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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen, a herbal drug containing D-camphor (2.5 %) & fresh hawthorn berries extract (97.3%), was found effective & safe in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension for all age groups (11-102 yrs) in 490 patients & independent of initial blood pressures. [Article in German]
Hempel 2005
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[The results of experimental and clinical studies. Cardio- and vasoprotective actions of standardized Crataegus extract]. [Article in German]
Koch 2005
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In a randomized trial of Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen, a combination of natural D-camphor and an extract from fresh crataegus berries, was found to be efficacious for orthostatic hypotension in patients over 50 years.
Kroll 2005
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[Meta-analysis of randomized clinical studies. Hawthorn extract for treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency]. [Article in German]
Pittler 2005
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[Phytotherapy tested in heart-healthy seniors. More vital with Crataegus monogyna]. [Article in German]
[No authors listed] 2004
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Administration of a hydroalcoholic extract of Crataegus curvisepala in total of 92 men and women with primary mild hypertension, aged 40-60 years, 3 times daily for more than 4 months showed a decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP after 3 months.
Asgary 2004
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Hawthorn special extract WS 1442 was prescribed for the treatment of 588 patients with heart failure stage NYHA II & favorable effects on clinical symptoms were achieved although the patients in Crataegus cohort received markedly fewer chemical-synthetic drugs than patients in comparative cohort.
Habs 2004
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The preparation containing fixed quantities of Crataegus oxyacantha, Eschscholtzia californica, and magnesium proved safe and more effective than placebo in treating mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders in 264 patients (81% female; mean age: 44.6 years).
Hanus 2004
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Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies using sublingual/oral administration of D-camphor, an extract from fresh crataegus berries & a combination of the 2 (CCC) showed that CCC, depending on pressoric activity of its 2 mono-components, counteracts orthostatic fall in blood pressure.
Belz 2003
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A placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre trial in 143 patients with cardiac failure NYHA class II, showed the efficacy and safety of a standardised extract of fresh berries of Crataegus oxyacantha L. & monogyna under long term therapy.
Degenring 2003
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The results of meta-analysis of randomized trials using hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure suggest that there is a significant benefit from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure.
Pittler 2003
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Administration of the homeopathic Crataegus-based preparation Cralonin in 110 patients aged 50-75 years was found to be non-inferior to usual ACE inhibitor/diuretics treatment (n=102) for mild cardiac insufficiency on all parameters except BP reduction.
Schroder 2003
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A randomized, crossover trial with 8 healthy volunteers, evaluating digoxin 0.25 mg alone for 10 days and digoxin 0.25 mg with Crataegus special extract WS 1442 (450 mg) twice daily suggests that both hawthorn and digoxin, in the doses and dosage form studied, may be coadministered safely.
Tankanow 2003
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Oral administration of the camphor-crataegus berry combination as a single regimen in 3 different dosages of 5 drops, 20 drops and 80 drops in 48 patients decreased orthostatic fall in blood pressure.
Belz 2002
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Clinical studies have found that standardized extracts of Crataegus species show promise as adjunctive agents for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction.
Fong 2002
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Both efficacy and tolerability were rated best for the 1800 mg of crataegus extract WS 1442 group of patients with heart failure & the incidence of adverse events was lowest in the 1800 mg of WS 1442 group & particularly with respect to dizziness and vertigo.
Tauchert 2002
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Administration of (a) 600 mg Mg, (b) 500 mg hawthorn extract, (c) a combination of (a) and (b), (d) placebo in 36 mildly hypertensive subjects showed a promising reduction in resting diastolic blood pressure at week 10 in 19 subjects who were assigned to hawthorn extract, compared to other groups.
Walker 2002
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Treatment with standardized extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Rob 10) in 88 patients with congestive heart failure led to a increase of exercise time of 38.9 s vs placebo & quality of life improved accordingly in favour of Rob 10. [Article in German]
Rietbrock 2001
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In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study of Crataegus extract WS 1442, standardised to 18.75% oligomeric procyanidines, on 40 outpatients suffering from congestive heart failure NYHA class II revealed that it was clinically effective, safe and well tolerated.
