berry exhibits more potent anti-hyperglycemic activity, and only ginseng berry shows marked anti-obesity effects in ob/ob mice.
Dey 2003
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Ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rd were representative compounds of Ginseng Radix for improving the accelerated movement of the small intestine in mice and that these compounds partly contribute to the action of Dai-kenchu-to on small intestinal transit.
Hashimoto 2003
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The preventive effect of Shengmai San (SMS) & related decoctions of Panax ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus & Schisandra chinensis against oxidative brain injury were studied in rat by glutathione peroxidase activity loss & thiobarbituric acid reactive substance formation to rationalize their use.
Ichikawa 2003
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Anti-inflammatory & anti-tumor effects of Rg(3), a ginsenoside derived from heat-processed ginseng was evaluated on dorsal skins of female ICR mice. Rg(3) pretreatment abrogated expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inhibited eukaryotic transcription factor, NF-kappaB & activator protein-1.
Keum 2003
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The effect of extract of whole ginseng and ginsenosides (total saponin, panaxadiol and panaxatriol) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with high- and low-doses of gamma-radiation was determined.
Kim 2003
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Ginseng markedly inhibits lipid peroxidation & it acts in indirect fashion to protect radical processes by inhibition of initiation of free radical processes and thus reduces the radiation damages in testes of Swiss albino mice.
Kumar 2003
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Ginsenoside Rf potentiates U50-induced analgesia, inhibits tolerance to its analgesia, and Rf affects U50-induced analgesia via non-opioid, non-dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca(+2) and non-benzodiazepine-GABA(A)ergic mechanisms in mice.
Nemmani 2003
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The behavioral effects of a extract from Panax ginseng roots, & that of Ginkgo biloba leaves (& of their combination (PHL-00701) (Gincosan) were examined in experiments on rats with undisturbed memory & with experimentally-impaired memory which proved their cognition-enhancing (nootropic) effects.
Petkov 2003
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The anti-stress potential of Ginkgo biloba (30 mg/kg, p.o.) was explored & compared with that of Panax ginseng (100 mg/kg, p.o.) against acute stress (AS) and chronic stress (CS) models in rats which revealed that G. biloba is more effective in AS, whereas for CS, P.ginseng will be a better option.
Rai 2003
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Pretreatment with ginsan, a purified polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, protected mice from the lethal effects of ionizing radiation more effectively than when it was given immediately after or at various times after irradiation.
Song 2003
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The Chinese medicine Jiang-Tang-Ke-Li, which contains Panax ginseng as one of its valid components, improves insulin resistance by modulating muscle fiber composition and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in skeletal muscles in hypertensive and insulin-resistant fructose-fed rats.
Wang 2003
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Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited the induction phase of long-term potentiation induced by high frequency stimulation in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner.
Wang 2003a
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Panax ginseng reduced serum insulin levels in fed and fasting mice, increased rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, weight loss and reduced plasma cholesterol levels in obese mice.
Attele 2002
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Treatment of guinea pigs with ginseng extract decreased cytochrome P450, reduced ECOD activity and may act as an inhibitor of CYP1A rather than that of CYP2B.
Lee 2002
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Ginsenosides attenuated induced cell death by decreasing acid fuchsin-positive neurons and also suppressed induction of HSP-70 kainic acid in kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus.
Lee 2002
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Polysaccharide isolated from P. ginseng decreased concentration of S. aureus in macrophages of infected mice and, combined with vancomycin, showed a potent anti-septicaemic activity and potentiality as an immunomodulator.
Lim 2002
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Ginseng total saponin attenuates a selective kappa opioid agonist-induced analgesia and inhibits tolerance by benzodiazepine receptors and GABAA-gated chloride channels. [species unidentified]
Nemmani 2002
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GRb1, from P. ginseng, may regulate the activity of microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and might lower TG levels via cAMP-production in the liver. [species unidentified]
Park 2002
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The antiinflammatory effects of several ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rc, Re, Rg(1), Rg(3)) derived from Panax ginseng was examined on dorsal skin of mice which showed that Rg(3) was found to be most effective and inhibited TPA-induced ear edema, COX-2 expression, and NF-kappaB activation.
Surh 2002
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Mice treated with P. ginseng were normoglycemic, had lower fasting blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and weight loss as compared to controls.
Xie 2002
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Ginseng inhibited tumor development and stimulated production of thyroid hormones in rats, induced cytotoxic activity of macrophages in mice, enhanced T-lymphocyte rosette formation in guinea pigs, and was found to be therapeutic in chronic erosive esophagitis in humans.
Bespalov 2001
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Panax ginseng extracts appeared effective in reducing injuries and inflammation caused by eccentric muscle contractions in rats.
Cabral de Oliveira 2001
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Dietary administration of ginseng in combination with DMH suppresses colon carcinogenesis in rats, and may be associated, in part, with inhibition of cell proliferation, acting on ACF in the colonic mucosa.
Fukushima 2001
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P. ginseng showed significant protection for antiepileptic activity against pentylenetetrazole induced chemical kindling in rats as compared to control.
Gupta 2001
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Panax ginseng root extract can activate the innate immunity of cows and may contribute to the cow's recovery from mastitis.
Hu 2001
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Ginseng showed a radioprotective effect in mice.
Kim 2001
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Prolonged infusion of ginsenosides could differentially modulate [(3)H]MK-801 and [(3)H]muscimol binding in a region-specific manner. [species unidentified]
Kim 2001
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Sheng-Mai, a mixture of P. ginseng, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ker-Gawl, and Fructus Schisandrae, can reduce quantity of erythroid progenitor cells and promote rapid restoration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase activity in CFU-Es of aplastic anemic mice.
Liu 2001
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Oral administration of red ginseng extracts resulted in significant suppression of spontaneous liver tumor formation and development in mice.
Nishino 2001
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Immunomodulating activities of a water-soluble, acidic polysaccharide fraction of Panax ginseng were mediated by the production of nitric oxide.
Park 2001
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Review of effects on opioids and psychostimulants show ginseng inhibits tolerance to and dependence on morphine and cocaine, inhibits the appearance of the recurrent phenomenon and blocks conditioned place preference of methamphetamine. [species unidentified]
Tokuyama 2001
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Ginseng powder inhibited the progression of established aberrant crypt foci in rats injected with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane, indicating a cytostatic effect.
Wargovich 2001
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The variation and interrelations of some characteristics of Panax ginseng germplasms(lines), which were five selfmating generations of some single plants were studied. [Article in Chinese]
Wei 2001
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Red ginseng has anticarcinogenic effect on the development of liver cancer induced by DEN in rats.
Wu 2001
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Norepinephrine-induced vasocontraction was antagonized and neointima-to-lumen area ratio of balloon-injured carotid arteries was reduced by administration of ginsenosides to rats.
Wu 2001
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Review of anticarcinogenic effect of P. ginseng shows 22% decrease in urethane induced lung adenoma by use of red ginseng extract in newborn mice with aged or heat treated extracts having more prominent effects.
Yun 2001
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Panax ginseng administered orally for 1 week improved the SCOP-induced learning and memory deficit in rats.
Hsieh 2000
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B6SJLTgN(SOD1-G93A)1Gur transgenic mice fed ginseng showed prolongation in onset of signs and survival as compared to controls.
Jiang 2000
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Rats fed ginseng had decrease in total number of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci and a reduction in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling indexes in colonic crypts compared to control.
Li 2000
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Ginsenosides injected into mice produced antinociceptive effects at the spinal and/or supraspinal site, not at nociceptors in the periphery and these effects are not mediated by opioid receptors. [species unidentified]
Nah 2000
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Ginseng total saponin may act on presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or receptor-operated Na+ channels in dopaminergic nerve terminals, but not on voltage-sensitive ion channels. [species unidentified]
Shim 2000
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Ginseng total saponin completely blocked an increase in accumbens dopamine release and attenuated tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression produced by systemic nicotine. [species unidentified]
Shim 2000
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Panax ginseng preparations increased physical endurance and corticosterone levels of mice treated with Trichopus zeylanicus.
Singh 2000
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Ginseng saponin significantly elevated both the total and maximum heat production in young rats and improved sever cold tolerance. [species unidentified]
Wang 2000
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Ginsenoside increased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, lowered malondialdehyde levels in serum and renal tissue, decreased urinary levels of glucose, sodium and potassium in rats as well as urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum. [species unidentified]
Yokozawa 2000
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Male rats pretreated with P. ginseng and diazepam showed inhibition of stress-induced elevation of brain and hypothalamic content of 5-HT with stress-induced concurrent elevation of plasma corticosterone further diminished by Diclofenac.