Zapfe jun 2001
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A first, international, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the influence of the herbal drug Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 (hawthorn leaves) on mortality of 2300 patients with congestive heart failure was carried out.
Holubarsch 2000
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Administration of an herbal crataegus-camphor combination in 190 patients with functional cardiovascular disorders showed that 71.6% of subjects in the active drug group were satisfied with their treatment compared with just 52.7% in the placebo group. [Article in German]
Schmidt 2000
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Treatment of Crataegus extract WS 1442 in 1,011 patients with cardiac insufficiency stage NYHA II, showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms like reduced performance in the exercise tolerance test, fatigue, palpitation & exercise dyspnea, ankle edema & nocturia by 83%. [Article in German]
Tauchert 1999
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300 clinical studies carried out in Germany with standardized phytopharmaceuticals, including Crataegus, Silybum, Ginkgo, etc showed that these phyto-pharmaceuticals were therapeutically equivalent with chemotherapeutics and also being devoid of any adverse effects.
Wagner 1999
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Euphytose (mixture of Crataegus, Ballota, Passiflora, Valeriana, Cola and Paullinia) reduced anxiety more than placebo in a double blind study with 182 patients
Bourin 1997
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Folk usage and modern clinical trials indicate benefit for congestive heart failure. No adverse drug reactions have been reported [Article in German]
Weihmayr 1996
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Extract WS 1442 benefited patients with NYHA stage II cardiac insufficiency in a double blind study with 136 patients treated with extract WS 1442 or placebo for 8 weeks. There was improvement in heart rate, blood pressure, shortness of breath and edema
Weikl 1996
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Exercise blood pressure and pulse were improved by 8 weeks of extract WS 1442 compared with placebo in a trial with 30 patients with stage NYHA II cardiac insufficiency
Leuchtgens 1993
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Crataegus can be used for cardiological indications for which digitalis is not (yet) indicated. The effects, mainly from the flavonoids, indicate a simultaneous cardiotropic and vasodilatory action, as confirmed clinically in controlled studies
Blesken 1992
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Treatment of decreasing cardiac performance. Therapy using standardized crataegus extract in advanced age [Article in German]
O'Conolly 1986
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Therapeutic effect of Crataegus pinnatifida on 46 cases of angina pectoris--a double blind study.
Weng 1984
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On the use of injectable crataegus extracts in therapy of disorders of peripheral arterial circulation in subjects with obliterating arteriopathy of the lower extremities [Article in Italian]
Di Renzi 1969
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The therapeutic effect of hawthorn extract in myocardial hypoxia [Article in German]
Piotti 1965
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Review on management of insomnia using traditional herbal remedies indicates that there are no scientific grounds for rejecting preparations based on hawthorn or passiflora.
[No authors listed] 2005
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[Observational series of patients treated either with ACE inhibitors and diuretics or with a homeopathic Crataegus preparation.].
Zanolla 2004
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Investigations on mode of inotropic action of WS 1442, an extract from Crataegus leaves with flowers, in human myocardium from patients with congestive heart failure & in nonfailing controls suggest a mechanism similar to cAMP-independent positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides.
Schwinger 2000
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Crataegus in cardiac insufficiency--taking a current position [Article in German]
anon 1993
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The use of hawthorn preparations in medicine [Article in Russian]
Kiseleva 1990
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Indications for treatment with crataegus [Article in German]
Muth 1976
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Clinical experiences with a crataegus pentaerythrityl-tetranitrate combination drug in heart diseases due to coronary sclerosis in old age [Article in German]
Beier 1974
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Clinico-experimental metabolic studies using a Crataegus extract [Article in German]
Hammerl 1967
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Hawthorn as an antiarrhythmic agent [Article in Russian]
Guseinov 1966
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Medicinal value of Crataegus ucrainica [Article in Russian]
Kharchenko 1965
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Traditional and Folk Use
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[Evidence-based medicine with hawthorn extract]. [Article in German]
Holubarsch 2005
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[The pharmacopoeia and Commission E of the ESCOP and the WHO. Hawthorn in the view of the monographs]. [Article in German]
Steinhoff 2005
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[Hawthorn extract: is it time to turn over a new leaf?].
Baughman 2003
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Mythical and folkloric power of trees of oak, rowan, yew, hawthorn, ash and beech have been utilized in the modern hospital environment of U.K.
Biley 2001
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Review on herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease reveals preliminary evidence for hawthorn (Crataegus species) to provide benefits in congestive heart failure.
Fugh-Berman 2000
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[Crataegus: a well regarded medicinal plant]. [Article in German]
Ringl 1999
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Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic and current uses include treatment for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure
Miller 1998
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Hawthorn (shan zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats.
Chen 1995
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Yishoujiangzhi (de-blood-lipid) mixture, which includes Crataegus, to 130 hyperlipemia patients, lowered serum cholesterol (87%) and triglyceride (81%)
Guan 1995
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A TCM decoction of Crataegus cuneata, Nelumbo nucifera and Gynostemma pentaphylla lowered triglyceride and cholesterol
la Cour 1995
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On the use of hawthorn extract (Crataegus) in the treatment of certain ischemic myocardial diseases in old age [Article in Italian]
Massoni 1968
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Treatment of heart disease with a digoxin-crataegus combination [Article in German]
Wolkerstorfer 1966
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Scroll down the page to find entry for Hawthorn in The English Physician by
Culpeper
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Reported case of osteomyelitis and arthritis caused by Scedosporium prolificans in a 9 y-old boy whose knee had been punctured by a hawthorn spike.
Studahl 2003
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At therapeutic dosages (160-900 mg), hawthorn may cause mild rash, headache, sweating, dizziness, palpitations, sleepiness, agitation, & gastrointestinal symptoms. It also interacts with vasodilating medications & may affect drugs used for heart failure, hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.
Rigelsky 2002
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Toxicity evaluation of Valerian and Crataegus in rats given 300 and 600 mg/kg/24 h for 30 days
Fehri 1991
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300 and 600 mg/kg/day of V. officinalis and Crataegus oxyacantha for 30 days to rats to test for toxicity
Fehri 1991
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Several wild cedar waxwings died after eating old hawthorn fruit. High levels of ethanol were found in the crops and livers indicating fermentation had occurred
Fitzgerald 1990
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A rare birth abnormality of fingers and nails associated with Pierre Robin syndrome where the only medication taken by the mother during early pregnancy was Sympathyl, a sedative composed of phenobarbitone, methenamine and plant extracts (boldo, crataegus)
Roger 1986
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Toxiderma due to the fruits of the hawthorn [Article in Russian]
Rogov 1984
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Immediate-type hypersensitivity to Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn).
Steinman 1984
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Crataegus, toxicology and pharmacology. Part III: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics] (author's transl) [Article in German]
Ammon 1981
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Interactions
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Kyushin, licorice, plantain, uzara root, hawthorn, and ginseng may interfere with either digoxin pharmacodynamically or with digoxin monitoring
Miller 1998
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The benefits from the flavonoids luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperoside and rutin on heart performance is not affected by propranolol or reserpine, indicating different mechanisms. There is an inhibition of 3',5'-cAMP phosphodiesterase
Schussler 1995
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Animal Studies
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Treatment with traditional Chinese medicine consisting of 6 medicinal plants including Astragalus membranaceus, Morus alba & Crataegus pinnatifida, caused reduction in alcohol-induced lipid hepatic accumulation in rats and reversed fatty liver changes and liver damage.
Kwon 2005
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Oral administration of tincture of Crataegus to isoproterenol-induced myocardially infarcted rats for 30 days afforded good hepatoprotection and maintained near normal architecture of liver tissue.
Thirupurasundari 2005
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Pretreatment of Tincture of Crataegus, at a dose of 0.5 mL/100 g bodyweight per day, orally for 30 days, prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation and activity of marker enzymes observed in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Jayalakshmi 2004
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Oral administration of Crataegus special extract WS 1442, 10 or 100 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) for 7 days in rats before ligation of left coronary artery dose-dependently suppressed the decrease of pressure rate product, diminished incidence of ventricular fibrillations & reduced mortality rate.
Veveris 2004
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After a single dose or 9 daily doses, oral administration of the aqueous extract of hawthorn leaves produced a significant and dose-dependent decrease on blood glucose levels in STZ diabetic rats (P < 0.001), but had no effect on blood glucose levels in normal rats.