Bhattcharyya 1999
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Increased capillary density and mitochondrial content of red gastrocnemius muscle was found in rats treated with Panax ginseng extract G115 at 50 mg/kg for 12 weeks
Ferrando 1999
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Scopolamine impaired learning was improved by protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol (saponins from Korean red ginseng) at 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. in mice
Jin 1999
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Nicotine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited by ginseng total saponin in mice. [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Cocaine (15 mg/kg) induced hyperactivity was inhibited by Ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg1 in mice [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Nicotine-induced hyperactivity is inhibited by ginseng total saponin in mice. [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Dioxin induced testicular damage was prevented by Panax ginseng water extract 100 mg/kg/d in guinea pigs
Kim 1999
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Exercise endurance and righting reflex was enhanced and plasma level of ethanol reduced by ginseng and ginsenosides in ethanol fed mice. [species unidentified]
Koo 1999
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The effects of danshen and shengmaiye (Panax ginseng) on glomerulosclerosis induced by adriamycin in SD rats were investigated. [Article in Chinese]
Peng 1999
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Ginsenosides Rc, Rd, or Re inhibit mainly chemogenic pain rather than thermal pain by the nonopioid system in mice. [species unidentified]
Shin 1999
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Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, GSH and superoxide dismutase increased and the effects of the oxidative stress induced by the exhaustive exercise were reduced by G115 orally for 3 months in rats
Voces 1999
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Aerobic exercise combined with ginsenosides decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde and fatty liver, while increasing superoxide dismutase, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and thymus weight in rats. [species unidentified]
Yang 1999
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Cephaloridine induced renal injury was reduced in ginsenoside-Rd fed rats (for 30 days beforehand). Superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher, while malondialdehyde levels in serum and renal tissue were lower. [species unidentified]
Yokozawa 1999
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Warfarin pharmacokinetics were not altered by ginseng in rats. [species unidentified]
Zhu 1999
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Candida infected, cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed, mice had improved survival with Juzen-taiho-to or its components Ginseng, Glycyrrhizae, Atractylodis or Cnidii
Abe 1998
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Cholesterol and triglyceride was lowered by 125 mg/kg/d orally to hepatectomized rats
Cui 1998
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Ginsenoside Rb1 is a less active cytotoxin for cancer than the metabolite (by intestinal bacteria) 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol. [species unidentified]
Hasegawa 1998
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Corticosterone increased, dose-dependently, and prostaglandin E2 decreased in rats fed Hange-shashin-to (TJ-14) at 125 -1000 mg/kg. This is due to the licorice and ginseng. Other components (Scutellaria, Coptis, Glycyrrhizia) may be COX-2 inhibitors
Kase 1998
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Dopamine receptor supersensitivity in methamphetamine treated mice was inhibited by Rb1 and Rg1. [species unidentified]
Kim 1998
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Morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 in mice. [species unidentified]
Kim 1998
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Hair follicle survival to radiation was increased by Ginseng in mice; associated with reduced apoptosis
Kim 1998
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Ginsenoside-Rf, a Ca2+ channel blocker in trace amounts in Ginseng, has analgesic ED50 of 56 mg/kg, similar to aspirin and acetaminophen in the same mouse assay. [species unidentified]
Mogil 1998
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected rats given ginseng 25 mg/kg/d s.c. for 2 weeks had milder lung pathology, increased PMN chemiluminescence, higher IgG2a and lower IgG1. [species unidentified]
Song 1998
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Dansylated Ginseng M1 at 40 microM induced apoptotic cell death within 24 h and inhibits proliferation of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells. It reaches nuclei in 15 min, up-regulates p27Kip1 and down-regulates c-Myc and cyclin D1. [species unidentified]
Wakabayashi 1998
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Exercise endurance lengthened and liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels increased by 4 days of ginseng saponin (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) in rats. [species unidentified]
Wang 1998
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DMBA/Croton oil-induced skin papilloma was inhibited in mice by red ginseng extracts at 50-400 mg/kg. Extract B inhibited Fe2+/cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome
Xiaoguang 1998
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Sexual activity of male mice increased with crude ginseng saponins (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) or ginsenoside Rg1 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg)
Yoshimura 1998
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Guarana (0.3 mg/ml), but not ginseng (5 mg/ml) nor caffeine (0.1 mg/ml), stimulated mice swimming. [species unidentified]
Espinola 1997
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Metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane/bombesin was reduced by ginsenoside Rg3 (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg s.c.) in rats. [species unidentified]
Iishi 1997
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Caspase-3 activation to p17, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis of human hepatoma cells was induced by Rh2. This is prevented by YVAD or DEVD (blockers of caspase activation). [species unidentified]
Park 1997
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Permeation through skin by ginsenoside-Re, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, wogonin, honokiol, magnolol, bergapten, shikonin, and sinomenine. [species unidentified]
Sekiya 1997
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients. It results in a chronic lung infection. Bacterial clearance from the lungs improved with 2 weeks of ginseng extract in a rat model. [species unidentified]
Song 1997
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M1, an intestinal bacterial metabolite, at modest levels, is much more active on metastatic invasion than ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, indicating that metabolic activation is necessary
Wakabayashi 1997
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Ginsenosides for 7 days increased memory, hippocampus amplitude of population spike, number of silver-nucleolar organizer region cells and sprouting of mossy fiber terminals in rats [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Wang 1997
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Choline acetyltransferase activity and learning were increased by ginsenoside Rg1 treated rats. [species unidentified]
Yamaguchi 1997
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Rg1 increased expression of IL-2 receptor alpha chain and inhibited release of soluble IL-2 receptor. It had no influence on Con A-induced increase of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, but increased intracellular cAMP and cGMP in aged animals [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Liu 1996
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Age related decline of c-fos gene and protein in the hippocampus was prevented by ginsenoside Rg1 in rats; (fos/jun binds AP-1 sites of DNA to regulate transcription). [species unidentified]
Liu 1996
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For aged animals Rg1 enhanced deteriorated immune function, alleviated age-related alterations in behavior and motor response, promoted hippocampal neuronal function and partially protected against excitotoxic effect of glutamate. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Liu 1996
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Review of the neurophamacology finds a complex profile of activity. Ginseng potentiated some effects of amphetamine but attenuated other effects. It potentiated haloperidol but attenuated 5-HTP and L-DOPA. It is antinociceptive. It is not anticonvulsive
Mitra 1996
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Total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride were inhibited by 60mg/kg/d ginsenosides from stems and leaves, 66%, 93% and 58% respectively in prednisone induced hyperlipemia in rabbits. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Wen 1996
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Red ginseng powder or ginsenoside Rb1 prevented ischemia-induced decrease in response latency and rescued a significant number of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in gerbils. Crude ginseng non-saponin was less potent; Rg1 and Ro were ineffective. [species unidentified]
Wen 1996
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Streptozotocin induced depression of albumin mRNA was partially reversed by ginsenoside-Rb2 in rats. [species unidentified]
Yokozawa 1996
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Benzo(a)pyrene (0.5 mg) induced cancer was decreased by 4-6 year old red or white ginseng in drinking water of mice for 6 weeks
Yun 1996
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Rb1 at 10-40 mg/kg i.v. protected brain from ischemic and reperfusion injuries. It decreased infarct size and neurologic deficit, inhibited Ca accumulation and K loss
Zhang 1996
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Cocaine reverse tolerance is inhibited by ginseng saponin in mice. [species unidentified]
Kim 1995
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Astragalus polysaccharides (250mg/kg, ip) and ginsenosides (50 mg/kg, sc) increase lymphocyte membrane fluidity and superoxide dismutase activity and reduce lipid peroxide levels, in serum and lymphocytes from traumatized mice. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Liang 1995
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The effect of the polysaccharide fraction of Korean ginseng on learning and memory in rats (exemplified by active avoidance reactions) [Article in Russian]
Liubimov 1995
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Melanoma adhesion to fibronectin or laminin and invasion into Matrigel was inhibited by ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb2. Metastasis was inhibited by 100 microgm/mouse
Mochizuki 1995
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Scopolamine-induced disruption of radial maze performance in rats was alleviated by ginseng ethanol or water extracts and not by lipid fractions
Nitta 1995
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Rg1 attenuated the IL-1 beta induced decrease of food and water intake and lowered body temperature in rats
Sakata 1995
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Cyclophosphamide toxicity to macrophages is alleviated by root extracts of Lithospermum, Astragalus, Glycyrrhiza or Ginseng[Article in Japanese]
Jin 1994
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Vascularization and tumor growth and metastasis were inhibited by oral ginsenoside-Rb2 in mice. Anti-angiogenesis was seen at 10-500 microgm/mouse, dose-dependently
Sato 1994
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Extract from the above ground parts of ginseng had weaker effect than roots in learning and behavioral studies of rats
Petkov 1992
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Gastric ulcers induced by ethanol, stress or indomethacin in mice and rats were prevented by a polysaccharide fraction, GL-4 at 50 - 200 mg/kg (oral) from Panax ginseng leaves, dose-dependently
Sun 1992
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Avoidance learning was improved by Panax ginseng (30 mg/kg/d, oral) in 27 month old rats
Jaenicke 1991
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Blood sugar and liver glycogen were decreased by ginseng polypeptide, 50-200 mg/kg i.v. in rats [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1990
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Blood sugar was lowered in alloxan diabetes of rodents. [species unidentified; Article in Russian]
Molokovskii 1989
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Maternal postpartum aggression of mice was suppressed by crude ginseng saponin or ginsenoside Rb1, dose dependently whereas Rg1 was ineffective
Yoshimura 1988
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Panaxans Q, R, S, T and U from ginseng roots are hypoglycemic in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice
Konno 1985
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Panaxans I, J, K and (glycans) isolated from Panax ginseng roots from Korea, reduced blood sugar levels in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice
Oshima 1985
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Studies on the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-Rb2 in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. [species unidentified]
Yokozawa 1985
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Hyperlipemia-improving effects of ginsenoside-Rb2 in cholesterol-fed rats. [species unidentified]
Yokozawa 1985
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10, 50 and 250 mg/kg of ginseng (containing 0.58% ginsenoside) gave enhanced antibody formation to either a primary or a secondary challenge with sheep red cells in mice
Jie 1984
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Plasma glucose levels in resting rats were decreased by saponin extracts of Canadian white, American red, Sanchi, Aralia, Eleutherococcus, Korean red and Shiu-Chi ginsengs. Oriental red ginseng contains 1.4-2.7% ginsenosides
Martinez 1984
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Mice drinking ginseng tea were more aggressive but there was no stamina benefit in swimming tests and no difference in weight gain or longevity
Lewis 1983
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Carcinogen induced cancers were reduced by long-term oral administration of Korean red ginseng in mice
Yun 1983
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Endurance and stress tolerance benefit from Chinese ginseng was comparable to piracetam in mice
Banerjee 1982
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Blood testosterone increased and prostate weight decreased after 60 days for rats on a diet containing 5% ginseng
Fahim 1982
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Exaggerated behavioural responses to mild stress but no increase in lifespan was found in a controlled study with 270 mice. [species unidentified]
Bittles 1979
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Plasma ACTH and corticosterone increased in rats 30, 60 & 90 min after i.p. treatment with ginseng saponin, ginsenoside, protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol glycoside and was suppressed by dexamethasone, indicating hypothalamus mechanism
Hiai 1979
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Plasma corticosterone and glucose increased and insulin decreased by Ginseng saponin in rats. [species unidentified]
Hiai 1979
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Intravenous injection of ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rc, senegin-III, -IV or platycodin-D caused increase in antibody-producing cells whereas ophiopogonin-D, ginsenoside-Rd or glycoside-H2 suppressed antibody production. [species unidentified]
Mita 1979
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Ovarian theca cells had increased number, size and density of the mitochondria, and increased size of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in rats given ginseng for 60 days
Rim 1979
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Sexual mating behavior of male rats was increased by ginseng. [species unidentified]
Kim 1976
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Protopanaxadiols are more toxic than the -triols. They decrease ACh-induced contraction of isolated ileum and heart rate in rats. Rg1, Re, Rc and Rb2 are weak vasodilators. Rd, Re and Rb 2 are hemolytic. Rf, Re and Rd suppressed conditioned avoidance response
Kaku 1975
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Protein synthesis (leucine incorporation) was increased by the saponins ginsenoside-Rb2, Rc, Rc2, Rd, Re, and Rg1 but not by Rb1 in mice. [species unidentified]
Oura 1975
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Pharmacodynamics
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Investigation of possible collagen production-promoting activities of Panax ginseng root extract in human dermal fibroblast cells shows that it may be considered as an attractive, wrinkle-reducing candidate for topical application.
Lee 2007
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The stability of ginsenoside Rg(1) (Rg(1)) and Re (Re), two natural herbal compounds isolated from Panax ginseng, based on their activity to promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo was investigated which showed that Rg(1) and Re could be a novel group of nonpeptide angiogenic agents.
Yu 2007
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Ginsan, an acidic polysaccharide prepared from Panax ginseng, protected mice from Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis through the suppression of acute inflammatory responses at an early phase and the enhancement of antimicrobial activities at subsequent phases of infection.
Ahn 2006
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The inhibitory effects of the Korean red ginseng (steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, family Araliaceae) saponin fraction (KRGS) and its constituents ginsenosides Rg3, Rf, and Rh2 in mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and contact dermatitis models were measured.
Bae 2006
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It is suggested that CKBM, an herbal formula composed of 5 Chinese medicinal herbs including Panax ginseng may exhibit its immuno-modulatory effects by regulating intracellular signaling as well as cytokine production in different lymphocytic cell types.
Chan 2006
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It has been demonstrated that for the first time C-reactive protein could be altered by ginsenoside Re (Re, a major component of ginseng) treatment, indicating that Re may improve diabetes and its complications by alleviation of inflammation.
Cho 2006
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Ginsenoside Re acts as a specific agonist for the nongenomic pathway of sex steroid receptors, and nitric oxide (NO) released from activated endothelial NO synthase underlies cardiac K(+) channel activation and protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Furukawa 2006
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Protopanaxadiol-containing ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol-containing ginsenosides (Rg1, Rh1, and PPT) as potential inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) was examined.
Jin 2006
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An in vitro nitric oxide (*NO)-generating system was used to investigate the *NO-scavenging effects of methanolic extracts of white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), red ginseng, and sun ginseng and several ginsenosides and phenolic compounds.
Kang 2006
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Activity-guided fractionation of heat processed Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer at 120 degrees C was carried out to identify its main active hydroxyl radical (*OH) scavenging components. The stereospecificity was found to exist in *OH scavenging activities of ginsenosides produced by heat processing.
Kang 2006a
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It is indicated that oxidative stress is increased in the diabetic rat kidney and sun ginseng (heat-processed Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER at 120 degrees C) can prevent renal damage associated with diabetes by attenuating the oxidative stress.
Kang 2006a
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It is indicated that 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) epimers might exhibit stereospecific relaxation effects on swine coronary artery contractions caused by high K(+) and 5-HT receptor activation.
Kim 2006
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The neuroprotective effect of some plant extracts including Gastrodia elata, Evodia officinalis and Panax ginseng in cultured carboxy-terminal 105 amino acid fragment (CT105)-induced PC12 cells was examined.
Kim 2006a
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It is revealed that Rg(3), Rh(2) and Compound K are the major inhibitors of Ca(2+) channels in Panax ginseng, and that they show some Ca(2+) channel selectivity.
Lee 2006
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The acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng PG-F2 may exert a selective antiadhesive effect against pathogenic bacteria, while having no effects on beneficial and commensal bacteria.
Lee 2006a
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It is indicated that Rc, Rd and Re from Panax ginseng may have a major radioprotective effect in mice irradiated with high and low doses of radiation.
Lee 2006b
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Ginsenoside Rh2 has the ability to increase insulin secretion as a result of the release of ACh from nerve terminals that then stimulates muscarinic M(3) receptors in pancreatic cells.
Lee 2006c
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Ginsenoside Rg1 helps the host resist disseminated candidiasis by the CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune response led from a Th1-dominant cytokine response.
Lee 2006d
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CS-F2, an acidic polysaccharide from Camellia sinensis, showed inhibitory activity against pathogen-mediated hemagglutination with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 0.01 & 0.1 mg/mL, which is lower than previously reported MIC values for Panax ginseng & Artemisia capillaris.
Lee 2006e
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Short-term oral administration of ginseng extract in male BALB/c mice appears to enhance interleukin-2, interferon-gamma (Th1)-type cytokine production.
Liou 2006
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A novel anti-apoptotic activity of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 ((20S)Rg3) and its underlying molecular mechanism in human endothelial cells was reported.
Min 2006
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A reversed-phase HPLC method that allows the determination of several amino acids in primary cultured cortical neurons of rats was useful in studying Panax ginseng radix extract-mediated modulation of the dynamic equilibrium of amino acids and neurotransmission in neurons.
Naval 2006
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The extract of Panax ginseng (G115) inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, but does not affect nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and bovine mesenteric arteries.
Persson 2006
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It has been shown that Panax ginseng may possess glucoregulatory properties and can enhance cognitive performance.
Reay 2006
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Panax ginseng root has the ability to increase the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals in rats so as to stimulate muscarinic M(3) receptors activity located in the pancreatic cells for the secretion of insulin, which in turn lower plasma glucose.
Su 2006
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It is found that the optimal concentration of total saponins of Panax ginseng can promote CD34(+) cells to proliferate and differentiate by cooperating with hematopoietic growth factors. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2006b
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Rb1, the ginsenoside isolated from the root of Panax ginseng, promotes neurotransmitter release by increasing the phosphorylation of synapsins through the protein kinase pathway, whereas the similar effects observed with Rg1 are independent of the phosphorylation of synapsins.
Xue 2006
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Ginsengs exert their cell growth-promoting action mainly on younger cells at an early stage of the cell cycle, and that this effect is closely associated with an increase in the population of cells in the G0/G1 phase.
Yoo 2006
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Investigation of the estrogenic effects of ginsenoside Re and its main metabolites, ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1, showed that ginsenoside Rh1 had the greatest estrogenic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells.
Bae 2005
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Ginseng treatment (100 mg kg(-1)) protected muscles from eccentric exercise injuries. It was effective in preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity and reduced nitrate concentration in vastus and rectus.
Cabral de Oliveira 2005
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The THP-1 monocytic cell line was utilized as a cellular model to investigate how CKBM, a Chinese herbal formula composed of five herbs including Panax ginseng regulates the intracellular signaling of monocytes and the subsequent release of the produced cytokines.
Chan 2005
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The extracts of Dae-Jo-Hwan, a Korean herbal medicine and eleven herbs from which it is derived, except for Panax ginseng Meyer, Angelica sinensis (OLIV.) DIELS and Schisandra chinensis Baill., inhibited AA-induced blood platelet aggregation to various extents.
Chang 2005
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Ginsan, the polysaccharide from Ginseng water extract, was found to stimulate murine normal splenocytes by inducing the mRNA expressions of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines, and also restore the mRNA expression of IFN-gamma, Th1 cytokine, after its inhibition by whole-body gamma irradiation.
Han 2005
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It was found that human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation, migration in a Transwell plate, and tube formation on Matrigel were all significantly enhanced in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor or ginsenoside Re.
Huang 2005
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Anti-apoptotic properties of Bak Foong Pills (a traditional Chinese medicine used for centuries for the enhancement of women's health) and its main ingredients, including Panax ginseng, Angelica sinensis, etc., was elucidated on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated PC12 cell model.
Jia 2005
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Systemic administration of ginseng saponins produced significant protections against systemic 3-nitropropionic acid- and intrastriatal malonate-induced lesions in rat striatum with dose-dependent manner.
Kim 2005
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It is suggested that ginseng total saponins may be useful in the prevention and therapy of the behavioral side effects induced by psychotropic agents.
Kim 2005a
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The anti-emetic effect of Korean red ginseng total extract on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting using ferrets was examined.
Kim 2005b
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A novel intestinal bacterial metabolite (IH-901) derived from the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced COX-2 expression, which may contribute to its antitumor-promoting effects on mouse skin carcinogenesis.
Lee 2005
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It is suggested that calmodulin regulates ginseng saponin effect on Ca2+-activated Cl current enhancement via Ca2+-independent manner.
Lee 2005 c
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It was found that compound K, which was produced from ginsenosides of Panax ginseng in intestine, could protect liver injury.
Lee 2005a
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Ginsenoside Rg(3) is found to be a novel Na(+) channel inhibitor capable of acting on the resting and open states of Na(+) channel via interactions with the S4 voltage-sensor segment of domain II.
Lee 2005b
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20( S)-Protopanaxadiol inhibits the increase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB by preventing degradation of inhibitory factor-kappaBalpha.
Lee 2005d
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The effects of ginsenoside Rg1, a natural compound isolated from Panax ginseng, on human umbilical vein endothelial cell behavior in vitro, and on angiogenesis and tissue regeneration in genipin-fixed acellular tissue (extracellular matrix, ECM) in vivo, were investigated.
Liang 2005
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It is found that Ginsenosides alone had no effect on the expression of reporter gene, but it enhanced dexamethasone-induced transcription of reporter gene.
Ling 2005
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The antiinflammatory activities of ginsenoside Rb1, which is a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng and of its metabolite compound K, as produced by human intestinal bacteria, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were investigated.
Park 2005
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Red ginseng extracts showed significant gastroprotective effects against Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal cell damage, suggesting that red ginseng could be used as a medicinal phytonutrient against H. pylori infection.
Park 2005a
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Metabolism of an anti-tumor active component of Panax ginseng, ginsenoside (20R)-Rg(3), was studied for better understanding its pharmacokinetics in rat. LC-MS was used to determine Rg(3) and its metabolites in rat plasma, urine and feces samples.
Qian 2005
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In search for Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors from natural sources, the petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng showed moderate inhibition of ACAT enzyme from rat liver microsomes.
Rho 2005
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Rb(3) ginsenoside of Panax ginseng, could inhibit strychnine-sensitive glycine current at a dose-dependent manner in acutely dissociated hippocampal CA(1) neurons of young rats, and decrease of affinity of glycine to receptors and delay of receptor activation may be involved in this inhibition.
Xu 2005
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It is indicated that Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius extracts do not increase rat hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, or CYP1A2 gene expression.
Yu 2005
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Protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides have different immunomodulatory effects, which might explain the complex immunomodulatory effect of Panax ginseng.
Yu 2005a
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It is indicated that ginsenoside Re-induced rectifier K+ current (IKs) enhancement and L-type Ca2+ current suppression involve nitric oxide actions.
Bai 2004
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The estrogenic activity of a component of Panax ginseng, ginsenoside-Rb1 was studied and found that the activity is independent of direct estrogen receptor association.
Cho 2004
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Estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ER alpha competitive binding assays were developed using recombinant receptors and [(3)H]-17 alpha-estradiol to detect phytoestrogens in extracts of Asian ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng root.
Gray 2004
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It is suggested that Panax ginseng mitigates cancer through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and apoptotic mechanisms to influence gene expression.
Helms 2004
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The structure-activity relationship of the ginsenoside Rg3 stereoisomers, in regulating voltage-dependent Ca2+, K+ or Na+ channel currents and 5-HT3A and a3b4 nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor channel currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Jeong 2004
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The effect of the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, ginsenosides, on store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) using a two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus oocytes in which SOCE is monitored through Ca(2+)-activated Cl- currents was investigated.
Jeong 2004a
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Activation of caspase-1 and -3 and the up-regulation of Bax are required in order for apoptotic death of SK-N-BE(2) cells to be induced by ginsenoside Rh2, and p53 plays an important role in the pathways to promote apoptosis.
Kim 2004
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It is demonstrated that ginsenosides, the active ingredient of Panax ginseng, enhance endogenous Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents via Galpha(q/11)-phospholipase C-beta3 pathway in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Lee 2004
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Panax ginseng extract protects human neuronal SK-N-MC cells from the apoptosis induced by polychlorinated biphenyl 52.
Lee 2004a
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Xenopus oocyte gene expression system was used to determine from which side of the cell membrane the ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), and M4, a ginsenoside metabolite, act to regulate ligand-gated ion channel activity.
Lee 2004a
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The regulatory role of Panax ginseng squalene synthase on the biosynthesis of phytosterols and triterpene saponins was investigated.