Jouad 2003
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Studies on effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha extract (0.5 g/kg b.w) on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in Wistar rats on the heart in situ and on Langendorff preparations revealed no cardioprotective effects of C. oxyacantha.
Rothfuss 2001
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The testing of extracts from flowering tops of Crataegus meyeri A. Pojark on ischaemic arrhythmias in anaesthetized male Wistar rats reveals that they have a hypotensive and a potential antiarrhythmic action on ischaemic myocardium.
Garjani 2000
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Oligomeric procyandins from leaves with flowers (WS-1442) has stronger radical scavenging than flavones and when fed to rats at 100 mg/kg/d protects against ischemia-reperfusion
Chatterjee 1997
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Pretreatment diet of 2% C. oxyacantha for 3 months to rats challenged with ischemia-reperfusion resulted in smaller increase of lactate dehydrogenase, 1777 vs. 3795 mU/min
Al Makdessi 1996
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Tincture of C. oxyacantha fruit increased bile acid excretion and decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in atherogenic diet fed rats. In vitro, it increased binding of LDL cholesterol to liver plasma membranes
Rajendran 1996
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The effects on small intestine motion, myocardial ischemia and hyper-cholesterolemia by the fruits of 4 Hawthorn species were found to differ
Chen 1994
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Fruit tincture reduced the increase of plasma cholesterol and lipids in rats fed a high fat diet. There was also less lipid deposits in the liver and aorta
Shanthi 1994
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Blood glucose was decreased by Guaiacum coulteri, followed by Marrubium vulgare, Crataegus pubescens, Cynodon dactylon, Calea zacatechichi, Buddleia americana, Bauhinia divaricata and Coix lachryma
Roman Ramos 1992
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Scavenging oxygen radicals and decreasing hyaluronic acid depolymerization, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and inhibiting adenosine deaminase measured with aqueous extracts of Ziziphus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Allium, Zingiber, Citrus and green tea
Wang 1991
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Hawthorn-Motherworn mixture reduced cholesterol, beta-lipid protein, triglyceride, blood sugar, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, electrophoresis of red cell and fibrinogen in chickens on a high lipid diet
He 1990
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Pretreatment with garlic alone, or with Crataegus, gave dose related protection for isoprenaline-induced damage of heart, liver, and pancreas in rats
Ciplea 1988
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Effects of Crataegus pinnatifidae, Astragalus memoranaceus and Acanthopanax senticosus on cholesterol metabolism in the guinea pig [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1987
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Cardiovascular effects of hyperoside extracted from hawthorn in anesthetized dogs [Article in French]
Lievre 1985
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Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. I. Effect on myocardial ischemia and hemodynamics in dogs.
Li 1984
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The relaxing effects on CNS of mice by Crataegus, Valeriana, Passiflora, Matricaria, Piscidia, Hyoscyamus and Atropa [Article in Italian]
Della Loggia 1981
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Effects of Garlic, Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Pseucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; and Fumitory for hypertension and atherosclerosis
Petkov 1979
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Procyanidines from Crataegus increased blood flow (dose dependently) for several hours in the myocardium of the left ventricle of dogs monitored with implanted probes. Longer term feeding increased resting values of myocardial blood flow
Roddewig 1977
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Crataemon (flavonoids of C monogyna) at 2 mg/kg increases coronary blood flow in dogs for 30 min. with no significant changes in the heart rate and ECG
Taskov 1977
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Changes in local myocardial blood circulation following oral administration of a Crataegus extract in non-narcotized dogs [Article in German]
Mavers 1974
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Pharmacodynamics
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[The basis for treatment of cardiovascular diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms of Crataegus extract]. [Article in German]
Brixius 2005
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Evidence is accumulating that hawthorn may induce anti-ischemia/reperfusion-injury, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects which may in part be due to the presence of antioxidant flavonoid components.