Lee 2004b
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Using scanning electron microscopy, the inhibitory effects of polysaccharide fractions from Artemisia capillaris and Panax ginseng, on the attachment of H. pylori to the human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line was examined.
Lee 2004b
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A polysaccharide with high uronic acid content from the roots of Panax ginseng was found to inhibit the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis to agglutinate erythrocytes.
Lee 2004c
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The petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng showed a significant inhibition of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzyme from rat liver microsomes.
Lee 2004d
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It is indicated that M4, a metabolite of protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides, acts primarily on 5-HT3A receptors and that ginsenosides as well as ginsenoside metabolites can influence 5-HT3A receptor channel activity in Xenopus oocytes.
Lee 2004e
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Ginsenoside Rg1 is a desirable agent for enhancing CD4(+) T-cell activity, as well as the correction of Th1-dominant pathological disorders.
Lee 2004f
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Ginseng marc polysaccharide was examined for immunomodulatory effects in murine peritoneal macrophages & it increased the lysosomal phosphatase activity and the phagocytic index of peritoneal macrophages.
Lim 2004
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Ginseng radix extract contains a non-lipopolysaccharide agent that enhances innate immunity through production of proinflammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor-4.
Nakaya 2004
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20(S)-Protopanaxatriol, one of the major metabolites of ginsenosides, blocked the increase in lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase and COX-2 expressions through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB by preventing I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation.
Oh 2004
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No estrogenic activity was evident in the sample of Panax ginseng extract tested or in a sample of ArginMax containing this extract in combination with other ingredients.
Polan 2004
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Partial neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 was indicated in dopaminergic cell culture.
Radad 2004
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Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 have a partial neurotrophic and neuroprotective role in dopaminergic cell culture.
Radad 2004a
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Ginsenoside Rg1 is involved in the regulation of proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells and this effect may serve as one of the elementary mechanisms underlying its nootropic and anti-aging actions.
Shen 2004
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When a combination of paclitaxel (10 mg/kg) & red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) (100 mg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6 mice implanted with B16 melanoma, tumor weight per mouse also decreased by 76.3 %, suggesting that RGAP may be used as an adjuvant in medicinal applications of paclitaxel.
Shin 2004
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The anti-stress effects of ginseng components on functions of adrenal medulla, which is one of the most important organs responsive to stress, were investigated in vitro.
Tachikawa 2004
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Both Panax Ginseng (PG) & Aconitum Carmichaeli (AC) and their combination have obviously protective effects on myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury, which of PG-AC is superior to that of PG or AC used singly. [Article in Chinese]
Zhen 2004
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Effects ginsenoside Re (GR) studied on action potentials & membrane currents recorded from isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes with whole-cell patch clamp technique revealed that inhibition of I(Ca,L) & enhancement of I(Ks) by GR appears to be a main electrophysiological actions of ginseng.
Bai 2003
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The effect of total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG) on the expression of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor from human endothelial cells and monocytes and the relationship between TSPG & human granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis modulation was studied. [Article in Chinese]
Chen 2003
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The effect of ginsenosides on human recombinant GABA(A) receptor (alpha1beta1gamma2S) channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a 2-electrode voltage-clamp technique was investigated.
Choi 2003
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The antitumor effect of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponin bacterial metabolic derivative, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol in 8 human myeloma cell lines was investigated which revealed that it induces apoptosis & down-regulates fibroblast growth factor receptor in 3 in myeloma cells.
Choi 2003a
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Ginsenoside Rg2 might regulate the 5-hydroxytryptamine3A receptors that are expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Choi 2003b
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Ginsenoside inhibits the activity of the GIRK 1/4 channel expressed in the Xenopus oocyte through a pertussis toxin-insensitive and Galpha(q/11)-, phospholipase C- and protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction pathway.
Choi 2003c
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It is suggested that the antiallergic action of compound K, which was identified as a main metabolite of Panax ginseng, originates from its cell membrane stabilizing activity and that the ginsenosides of ginseng are prodrugs with extensive antiallergic properties.
Choo 2003
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In this preliminary study a 'living cell' flow-cytometric approach was used to membrane protection by four traditional Chinese medicines including ginseng (Panax ginseng), and green tea (Camellia sinensis).
Chung 2003
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It is suggested that the major active constituent in the head of Panax ginseng is ginsenoside Rb1, and that anti-ulcer effect is produced through an increase in mucus secretion.
Jeong 2003
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Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) relaxes vessels due to nitric oxide production, to which induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes, & iNOS induction by Rg3 accompanied NF-kappaB activation, which involves phosphorylation and degradation of I-kappaBalpha & nuclear translocation of p65.
Kim 2003
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Ginseng radix may exert a protective effect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells.
Kim 2003a
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The effect of bovine serum albumin, one of major binding proteins on various neurotransmitters, hormones, & other pharmacological agents, on ginsenoside Rg2-, CK- or M4-induced regulation of alpha3beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes was investigated.
Lee 2003
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The effect of ginseng total saponins on phosphoinositide metabolism stimulated by activation of muscarinic receptor using rat cortical cultures was examined.
Lee 2003a
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The estrogenic activity of ginsenoside-Rb1, a component of Panax ginseng, in a transient transfection system using estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells was investigated.
Lee 2003b
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Ginsenoside-Rh1 acts as a weak phytoestrogen, presumably by binding and activating the estrogen receptor.
Lee 2003c
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Ginsenoside Rb2 enhanced the plasminogen activity levels in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) as well as the surface plasmin activity of BAEC.
Liu 2003
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It is found that the central structures of ginsenosides, either protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol, play a prooxidative role in 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride)-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes.
Liu 2003a
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Ginseng saponins, especially panaxatriol saponin fraction, have substantial inhibitory effects on the recombinant 5HT(3A) receptor, suggesting that some of the specific types of ginsenoside might have an antagonistic action against 5HT(3A) receptor related to nausea and vomiting.
Min 2003
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The effect of ginsenosides on human glycine alpha1 receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a two-electrode voltage clamp technique was investigated.
Noh 2003
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Ginsenoside Rh2 can exhibit antiallergic activity originating from cell membrane-stabilizing activity and antiinflammatory activity by the inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production.
Park 2003
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The use of ginseng as a co-adjuvant provides a simple, safe and cheap alternative for improving the potency of aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccines.
Rivera 2003
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The major ginsenoside metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M11, and M12) act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, blocking Na(+) influx through the receptors, and consequently reduce the catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
Tachikawa 2003
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Ginsenoside-Rb1 increases luteinizing hormone secretion by acting directly on rat anterior pituitary gland cells.
Tsai 2003
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The biological mechanism for modulating granulocytopoiesis by Panax ginseng was investigated. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2003
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Ginseng stimulates the growth of MCF-7 cells independent of estrogenic activity. [species unidentified]
Amato 2002
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Standardized North American ginseng extract and Asian ginseng extracts inhibited human CYP1 catalytic activity in an enzyme-selective and extract-specific manner.
Chang 2002
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Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation.
Cho 2002
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Ginsenoside Rb2 stimulated epidermal cell proliferation, increased cell thymidine uptake compared to control, dose-dependently stimulated epidermis formation in raft culture and dose dependently enhanced the expressions of protein factors related to cell proliferation.
Choi 2002
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Ginsenosides might regulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a differential manner.
Choi 2002
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In Escherichia coli--bacteriophage lambda system protective properties of the extracts derived from the biomass of cultured Panax ginseng, Polyscias filicifolia, Rhodiola rosea, Ungernia victoris cells, and those from intact Rhodiola roots have been studied. [Article in Ukrainian]
Dvornyk 2002
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Ginseng saponins potentiate the apoptosis of methyl methanesulfonate exposed NIH3T3 cells via p53 and p21 activation, accompanied by downregulation of cell cycle-related protein expression. [species unidentified]
Hwang 2002
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P. ginseng head extract showed inhibition of HCl ethanol-induced gastric lesion, aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, acetic acid-induced ulcer and Shay ulcer with increase in mucin secretion, and inhibited malondialdehyde and H+/ K+ATPase activity in the stomach.
Jeong 2002
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Ginseng extracts scavenged 40% of hydroxyl radical, completely scavenged superoxide radical but did not scavenge nitric oxide.
Kim 2002
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Panaxytriol, isolated from P. ginseng showed time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity as well as inhibition of DNA syntheses in various tumor cells.
Kim 2002
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Ginseng total saponins inhibited NMDA-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and modulated Ca2+ transients evoked by depolarization along with its own effects on [Ca2+]i in rat hippocampal neurons. [species unidentified]
Kim 2002
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Extracts from ginseng root are efficient neuroprotective agents for spinal cord neurons.
Liao 2002
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Effects of ginseng on the penile corpus cavernosum appear to be mediated by the release and/or modification of release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells and perivascular nerves. [species unidentified]
Murphy 2002
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Ginseng extract activity was affected by pH and was found to have less cytotoxic activity than Sea cucumber extracts. [species unidentified]
Popov 2002
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Ginseng total saponins dose-dependently suppressed Ca2+ channel currents, and modulated L-, N-, and P-type currents. Ginsenoside Rg3, is a newly identified active component for inhibition. [species unidentified]
Rhim 2002
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Ginsenoside Rg(2) acts specifically on heteromeric human nAChRs modulating their desensitization. A possible mechanism is discussed. [species unidentified]
Sala 2002
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Ginsan, a polysaccharide fraction of Panax ginseng, may have an immunopotentiating effect on murine peritoneal macrophages.
Shin 2002
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The metabolic activities of Panax ginseng cells induced by low-energy ultrasound (US) were examined which revealed that US treatment caused rapid increase in intracellular levels of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase & phenylalanine ammonia lyase & production of polyphenols & phenolic compounds.
Wu 2002
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Panaxytriol, from ginseng, was effective in inhibiting Helicobacter pylori growth. [species unidentified]
Bae 2001
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Protopanaxadiol ginsenosides strongly suppressed TNF-alpha production in RAW264.7 cells with potency enhanced by co-treatment with TNF-alpha antagonists but not with cAMP PDE inhibitors.
Cho 2001
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G alpha(q/11) coupled to mammalian PLC beta 3-like enzyme may mediate ginsenoside effect on Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) current in the Xenopus oocyte.
Choi 2001
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Ginsenosides showed significant inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine kinase activation induced by an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Dou 2001
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P. ginseng showed a dose dependent stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells.
Friedl 2001
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In vivo effect of ginsenosides against capsaicin-induced pain may be derived from their modulation of vanilloid receptor 1 channel function.
Jung 2001
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Ginseng saponin Rb(1) may elicit its anti-amnesic effect by minimizing the inhibitory effect of beta-amyloid peptides. [species unidentified]
Lee 2001
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Ginsenosides induced vasorelaxation in precontracted rat aortic rings via activation of KCa channels.
Li 2001
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Chinese ginseng extract showed ribonuclease activity toward yeast transfer RNA, translation-inhibitory activity in rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, antifungal activity and inhibitory activity against HIV reverse transcriptase.