Chang 2005
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[A short cultural history in retrospect. Crataegus as a cardiac agent]. [Article in German]
Czygan 2005
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The protective effect of hawthorn fruit (Crataegifructus) on two murine colitis models: dextran sulfate sodium and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis was examined & it is suggested that it has potential therapeutic utility in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Fujisawa 2005
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The leaves, flowers, and berries of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha (Aubepine)) contain a variety of bioflavonoid-like oligomeric procyanidins, vitexin, quercetin, and hyperoside & they appear to be primarily responsible for the cardiac actions of the plant. [Article in Chinese]
Ju 2005
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Flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida present anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo and may play a role in hepatoprotection.
Kao 2005
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Hawthorn leave flavonoids, w/w, 80% flavonoids at concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml decreased the cytotoxicity of hypoxia to human umbilical vein endothelial cells partly through its regulative effect on NO and calcium ion levels.
Lan 2005
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Water-soluble extracts of Crataegus aronia inhibited oxidation of beta-carotene, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propan) dihydrochloride-induced plasma oxidation & Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates.
Ljubuncic 2005
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Review on natural antioxidants for neurodegenerative diseases includes the preventing effect of Crataegus flavonoids on ischemic-reperfusion damage to the brain of the Mongolian gerbil (stroke model) in the laboratory.
Zhao 2005
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Through the pharmacological properties, procyanidins stimulate a pseudo laminar shear stress response in endothelial cells, which helps restore endothelial function and underlies the benefit from treatment with hawthorn extract in heart failure.
Corder 2004
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The evolution of the processing of Fructus Crataegi, the difference of chemical consitituents, pharmacological effects and clinical application before and after the processing are reviewed. [Article in Chinese]
Li 2004
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Oral administration of the antioxidant, Crataegus flavonoids (CF), increases the antioxidant level in the brain and protects the brain against delayed cell death caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury in Mongolian gerbil stroke model.
Zhang 2004
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Hot-water extract of the dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida was found to inhibit relative electrophoretic mobility and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at the concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg/mL in the cell-free system and at 0.01-0.10 mg/mL in the cell system.
Chu 2003
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[Hawthorn extract improves chronic heart failure.].
Eaton 2003
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Yixintong tablet had no effects on leak calcium channel, but can inhibit the Ca2+ influx in receptor-operationg calcium channel and pulse-dependent calcium channel in rat aortic smooth muscle cell. [Article in Chinese]
Li 2003
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Solutions of hawthorn, onion and garlic, free the Ca and P ions from the grains of synthetic hydroxyapatite (in varying flowing pH and speed conditions). [Article in Polish]
Lipnicka 2003
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Yixintong tablets at 100 & 200 mg/kg, exerted a recovery effect on heart rate, blood pressure, internal pressure of left ventricule and also reduced the myocardial infarct size of the coronary-ligatured rats. [Article in Chinese]
Piao 2003
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7 Hawthorn extracts, tested in isolated guinea pig aorta rings showed that all had a relaxant effect on the aorta precontracted by noradrenaline and led to relaxations to 44 until 29% of the initial values & the EC50 values of the aqueous-alcoholic extracts varied between 4.16 & 9.8 mg/l.
Vierling 2003
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A review with 54 references covers all aspects of hawthorn, the genus Crataegus, including its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and clinical effects.
Chang 2002
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The O-glycosidic flavonoids and the oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Crataegus sinaica exhibited significant inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 & procyanidin had highest antioxidant activity in both the microsomal lipid peroxidation & hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.
Shahat 2002
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Review on phytotherapy in cardiovascular medicine reveals that Ginkgo biloba, Crataegus and Garlic are often recommended substances for patients with cardiovascular diseases & Crataegus is often used in patients with heart failure because of its positive inotropic effect. [Article in German]
Zbinden 2002
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[Crataegus in heart failure and coronary heart disease. What is the value of this additional medication?]. [Article in German]
[No authors listed] 2001
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Coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, L-carnitine, taurine, and fish oil have all been evaluated in the prevention and treatment of many types of heart disease in dogs. Other supplements with preliminary evidence, include magnesium, Crataegus, and the B vitamins.
Dove 2001
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MeOH extracts, fractions & pure substances from Crataegus oxyacantha / C. monogyna were screened for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibiting action & it was found that phenolic acids showed no significant ACE-inhibition whereas flavonoids & proanthocyanidins demonstrated inhibitory activity.
Lacaille-Dubois 2001
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The procyanidins in Crataegus extract were found to be responsible for the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in isolated rat aorta, possibly via activation of tetra-ethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels.
Kim 2000
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Vitamin E, eugenol and tincture of crataegus inhibited oxidation of LDL + VLDL, isolated from plasma of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, similar to standard antioxidant (butylated hydroxy toluene).
Rajalakshmi 2000
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Among 18 plant extracts, 5 including Crataegus monogyna, Ipomoea pes-caprae & Eremophila freelingii extracts potently inhibited ADP induced human platelet [14C]5-HT release in vitro, with levels ranging from 62 to 95% inhibition.
Rogers 2000
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The protective effect against reperfusion arrhythmias of a 3-month oral pretreatment with a dried extract of Crataegus oxyacantha (LI 132)(standardized to 2.2% flavonoids) was studied with the Langendorff heart of the rat after global no-flow ischemia.
al Makdessi 1999
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The in vitro antioxidant evaluation of wild jujubi, crataegus and grape revealed that the inhibition rate at the concentration of 2.5-3.3 mg/ml to Fe(2+)-Cys system on the production of malondialdehyde were 46.2%, 98.3% and 99.1% respectively. [Article in Chinese]
Guo 1999
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Two triterpenoid compounds, ursolic acid and uvaol, were isolated from Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge leaves. Ursolic acid inhibits chitin synthase II from S. cerevisiae with an IC50 value of 0.84 microgram/ml and uvaol has no inhibitory activity up to 280 micrograms/ml.
Jeong 1999
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Crataegus extracts have positive inotropic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic but negative bathmotropic effects, increase coronary and myocardial perfusion, lower periphere resistance and have anti-arrhythmic and economizing effects. [Article in German]
Loew 1999
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The two triterpenes, uvaol & ursolic acid identified from Crataegus pinatifida inhibited HIV-1 protease with IC50 values of 5.5 and 8.0 microM, respectively.
Min 1999
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Crataegus extract at 10 mg/l (flavonoid content: 2.25%, total procyanidin content: 11.3 +/- 0.4%) blocks repolarising potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.
Muller 1999
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Corosolic acid isolated from the fruit of Cratoegus pinnatifida displayed about the same potent cytotoxic activity as ursolic acid. It appears to be a protein kinase C inhibitor
Ahn 1998
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Crataegus oxycantha. Common name: hawthorne.
anon 1998
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Extract of Crataegus fruit relaxes contracted artery, IC50 0.2 mg/ml. Response was reduced by removing endothelium or by pretreatment with nitro-arginine, methylene blue or iberiotoxin
Chen 1998
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Radical intensity of ascorbate was reduced by low level of C. cuneata and increased by higher concentrations. Scavenging of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was comparable with lignins
Satoh 1998
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Cycloartenol (80% of the triterpene fraction) from C. monogyna was anti-inflammatory in three animal tests
Ahumada 1997
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The triterpenes enriched fractions isolated from extracts of Viscum and Crataegus demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against cultured HEp-2 cells, larynx cancer cells and all of them showed a stronger in vitro activity than 6-mercaptopurine solution used as a positive control.
Saenz 1997
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In vitro inhibitory effects of 55 extracts or fractions obtained from 10 Turkish folk medicines including Crataegus orientalis roots, Rosa canina roots, on interleukin-1 (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis were studied.