Ng 2001
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CFU-GM assay was adopted to observe the ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1's effects on the proliferation of human marrow grannulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. [Article in Chinese]
Niu 2001
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Ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rg(1) have neurotrophic and selective neuroprotective actions that may contribute to enhancement of cognitive function. [species unidentified]
Rudakewich 2001
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Ginsenosides showed direct depressant action of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocyte contraction, which may be mediated in part through increased NO production.
Scott 2001
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A review of chemistry and cancer- preventing activities of ginseng.
Shibata 2001
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Aqueous extract of P. ginseng potentiated relaxation induced by transmural electrical stimulation or nicotine in partially contracted monkey cerebral arterial strips denuded of endothelium.
Toda 2001
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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been established as non-organ specific, dose dependent cancer preventive.
Yun 2001
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Extracts of P. ginseng induced gap junction-mediated intercellular communication reductions in varying degrees.
Zhang 2001
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Reviews the most relevant experimental data on the reducing effect of some medicinal herbs, including ginseng, on voluntary alcohol intake in animal models of alcoholism.
Carai 2000
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Ginsenosides promote the proliferation and induce the differentiation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells possibly by cooperating with hematopoietic growth factor. [species unindentified]
Jin 2000
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Extracts from P. ginseng changed parameters of membrane structural transitions, induced new reversible transitions and eliminated ripple phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine of erythrocytes.
Kim 2000
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Reduction of electrically evoked neural activity by ginseng saponin in rat hippocampal slices is not attributable to regulation of GABA receptor activation. [species unidentified]
Lee 2000
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Ginsenoside Rg3 activated expression of cyclin-kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27, arrested LNCaP cells at G1 phase, and subsequently inhibited cell growth through a caspase3-mediated apoptosis mechanism. [species unidentified]
Liu 2000
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Ginsenosides had a chemical structure-dependent immunomodulating antitumor effect on drug resistant mouse lymphoma cells, viral tumor antigen expression and some human leukocyte functions by enhancing the activity of NK-cells and ADCC activities. [species unidentified]
Molnar 2000
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Panaxydol from P. ginseng induces G(1) cell cycle arrest by decreasing Cdk2 activity and up-regulating p27(KIP1) protein expression.
Moon 2000
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Review of adaptogenic properties of Ginseng that enhance physical performance, promote vitality and increase resistance to stress and aging.
Nocerino 2000
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P. ginseng has shown cancer-preventive effects in experimental models and in epidemiological studies, but evidence is currently not conclusive as to its cancer-preventive activity in humans.
Shin 2000
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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba or P. ginseng showed a remarkable capacity to protect brain tissue proteins from oxidative damage in vitro, even at extreme dosage levels of OH. or O2-.
Siddique 2000
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Ginsenoside induces relaxation of human bronchial smooth muscle via stimulation of NO generation predominantly from airway epithelium and cyclic GMP synthesis.
Tamaoki 2000
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Hot water extracts of ginseng flowers significantly increased progesterone production from bovine luteal cells whereas those from ginseng root could not.
Wu 2000
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Cytotoxicity is proportional to keto groups and inversely proportional to the number of sugars and hydroxy groups for Ginseng glycosides and similar dammaranes. [species unidentified]
Atopkina 1999
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Glucopyranoside uptake in renal proximal tubular cells is inhibited by potopanaxatriol saponin (a ginsenoside) and this is blocked by mepacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. [species unidentified]
Han 1999
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Morphine induced increase of serum corticosterone level and DNA fragmentation of thymocytes was reversed by ginseng total saponin (100 mg/kg, oral, 9 days)
Kim 1999
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Ginsenoside-Rs4 saponin increased p53 and p21WAF1 proteins, decreased cyclins E- and A-dependent kinase activities and induced apoptosis in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells
Kim 1999
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SAR of synthetic ginseng diyne analogues shows the heptadec-1-ene-4,6-diyn-3-ol moiety is essential for antiproliferative activity against L1210 cells. The epoxy moiety of panaxydol was found to be cis
Kim 1999
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Ginsenoside Rg3 was about 100-fold more potent than Rg1 for endothelium-dependent relaxation. The effect is abolished by arginine, methylene blue or tetraethylammonium and unaffected by atropine, propranolol, nifedipine, verapamil
Kim 1999
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Aortic rings are relaxed dose dependently by ginsenosides when K+ is at 25 mM but only minimally at 60 mM. Activity is reduced by tetraethylammonium, a blocker of non-selective K+ channels but not by glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Affinity for nicotinic receptor and, to a lesser extent, muscarinic receptor (IC50 2.12 mg/mL and 5.25 mg/mL respectively) for Panax ginseng extract, is not due to choline nor ginsenosides
Lewis 1999
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Ginsenoside Rh2 upregulated the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, reduced cyclin D3, decreased Cdk2 and cyclin E-dependent kinase activities, decreased phosphorylation of pRb resulting in G1 arrest in the cell cycle
Oh 1999
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Glucocorticoid receptor induced down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by panaxadiol and panaxatriol helps to reduce the invasive capacity of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells.
[species unidentified]
Park 1999
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Ginsenoside-Rg2 (1-100 microM) blocks nicotinic acetylcholine and GABA receptors while G-Rg3 also antagonizes muscarinic or histamine receptors. [species unidentified]
Tachikawa 1999
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Preservation of heart before transplantation with ginsenosides. [species unidentified]
Zhang 1999
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Platelet activating factor (PAF) is antagonized by 20(S)- and delta20- ginsenoside Rg3, protopanaxadiol-type saponins (IC50 = 4.9 x 10(-5) M and 9.2 x 10(-5) M, respectively). [species unidentified]
Jung 1998
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Fibronectin increased 2.3- or 3.9-fold in fibroblasts treated with 1 or 10 microg/ml of Ginseng saponin. The rise is inhibited by anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. There were several fold increases in mRNA of TGF-B1 and B2 receptors and a smaller increase of TGF-B
Kanzaki 1998
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Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle from rabbit, pre-contracted with phenylephrine, was dose-dependently relaxed by Ginseng saponin (0.2-8.0 mg). It was attenuated by atropine, methylene blue or arginine but not indomethacin
Kim 1998
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Nerve cell culture damage by glutamate is alleviated by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3, which preserved the level of superoxide dismutase
Kim 1998
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Ca2+ influx in rat adrenal chromaffin cells was inhibited by ginsenosides Rc > Re > Rf > Rg1 > Rb1 (37%, 28%, 19%, 16% and 15% respectively). [species unidentified]
Kim 1998
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Acetylcholine-evoked secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was reduced by the panaxadiol saponins G-Rg3 at 1-100 microM and G-Rh2 at 10-100 microM, concentration-dependently, comparable to G-Rg2 (panaxatriol). [species unidentified]
Kudo 1998
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Glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation is increased by ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2 much like the similar dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. It is blocked by RU486, a known antagonist. [species unidentified]
Lee 1998
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Red ginseng promotes the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, inhibits production and promote decomposition of endothelin and increases IL1-B
Nakajima 1998
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Histamine, leukotriene and DAG are decreased, dose-dependently, during mast cell activation by ginsenosides Rb1 (100 microg)
Ro 1998
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Interferon and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human leukocytes were induced by ginseng [Article in Russian]
Smolina 1998
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IL-8 production by human monocytes is stimulated by ginsenan S-IIA from Panax ginseng root, in vitro
Sonoda 1998
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Opioid analgesia was blocked by ginseng. [species unidentified]
Takahashi 1998
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CNS medicinal plants at 280-436 nm were photoprotectors in low concentration and photosensitizers in high concentration: Leonurus > Hypericum > Aralia > Schizandra > Echinopanax > Eleutherococcus > Valeriana > Panax ginseng [Article in Russian]
Bol'shakova 1997
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Leaf extract from Ginkgo (Egb) is more potent than ginsenosides at vascular relaxation. Activity is countered by arginine. Nitric oxide pathway appears to be involved. [species unidentified]
Chen 1997
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Review of extensive literature of effects on CNS (learning), neuroendocrine and immune functions, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and cardiovascular system is confounded by contradictory reports. Antioxidant effect is linked to enhanced nitric oxide synthesis
Gillis 1997
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P450 activated peroxidation is inhibited more by red ginseng saponin than silymarin whereas FeCl3 peroxidation (not requiring activation) is just inhibited by silymarin. [species unidentified]
Kim 1997
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Ginsan (150 kd acidic polysaccharide) induced the proliferation of T and B cells, in vitro. Ginsan activation of killer cells was blocked by anti-IL-2, anti-IFN gamma, anti-IL-1 or anti-TNF alpha antibodies
Lee 1997
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Permeabilization of HL-60 plasma membranes was seen with Quillaja saponins (30 microg/ml) but not with Ginseng saponins (100 microg/ml). [species unidentified]
Leung 1997
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Rg1 increased the viability, and reduced the release of LDH, the morphological changes of nuclei, and the cleavage of DNA of serum deprived cortical neurons. [species unidentified]
Li 1997
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Skin papilloma induced by DMBA was inhibited by red ginseng extract
Rui 1997
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Both echinacea and ginseng, at 0.1 or 10 mcg/kg, respectively, enhanced NK-function and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
See 1997
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Calcium channel blockage and anti-free-radical actions of ginsenosides. [species unidentified]
Zhong 1997
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Cow milk lymphocyte proliferation was increased by pokeweed mitogen and further augmented by ginseng extract
Concha 1996
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B16 melanoma cells were inhibited (G1 blockage) by ginsenoside Rh2 (IC50= 4.1 microgm/ml). Also the cells were more differentiated and melanin synthesis increased [Article in Chinese]
Xia 1996
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RgI, protopanaxatriole and protopanaxadiole, at 3, 0.5 and 30 microgm/ml respectively, formed single ionic channels in the water phase on the membrane side containing cholesterol. The channel conductivity was 5 to 30 pSm in 1 M KCl [Article in Russian]
Abdrasilov 1995
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Review of psychotropic applications of Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Valerian officinalis, and Panex ginseng
Cott 1995
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Multidrug-resistant P388 leukemia cells were made more sensitive to cancer drugs by saponins from Panax and Glycyrrhiza, especially quasipanaxatriol 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, ginsenoside Rh2, and compound K. [species unidentified]
Hasegawa 1995
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K+ and H+ flows in erythrocytes were induced by Rb1 (10-50 microgm/ml) and 20(S) protopanaxatriol (30 microgm/ml) but not by Rb2, Rg1, Rf nor protopanaxadiol. [species unidentified; Article in Russian]
Kim 1995
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IL-2, induced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was enhanced by Ginseng polysaccharides, in vitro. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Ma 1995
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Panaxytriol localizes to the mitochondria in human breast carcinoma cells and rapidly inhibits cellular respiration and disrupts cellular energy balance whereas there is little effect on erythrocytes that have no mitochondria
Matsunaga 1995
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Ginseng saponin at 10-100 microgm/ml stimulated umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation and cell proliferation, dose-dependently. It also increased tPA secretion
Morisaki 1995
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Ginsenoside Rf rapidly and reversibly inhibits N-type and other Ca2+ channels IC50=40 microM) in rat sensory neurons to the same degree as a maximal dose of opioids. It is blocked by pretreatment with pertusis toxin, an inhibitor of GTP binding proteins. [species unidentified]
Nah 1995
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Antibody response to erythrocyte administration was enhanced by ginseng in animals [Article in Russian]