Yesilada 1997
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Extracts of fresh young leaves and flower buds of C. monogyna are antioxidant with superoxide, peroxide and hypochlorous acid. Activity appears related to proanthocyanidin and flavonoid content
Bahorun 1996
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Extracts of C. sinaica fruit and leaves, and some cyanidins and flavonoids tested on complement-mediated hemolysis showed a dose-dependent inhibition which was more pronounced on the classical than alternative path
Shahat 1996
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Extract LI 132 prolongs refractory period in contrast to the shortening by other inotropic drugs - epinephrine, amrinone, milrinone and digoxin
Joseph 1995
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Extract LI 132, from leaves and flowers standardised to 2.2% flavonoids, at 30-180 microg/ml exhibited a positive inotropic effect on the contraction amplitude of myocytes and prolonged the refractory period. It was better than ouabain or isoprenaline
Popping 1995
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Monoacetyl-vitexin-rhamnoside (phosphodiesterase inhibitor in Crataegus) has anti-ischemic properties in vitro
Schussler 1995
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Antioxidant activity of various extracts correlates best with total phenols. Activities in leaves seem to be influenced by flavonoids and in flowers and fruits by proanthocyanidins and catechins
Bahorun 1994
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Water extract of hawthorn inhibits nitro-quinoline induced SOS response in E. coli
Jin 1994
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Ethanol extract of C. oxyacantha flowers inhibited thromboxane A2; catechins appear to play a role
Vibes 1994
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Aqueous extract at 0.05% helped perfused heart to recover from ischemia
Nasa 1993
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Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. II. Effects on cultured rat heart cells deprived of oxygen and glucose.
Li 1984
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Therapeutic value of hawthorn extracts in the light of analysis of its active components [Article in Polish]
Oswiecimska 1982
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Crataemon (flavonoids from C. minogina leaves) affects mitochondrial respiration: low dose causes an immediate activation and higher dose causes a delayed inhibition
Ivancheva 1976
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C. oxyacantha methanol extract increases coronary perfusion and a positive inotropic effect
Vogel 1975
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Preliminary study of potential antiarrhythmic effects of Crataegus monogyna.
Thompson 1974
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Pharmacological properties of oligomeric procyanidine isolated from hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha)
[Article in German]
Rewerski 1971
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Some pharmacological properties of flavan polymers isolated from hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) [Article in German]
Rewerski 1967
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Analytical Chemistry
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The main botanical components of Unani herbal tea known as "Zahraa" in Damascus, which contains between 6 and 14 species components including Crataegus aronia is elucidated.
Carmona 2005
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[Crataegus extract in changing times]. [Article in German]
Gaedcke 2005
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[Crataegus from the analytical viewpoint. Official contents of hawthorn drugs]. [Article in German]
Petereit 2005
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[Qualitative control of crataegus extracts and preparations]. [Article in German]
Veit 2005
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Selected medicinal plants including hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide & components were identified by HPLC-PAD-MS or GC-MS and quantified by HPLC or GC as appropriate.
Hamburger 2004
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The amounts (from 0.72 - 1.89%) of flavonoids accumulated in the buds of single-styled hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) was determined & the dominating flavonoid found to be vitexin-2-O-rhamnosid (6.72-10.91 milligrams / gram of dried crude drug). [Article in Lithuanian]
Jakstas 2004
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The amounts of 9 flavonoids that have been isolated from the leaves and flowers of Crataegus microphylla C. Koch were determined using chemical investigation.
Melikoglu 2004
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2 furo-1,2-naphtho-quinones, crataequinones A & B , were isolated from fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. They showed inhibition with IC50 values of 33 & 90 microM, respectively, against expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
Min 2004
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Organic acids level in fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major before and after processing revealed that lipid-soluble organic acids mostly remain whereas only about 70% of the water-soluble acids remain after processing in fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major. [Article in Chinese]
Yang 2004
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Analysis of the volatile fragrant components in hawthorn tincture by GC/MS lead to the identification of 38 components including 3-Hexen-1-ol (370.59 micrograms/g), Eugenol (320.95 micrograms/g), etc. [Article in Chinese]
Zhu 2004
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The tincture of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits & Leonurus herbs was analyzed at determination of the sum of flavonoids in terms of quercetin, dry residue, relative density, ethanol concentration & the quality was evaluated by HPLC and spectrophotometry. [Article in Lithuanian]
Bernatoniene 2003
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A capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the separation of 4 flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida & the detection limits of vitexin-2"-rhamnoside, hyperside, rutin, and vitexin were 0.35, 0.30, 0.40 and, 0.29 microg/mL, respectively.
Liu 2003
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Solid-phase microextraction & gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection were used to identify volatile compounds from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus spp.), which act as behavioral attractants for hawthorn-infesting Rhagoletis pomonella flies.
Nojima 2003
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The capacity of total and ethyl-acetate extracts from dried pharmaceutical flowers, tops and fruits of Crataegus to inhibit Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation was tested & the flavanol-type phenolics were found to be higher active than the majority of the flavonoids.