Nikitina 1995
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Acrylamide mutagenicity was reduced Saikosaponin and ginsenoside Rb1 in Salmonella
Ohtsuka 1995
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Non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng roots inhibited thrombin induced platelet aggregation. It inhibited Ca(2+)-influx into platelets and inhibited thromboxane A2 production
Park 1995
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Ginsenosides suppressed vasodilation by guanethidine and methoxamine but not when nitro arginine methyl ester was present indicating effect is mediated by nitric oxide released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves
Peng 1995
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Cardiovascular benefits of saponins from Panax, Gynostemma, Bupleurum, soy, Astragalus, Salvia, Boussigaultia and Litchi. They inhibit lipid peroxidation, lower blood cholesterol and sugar, stimulate the immune system, act via Ca2+ or Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase [Article in Czech]
Purmova 1995
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Glutamate-induced swelling of brain astrocyte cells is inhibited by ginseng total saponins. [species unidentified]
Seong 1995
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Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc @200 microM shortened open times, prolonged close times, and reduced the openstate probabilities of calcium channels and 30 microM antagonized the increase of free radical content induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Zhong 1995
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Swimming time and weights of the levator ani muscle were increased in mice by Ashwagandha or Ginseng
Grandhi 1994
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Glucose transport in sheep erythrocytes was increased, dose dependently, by Ginseng extract and somewhat by Ginseng saponins, especially Rb1. It was inhibited by ginsenoside Rg3, chikusetsusaponin Ia, and glycyrrhetic acid
Hasegawa 1994
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Ginseng root extract (100 microgm/ml) produced rapid, reversible reduction of the Ca2+ current by 22%. Pertussis toxin reduced inhibition to 4% while yohimbine, phaclofen, atropine, and naloxone had no effect. This indicates mu opioid like path
Nah 1994
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Thromboxane A2 is inhibited by ginsenosides (Panax) and baicalin (Scutellaria). [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Wang 1993
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Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake by brain cells while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered. [species unidentified]
Benishin 1992
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Review finds 28 ginsenosides and some minor constituents have been identified in ginseng. It acts on the CNS, cardiovascular system & endocrine secretion, promotes immune function and metabolism, anti-stress and anti-ageing activities, and so on
Liu 1992
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Neurite outgrowth and differentiation was dose-dependently diethyl ether extract (0.025-0.1 mg/ml) of Ginseng root
Mohri 1992
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Plasminogen activator and angiotensin-converting enzyme secretion from umbilical vein endothelial cells were increased by Ginsenoside Rgl
Ushio 1992
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Ginsenoside promotes the phagocytic activity of plaque-forming cells and the mitogenesis of T and B lymphocytes primed by mitogens. The ratio of cGMP/cAMP appears related. [species unidentified]
Yang 1990
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Macrophage activation by saikosaponin d was much stronger than ginsenoside Rg1 and glycyrrhizin and was almost comparable to lipopolysaccharide. [species unidentified]
Kumazawa 1989
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Thromboxane B2 formation of platelets was inhibited by panaxynol but not by ginsenosides
Teng 1989
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Steroidogenesis is inhibited by ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rg1 while increased by galactose-binding lectins from Momordica charantia seeds and Trichosanthes kirilowii tubers in isolated rat adrenal cells. [species unidentified]
Ng 1987
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Lipolysis induced by corticotropin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or epinephrine was suppressed by ginsenosides Rb2, Rc and Rg1in rat epididymal fat cells. [species unidentified]
Ng 1986
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Ginsenoside-Rc agglutination of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine vesicles is inhibited by arabinofuranoside indicating the importance of that residue. [species unidentified]
Fukuda 1985
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Intracellular protein degradation in fibroblast culture was inhibited by aqueous extracts of Panax ginseng in about the same magnitude as insulin and polypeptide growth factors
Lu 1985
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Progestin, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors bind saponins of Panax and Eleuthrococcus; highest affinity was glucocorticoid to Panax, with an approximate Ki of 8 x 10(-6) M. Eleuthrococcus also bound to estrogen receptors
Pearce 1982
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Analytical Chemistry
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A simple & accurate UV spectrophotometry method was established for determining lignin content in tiny Panax ginseng powder. [Article in Chinese]
Li 2006
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High performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) was applied to identify and characterize three types of active components, ginsenoside (from P. ginseng), flavonoid and triterpenoid (from G. uralensis) in Sijunzi decoction.
Liu 2006
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An analytical multi-residue method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 18 commonly used insecticides and fungicides in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer).
Park 2006a
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A HPLC separation coupled to diode array absorbance & positive mode electrospray mass spectrometric detection has been developed for analysis of ginsenosides, malonyl ginsenosides, & hydrolyzed ginsenosides in extracts of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) & American ginseng.
Sloley 2006
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An HPLC-MS method was established in order to simultaneously analyse ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2. The concentration of ginsenosides in the tap root and root fibre were compared and the yearly variations of nine ginsenosides elucidated.
Wang 2006
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A new indole alkaloid, ginsenine, with a seven-membered lactam unit, was isolated from the berry of Panax ginseng. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive NMR (1H- and 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC), IR, and ESI-MS analysis.
Wang 2006a
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Eleven saponins were extracted from Panax ginseng fruits and purified by use of D(101) resin and ordinary and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical constants and NMR spectra.
Wang 2006b
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Several examples of chromatographic fingerprint analysis for determining identity, stability, & consistency of TCHM & identification of adulterants including species authentication of various species of ginseng & stability of ginseng preparations using HPTLC fingerprint analysis are presented.
Xie 2006
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Protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rb2 and Rc were transformed using cell-free extracts from various edible food microorganisms and then analyzed by TLC and HPLC.
Chi 2005
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The structure-activity relationship of ginsenoside Rg(3) which exists as two stereoisomers of carbon-20 was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and by measurement of the current in Xenopus oocytes expressing the mouse cardiac voltage-dependent Na(+) channel.
Kang 2005
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Contents of dencichine in raw & steamed Panax notoginseng roots, 11 pairs of raw & steamed P. notoginseng herbal products, P. ginseng roots & P. quinquefolium roots, were analyzed & compared by hydrophilic interaction chromato-graphy with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Koh 2005
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A new minor oleanane-type saponin, ginsenoside-R(OA) (1), has been isolated from the extract of Kaixin-San, a prescription composed of Panax ginseng and other medicinal herbs, together with 15 known ginsenosides. The presence of ginsenoside-R(OA) in ginseng was confirmed by HPLC-ESI-MS.
Liu 2005
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Using the HPLC-APCI/MS method, 35 ginsenosides were identified in Panax ginseng.
Ma 2005
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Most ginsenosides in the extracts of ginseng could be effectively identified and analyzed for their structures using a sensitive, reproducible and accurate high performance liquid chromatography-tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. [Article in Chinese]
Ma 2005a
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Volatile constituents of the roots of Panax ginseng have been investigated after hydrodistillation and analysed by means of different analytical methods. Structure elucidation of the bicyclic panaxene as well as of the tricyclic panaginsene and ginsinsene was performed by MS and NMR.
Richter 2005
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Synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to determine trace elements in eight hypoglycemiant plants including Panax ginseng.
Zucchi 2005
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The ginsenoside content of different ginseng species including Panax ginseng, from different sources is evaluated by means of a new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique combining an automatic TLC sampler and scanner.
Kevers 2004
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The underivatized saponins from Tribulus terrestris and Panax ginseng have been investigated by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry.
Liu 2004
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The two-phase partition chromatography between soybean oil and the aqueous phase is a cost-, labor- and efficiency-effective reliable method for the elimination of pesticide residues in ginseng extract.
Sohn 2004
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A new dammarane-type triterpene monoglucoside, named isoginsenoside-Rh(3), has been isolated from the fruits of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, together with eight known analogs, ginsenoside-Rb(1), -Rb(2), -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rg(1), -Rh(1), -Rh(2).
Wang 2004
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A ribonuclease, with a molecular mass of 23kDa, and much higher activity toward poly(U) than poly(C) and only negligible activity toward poly(A) and poly(G), was isolated from the aqueous extract of Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng)flowers.
Wang 2004a
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Quantitative and qualitative variations in the seven major ginsenosides were profiled in 993 ginseng hairy root lines using LC/MS and HPLC-UV.
Woo 2004
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A HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of 11 triterpene saponins with four-type aglycones (protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, ocotillol and oleanolic acid types) in Ginseng drugs was developed and validated.
Zhu 2004
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4 products, namely, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and 2 ginseng products were assayed for 6 ginsenosides: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 by liquid chromatography.
Asafu-Adjaye 2003
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Coupled with automatic MS/MS scanning and post-acquisition neutral loss data analysis, the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical method provides a means of profiling the malonylated and acetylated ginsenosides in ginseng extracts.
Kite 2003
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It is shown that the ginseng expressed sequence tag database combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis can be used to identify ginseng proteins and to elucidate the protective mechanism of ginseng against high light induced damage.
Nam 2003
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The contents of the polyacetylenes and ginsenosides in Panax ginseng (white ginseng and red ginseng), P. quinquefolium, P. japonicus, and P. noteginseng were determined using a new HPLC method.
Washida 2003
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A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven ginsenosides, Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Rg(1), Re and Rf in pharmaceutical preparations was described.
Bonfill 2002
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A method for determination of ginsenosides in herbal medicinal products (HMPs) was developed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography & within 22 minutes 7 major ginsenosides were well separated.
Glockl 2002
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It is suggested that there is a mutual interaction that existed in the molecule of ginsenosides since the difference of the structure of ginsenosides is only due to the connective position and type of sugar moieties to the ring of a triterpene dammarane.
Liu 2002
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Total asymmetric synthesis of two components of Panax ginseng showing antitumor activity, i.e., (3R,9R,10R)- and (3S,9R,10R)-Panaxytriol and of both enantiomers of Falcarinol was accomplished.
Mayer 2002
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A major protein was isolated from ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) using a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography, ion-exchange FPLC and fast performance liquid chromatofocusing.
Yoon 2002
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The modified CTAB extraction technique may be efficient and reliable in isolating high-quality and high-molecular-weight DNAs from fresh and/or dried medicinal plants including Panax ginseng containing a high content of polyphenols and polysaccharides. [Article in Chinese]
Luo 2001
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The fingerprints of Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolium and P. notoginseng were obtained using HPLC method, and all ginsenosides were analyzed perfectly. [Article in Chinese]
Zhai 2001
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Polysaccharides from the roots of Panax ginseng showed different inhibitory activities of Helicobacter pylori-induced hemagglutination.
Belogortseva 2000
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TLC/Western blot identification of ginsenosides: separation by TLC is blotted to a PVDF membrane and treated with BSA resulting in a ginsenoside-BSA conjugate which is stained with monoclonal antibody
Fukuda 1999
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Ginsenosides determination in plant extracts from Panax ginseng (Korean) and Panax quinquefolius (American) by HPLC/MS/MS
Wang 1999
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Probable false authentication of herbal plants: ginseng [species unidentified].
Wong 1999
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6 glutathione like peptides from aqueous methanol extracts of Panax ginseng root
Chen 1998
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Dansylated protopanaxadiol (Ginseng saponin) which fluoresced strongly may help further study [species unidentified].
Hasegawa 1998
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GC/MS analysis of Jilin ginseng
Hou 1998
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Separation of an anti-lipolytic acidic tetradecapeptide from Panax ginseng roots [species unidentified].
Kajiwara 1998
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Ginsenoside Rf2, a dammarane glycoside is 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2) beta-D-glucopyranosyl]dammarane-3 beta, 6 alpha, 12 beta, 20(R), 25-pentol
Park 1998
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Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to quantify trace amounts (0.01-10 ng) of ginsenoside Rf, one of the glycosides of protopanaxatriol
Yoon 1998
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Conversion of (RS)-[3-3H]-2,3-Oxidosqualene selectively into (20S)-dammarenediol (and not 20R-) by Panax ginseng root microsomes
Kushiro 1997
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A macrophage Fc receptor expression-enhancing pectic polysaccharide (GL-4IIb2) from the leaves of Panax ginseng was found to consist of 15 different monosaccharides
Shin 1997
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Ginsenoside Rh4 from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) was determined to be a dammarane glycoside, 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyldammar-20(22),24-diene-3 beta,6 alpha,12 beta-triol
Baek 1996
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A cation binding tetradecapeptide from Panax ginseng root
Kajiwara 1996
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TLC determination of ginsenoside Rg1 [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Liu 1996
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Beta-N-oxalo-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (beta-N-ODAP) in P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, P. notoginseng, Korean red or Chinese red ginseng is a neuro-excitotoxic nonprotein amino acid and converts to its alpha- isomer
Long 1996
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Dammarane triterpene glycosides Rb1, Rb2, Rg1 and Rf and their aglycones 20(S) protopanaxatriol and 20(S) protopanaxadiol - effect on K+ and H+ flows in erythrocytes induced by ionophore A23187 and Ca2+ [Article in Russian]
Kim 1995
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Koryoginsenoside-R1 and -R2 (dammarane saponins) were isolated, along with fourteen known saponins from roots of Panax ginseng
Kim 1995
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Ginsenosides (HPLC) were highest in lateral root > rhizome > root hair > main root. Panaxadiol- & triol-saponins gradually increase with age whereas an oleananesaponin, ginsenoside-Ro, drastically increases at the sixth year [Article in Japanese]
Samukawa 1995
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An anti-ulcer polysaccharide from leaves of Panax ginseng consists mainly of terminal Arap, 4- or 5-substituted Ara, 2,4-disubstituted Rha, 4- and 6-substituted Gal, and 3,6-disubstituted Gal
Kiyohara 1994
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Pharmacodynamic study finds that ginsenosides Rg1, -Rb1 and -Rb2 were decomposed to several prosapogenins by enteric bacteria and enteric enzymes in rats [species unidentified; Article in Japanese]
Takino 1994
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Ginsenan PA, the main phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide, has a backbone chain of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose, half having beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. Removing the arabinose units affect immunological activity
Tomoda 1994
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Glycosylation and malonylation biotransformation of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid by ginseng hairy root culture
Asada 1993
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The sapogenins, 20S-protopanaxadiol & 20S-protopanaxatriol, can be produced from ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, & Rg1 in 80% yield by an improved alkaline cleavage procedure without epimerization, hydroxylation or cyclization
Cui 1993
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HPLC/MS determination of ginsenoside saponins
Elkin 1993
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Ginsenan S-IA is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 8:8:1, and ginsenan S-IIA is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-glucose: D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 15:10:2:5
Tomoda 1993
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Total saponin (measured by TLC) of the root Panax japonicum var. major was closer to that of Radix ginseng and the total saponin of its stem and leaves was similar to Radix notoginseng [Article in Chinese]
Chi 1992
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Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides (Panax) and saikosaponins (Bupleurum) by HPLC at 203 nm
Kanazawa 1990
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Determination of saponosides from Panax ginseng [Article in French]
Guedon 1989
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The isolation and identification of 2-methyl-pyrone-3-o-beta-D-glucoside from Chinese red ginseng [Article in Chinese]
Xu 1986
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The glycans, panaxans A to E, elicit hypoglycemia in both normal and diabetic mice
Ng 1985
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Isolation and identification of sanchinoside B1 and B2 from rootlets of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen [Article in Chinese]
Wei 1985
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Acid hydrolysis of ginsenoside-Rb1, Rb2 and Rc yielded 20R-prosapogenin (identical with Rg3), 20S-prosapogenin and delta 20-prosapogenin. Chikusetsusaponin-I is ginsenoide-Rg2.
Kaku 1980
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Although American, Japanese, San-ch'i, Himalayan, and Siberian ginseng roots contain many saponins similar to those found in ginseng (called ginsenosides or panaxosides), the overall compositions are quite different
Hou 1977
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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Effect of the administration of a single dose of the Ginsenoside Rg3 to male Sprague Dawley rats on urinary metabolite profiles of a range of endogenous metabolites was investigated using ultra high performance liquid chromatography / time-of-flight mass spectrometer. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2006
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Single timepoint, phenotypic metabolic ratios were used to determine whether long-term supplementation of St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba affected CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4 activity in 12 elderly subjects.
Gurley 2005
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Neither Panax ginseng nor soy extract significantly altered the urinary 6-beta-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio in subjects, suggesting that they are not cytochrome P450 inducers.
Anderson 2003
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The study of the effect of Panax ginseng on the intestinal elimination of the benzimidazole derivative albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) in rats shows that the increase in ABZSO elimination could be the result of the effect of ginseng on metabolic pathways.
Merino 2003
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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The effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on changes of the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide anion accumulation (O2-), ascorbate, total glutathione, malondialdehyde content and ginsenoside accumulation were investigated in ginseng roots in 4l air lift bioreactors.
Ali 2006
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A bacterial strain Paenibacillus polymyxa GS01 was isolated from the interior of the roots of Korean cultivars of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and the cel44C-man26A gene was cloned from this endophytic strain.
Cho 2006
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The protective effects shown by ginseng extract(s) against 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide and hydrogen peroxide induced mutagenesis in TA98 and TA100 could mainly be due to its property to initiate and promote DNA repair rather than free radical scavenging action.
Geetha 2006
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The expression of the dammarenediol synthase gene together with the genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis (SS, SE, PNX, PNY, PNY2 and PNZ) was investigated.
Han 2006
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A process for metabolizing ginsenosides to compound K was developed using food-grade enzymes, which can be used commercially. Among these, Pectinex proved to be the most effective mediator of the catabolism of ginsenosides to compound K.
Kim 2006
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cDNA cloning of oxidosqualene cyclase producing dammmarane triterpene was attempted from hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng by homology based PCR method.
Tansakul 2006
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Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re, respectively belonging to the major protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, were transformed using cell-free extracts from food microorganisms.
Chi 2005
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The ginseng expression sequence tags data set will also provide important information on the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and the genes that are responsive to methyl jasmonate treatment.
Choi 2005
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A study was performed to determine whether two ginseng species (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius) can be identified by genetic analysis and to verify pyrosequencing analysis, which was used to assess genetic variation.
Leem 2005
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The recent progresses made in proteomics studies of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) about the biochemical pathways operant in ginsenoside biosynthesis, or the genes involved therein are discussed.
Nam 2005
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It is suggested that the metabolic engineering of Eleutherococcus senticosus to enhance production of phytosterols and triterpenoids by introducing the SS-encoding gene derived from Panax ginseng was successfully achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.
Seo 2005
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The results of the gradient PCR performed on the herbal medicine preparations that consists of Panax ginseng showed that 290 bp size of the original DNA fragments of Panax ginseng was amplified on the herbal medicine preparations containing Panax ginseng.
Shim 2005
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Inter- and intraspecific variation of two ginseng species Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius was estimated by studying 159 RAPD and 39 allozyme loci. [Article in Russian]
Artiukova 2004
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The genome size of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), a medicinal herb, constructed a HindIII BAC library was estimated and BAC-end sequences to provide an initial characterization of the library was analyzed.
Hong 2004
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Three ribosomal protein genes induced by low-temperature treatment were isolated from soybean. GmRPS13 (742 bp) encodes a 17.1 kDa protein which has 95% identity with the 40S ribosomal protein S13 of Panax ginseng.
Kim 2004
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A set of microsatellite markers were developed from American ginseng that are able to differentiate Panax ginseng and P. quinquetolius with the resolution down to farm level, ie, confirmation of its botanical identity and origin.
Hon 2003
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636 expressed sequence tags were sequenced from five ginseng libraries in order to create a gene resource for biosynthesis of ginsenosides, which are thought to be the major active component in roots.
Jung 2003
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Transgenic Korean ginseng cell lines that produced a recombinant human lactoferrin protein were successfully generated and confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses.
Kwon 2003
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Northern blot analysis and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that the 6 novel genes GBR1, GBR2, GBR3, GBR4, GBR5, and GBR6, were differentially expressed in the defined development stage of Panax ginseng plant roots. [Article in Chinese]
Luo 2003
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Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses could be applied to distinguish Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) from others at the molecular level.
Shim 2003
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Analysis of one of the polymorphic bands in Panax ginseng led to identification of a minisatellite Pg2, which contains eight repeats of 5'-AGGACTCATCACATTGTTACTC. The minisatellite DNA was consequently used in directed amplification minisatellite region DNA analysis to authenticate 2 ginsengs.
Ha 2002
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The isolation and characterization of the major classes of repetitive sequences from the genome of Panax ginseng was reported.
Ho 2002
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20-O-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol formed from ginsenosides dramatically suppresses human myeloid leukemia cell growth by inducing programed cell death through activation of caspase-3 protease. [species unidentified]
Lee 2000
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The genetic differences between wild ginseng and garden ginseng (Panax ginseng) were compared. [Article in Chinese]
Ma 2000
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Panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides can induce antioxidant enzymes by lowering oxygen radical generated from intracellular metabolism.
Chang 1999
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Tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited by Ginsenoside-Rb1, Rc, Re and Rg, 51.5, 25.4, 31.3, 44.3 and 43.3%, respectively, at 80 microg/ml. [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Ginsenoside Rh2 generated apoptosis involves caspase & radicals but not cleavage of PARP into 85 kd in rat glioma cells. [species unidentified]
Kim 1999
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Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase is inhibited mildly by Ginseng saponins
Kwon 1999
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Tyrosinase is inhibited by p-coumaric acid from Ginseng leaves, with oxidation of L-tyrosine more affected than L-DOPA
Lim 1999
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of a conserved region of DNA can discriminate among 6 Panax species and common adulterants.
Ngan 1999
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[Stimulation of growth hormone gene expression in the pituitary and brain by Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER.]
Yoshizato 1999
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Bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (catalyzes Tyr to DOPA) is inhibited 42% by 40 microgm/ml Ginseng total saponin; IC50=77 microgm/ml; Ki=155 microgm/ml. [species unidentified]
Kim 1998
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G-Rh2 and G-Rh3 induced differentiation of HL-60 cells into morphologically and functionally granulocytes but G-Rh1 and G-Rh4 did not. G-Rh2 and G-Rh3 arrested the cell cycle at the G1/S phase; Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent PKC activity was increased
Kim 1998
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MADS box cDNA (GAG2) codes a protein in seedlings with 71% identity with AG in flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. Temporal and spatial differences imply different functions. [species unidentified]
Kim 1998
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p21WAF1/CIP1 was cleaved to a p14 fragment in ginsenoside Rh2-treated or staurosporine-treated cells. This is prevented by Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor. [species unidentified]
Park 1998
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PKC, DAG and fibroblast proliferation were inhibited by ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2 from Panax ginseng root
Byun 1997
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Restriction enzyme mapping of chloroplast DNA indicates it to be 154 kb and circular
Choi 1997
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PCR-RFLP identification of ginseng based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequence
Fushimi 1997
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Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors from hairy roots of Panax ginseng were identified as panaxynol, panaxydol, panaxydiol, and panaxytriol; with IC50 values of 94, 80, 45 and 79 microM, respectively
Kwon 1997
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18S rRNA from P. ginseng, P. japonicus and P. quinquefolius has different base substitutions at nucleotide positions 497, 499, 501 and 712
Fushimi 1996
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Na+, K(+)-ATPase is inhibited by gypenoside, IC50=55 mg/L. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Han 1996
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Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase gene transcription is induced by panaxadiol, especially the Rb2 fraction, and not panaxatriol nor total saponins. Specific binding of the AP2 transcription factor was increased by ginsenoside Rb2
Kim 1996
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors from the extract of Korean Panax ginseng roots are polyacetylene analogs with IC50=20-35 mg/ml
Kwon 1996
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Lipoprotein lipase activity of adipocytes was increased by oleanolic acid glycoside or 20(S)-protopanaxatriol glycoside. Ginsenosides Ro, Re, Rg1, and Rh1 increased the secretion of lipase activity by 119, 107, 56, and 32%, respectively. [species unidentified]
Masuno 1996
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Phylogenic tree of 12 Panax species based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S coding region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat indicates P. quinquefolius is more closely related to Asian species than P. trifolius
Wen 1996
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DNA polymerase delta activity is doubled by ginsenosides. Ginsenosides also activated the proofreading ability of 3'- to 5'-exonuclease activity supporting the view that polymerase and exonuclease activities are on the same protein molecule
Cho 1995
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DNA fingerprint authentication of Panax distinguishes adulterants and shows P. ginseng is more closely related to P. quinquefolius than to P. notoginseng
Shaw 1995
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Pharmacognostical identification of American and Oriental ginseng roots by genomic fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR)
Cheung 1994
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Tyrosine aminotransferase EC(2.6.1.5) mRNA level was increased 9.3-fold by Rg1 in hepatocyte cultures. This effect was inhibited by RU486, a specific glucocorticoid antagonist or Rp-cAMPs, a specific competitive inhibitor of protein kinase A
Kang 1994
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Tyrosine aminotransferase induction by Rg1 follows a time course similar to dexamethasone in rat hepatocyte cultures. The additive effect of G-Rg1 and dexamethasone was inhibited as well by RU486, a specific glucocorticoid antagonist
Kim 1994
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Mitosis in cultured human lymphocytes activated by PHA or Con A is promoted by Rg1 at 300-500 ng/ml
Tong 1980
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DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells was increased by a of 5-10 mg/kg single i.p. of ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1. DNA synthesis is enhanced by Rb1, Rb2 and Rc mixture. cAMP is decreased Rb2, Rc and Rg1. CGMP is increased by Rb2, Re and Rg1
Yamamoto 1978
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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Steaming ginseng at high temperature increased its cytotoxicity to SK-Hep-1 hepatoma cancer cells. [species unidentified]
Park 2002
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Panax ginseng heat treated at a temperature higher than that conventionally applied yielded a mixture of saponins with potent antioxidative properties.
Keum 2000
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Ginseng steamed at 120 degrees C was more potent in its ability to induce endothelium-dependent relaxation, also remarkably increased the radical-scavenging activity and contained ginsenosides not present in raw ginseng. [species unidentified]
Kim 2000
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Collagen synthesis is stimulated synergistically by Eucommia ulmoides leaves with Panax ginseng roots (ratio 3:1) more than either alone in rats
Metori 1997
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Total ginsenosides per capsule or tablet ranged 2.1-13.3 mg in 17 commercial ginseng preparations sold in Sweden. 20(S)-protopanaxatriol was identified in urine samples (2-35 ng/ml) from Swedish athletes taking ginseng. [species unidentified]
Cui 1996
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Regazell-Energen (gelee royale, ginseng, hawthorn, wheatgerm, mead, pollen) is recommended for revitalization and regeneration.[species unidentified; Article in German]
Hauser 1996
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TLC determination of ginsengside for quality control of zhuanggu shenjin capsules [Article in Chinese]
Ni 1996
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Some ginseng (Panax ginseng) preparations might have been adulterated with Mandragora officinarum (scopolamine) to give anticholinergic effect
Chan 1995
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Wild ginseng was mitogenic to lymphocytes while cultured ginseng was not
Mizuno 1994
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Far-infrared drying method (oven temperature 45 C) dried Ginseng Radix faster without reducing both ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides compared with conventional drying by air or hot-air [Article in Japanese]
Yoshikawa 1993
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Quality assessment of ginseng by chemical fingerprinting with UV-Vis, HPLC and ICP and fuzzy pattern recognition. [species unidentified; Article in Chinese]
Bi 1992
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Red ginseng is stronger than white in promoting blood circulation, anti-thrombosis, fibrin dissolving activity, phagocytosis of reticular endothelium and anti-decrepit function [Article in Chinese]
Li 1991
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TLC evaluation found low panaxoside content in commercial tablets and teas whereas capsules and extracts most closely resembled content of whole roots
Liberti 1978
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P. ginseng C.A. Meyer is the source plant of Chinese, Korean and Japanese ginseng. It grows in hardwood forest, preferring northeast slopes. Chinese ginseng is prepared by roots bleached, boiled, steamed, or sugared in curing. 42 recipes from TCM provided.
Hu 1977
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Panax" or "ginseng" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Method for extracting a compound from a ginseng spp. plant, ginseng or pseudo-ginseng
US Patent 6,897,298
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Dietary fiber and oligosaccharides from ginseng and process for preparation thereof
US Patent 6,899,902
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Composition having a superior antiviral activity, a superior peripheral blood flow-improving activity and a superior hair growth-stimulating activity; and production method thereof
US Patent 6,953,580
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Hematopoietic, myeloprotecting, antitumor immune cells generating and radiosensitizing polysaccharide isolated from Panax ginseng
US Patent 6,555,527
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Composition and method of use in treating sexual dysfunction using cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
US Patent 6,338,862
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Compositions and methods for regulating metabolism and balancing body weight
US Patent 6,399,089
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Chinese herbal composition for improving blood circulation and the method of preparing the same
US Patent 6,447,814
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Pharmaceutical composition having an antitumor activity and a process for preparation thereof
US Patent 6,071,521
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Pharmaceutical compositions derived from ginseng and methods of treatment using same
US Patent 6,083,932
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Metabolites of ginseng saponins by human intestinal bacteria and its preparation for an anticancer
US Patent 5,919,770
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Processing ginseng at 120-180 C for half-2 hours to make optimize ginsenoside ratio Rg/(Rb+Rc+Rd) to above one;
US Patent 5,776,460
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Fibroblast and keratinocyte stimulation by glycoprotein, ginseng and horsetail;
US Patent 5,840,309
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Pharmaceutical compositions for the management of premenstrual syndrome and alleviation of menopausal disorders
US Patent 5,569,459
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Pharmaceutical composition for prophylaxis and treatment of premature ejaculation
US Patent 5,587,167
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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It is indicated that plant Panax ginseng could grow under Cu stress (5-25 microM) by modulating the antioxidant defense mechanism for combating Cu induced oxidative stress.
Ali 2006
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Ethephon at 50 microM enhanced both root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) adventitious root cultures, but at 100 microM it inhibited only ginsenoside accumulation.
Bae 2006
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In Panax ginseng, production of transgenic plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens was performed via somatic embryogenesis using cotyledon or embryogenic callus as explants.
Choi 2006
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Expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC gene in Panax ginseng callus cells results in formation of tumors that are capable to form roots.
Gorpenchenko 2006
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Processing time for the generation of ginseng saponin in a hairy root culture can be reduced via the application of an elicitor.
Jeong 2006
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It is suggested that Panax ginseng is related taxonomically to umbelliferous plants.
Mino 2006
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The effects of oxygen supply within the range 20.8-50% (using pure oxygen and air), on cell cultures of Panax ginseng were investigated in a balloon-type bubble bioreactor.
Trung Thanh 2006
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It is suggested that high concentration of CO(2) delivered to ginseng root suspension cultures induced the accumulation of total phenolics possessing high antioxidant properties probably useful for human health.
Ali 2005
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Several elicitors like salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, yeast elicitor, and bacterial elicitor were used to improve the productivity of useful metabolite in Panax ginseng hairy root cultures.
Jeong 2005
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It is suggested that methyl jasmonate elicitation is beneficial for ginsenoside production using 5-l bioreactor cell suspension cultures.
Thanh 2005
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It is reported that Cle, an elicitor derived from fungal cell walls, induces the generation of singlet oxygen in cell cultures of ginseng, Panax ginseng.
Xu 2005
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The relationship between inoculum conditions and the growth of Panax ginseng hairy root culture was studied and found that the growth rate varied with the inoculum conditions such as the number of root tips, the length of root tips, the part of root tips & the inoculum size and age of hairy roots.
Jeong 2004
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It is suggested that the ginseng major proteins are root-specific RNase-like proteins, which function as vegetative storage proteins of ginseng for survival in the natural environment.
Kim 2004
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Adventitious roots of ginseng treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) up to 100 microM MJ inhibited the root growth but increase ginsenoside accumulation.
Kim 2004
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75% of plants regenerated from polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid-treated embryos of Panax ginseng formed roots, while plants from non-treated embryos did not form roots.
Langhansova 2004
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Fungal elicitor has specificity influence on secondary metabolite of hairy roots of Panax ginseng (HRPG). HRPG can biosynthesize specially active component by using specific fungal elicitor. [Article in Chinese]
Liu 2004
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The hairy roots of interspecific hybrid ginseng (Panax ginseng x P. quinquefolium), cultured in B5 liquid medium supplemented with | | |