Quettier-Deleu 2003
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Two new acetyl C-glucoside flavonoids including 3"-O-acetylvitexin, along with 4 known C-glucoside flavonoids, vitexin, 6"-O-acetylvitexin, 2-O-acetylvitexin, and 2"-O-rhamnosylvitexin were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida & structures were elucidated.
Zhang 2003
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The optimized liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization-MS/ ultraviolet photodiode array detector method was applied to a commercial Crataegus extract, which is used in phytomedicine to treat cardiovascular problems and is known to be rich in flavonoids.
Cuyckens 2002
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The oligomeric procyanidins were specifically determined due to the development of a HPLC method for isolating them from hawthorn during sample preparation & its concentration in leaves was found to be 1.6%, in flowers 1.2% and in fruits 0.2% of the dry mass.
Svedstrom 2002
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Oligomeric procyanidins were isolated from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) including trimer & a pentamer have been isolated from hawthorn for the first time, in addition to known procyanidins.
Svedstrom 2002a
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The combination of capillary isotachophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis was applied to the simultaneous assay of several cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids in methanolic extracts of Sambucus flowers & Crataegus leaves and flowers with spectro-photometric detection at 254 nm.
Urbanek 2002
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Using 4-dimethylamino-cinnamic-aldehyde method for estimation of total oligomeric procyanidins & HPLC-chemical reaction detection method for quantification of mono- to trimeric procyanidins, some leading herbal medicinal products from Germany containing Crataegus species extracts were analysed.
Wittig 2002
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A new eudesmanolide, 1beta,9alpha-dihydroxyeudesm-3-en-5beta, 6alpha,7alpha,11alphaH-12,6-olide, was isolated from Crataegus flava fruits & its structure was determined by spectroscopic methods.
Ahmed 2001
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A phytochemical study of two plant species, Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Crataegus monogyna Jacq., was completed to investigate the influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum on the host Crataegus monogyna.
Ahumada 2001
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A simple HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 4 components of hawthorn (Crataegus), chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, in rat plasma with the detection limits of 0.04, 0.20, 0.03 & 0.03 microg/ml respectively.
Chang 2001
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The lectins identified in crude extracts of fruits such as tamarind, plum, guava mango, quince, and Crataegus mexicanus (tejocote), were analyzed to determine their participation in the host-parasite interaction, using as a model the hemagglutinating properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7.
Coutino-Rodriguez 2001
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The pattern of procyanidins isolated from the herb of Hypericum perforatum, in comparison to that of Crataegus spec. is briefly discussed.
Ploss 2001
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8 compounds including 2 new chemical constituents namely pinnatifin & 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-3-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl kaempferol were isolated & elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. [Article in Chinese]
Zhang 2001
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Two novel flavonoid glycosides, namely pinnatifida C, pinnatifida D, were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida & their structures elucidated by the spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence.
Zhang 2001a
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4 flavonoid keto-hexosefuranosides, pinnatifinoside A, B, C, and D were isolated from leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida & their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS and 1D, 2D NMR) and chemical evidence.
Zhang 2001b
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Comparison of epicuticular wax from red raspberry & hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) flowers indicates that, in the former, ursolic & oleanolic acids accounted for over 90% of pentacyclic triterpenes, whilst hawthorn flower wax, in addition also contained esterified alpha- and beta-amyrins.
Griffiths 2000
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Two ursane-type triterpenes uvaol and ursolic acid identified from Crataegus pinnatifida by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods showed moderate cytotoxicities against L1210, whereas they showed weak activitiy against human cancer cell lines.
Min 2000
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The total antioxidant potential of all hydrogen donating antioxidants present in the extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha, Hamamelis virginiana & Hydrastis canadensis, has been assessed by the ABTS assay and GC-MS has been used for chemical identification of antioxidant volatile compounds.
Periera da Silva 2000
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Four compounds were isolated and identified for the first time as protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, catechol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid from the seed of Crataegus pinnatifida, using column chromatography and 1H, 13C-NMR data. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1999
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Six compounds rutin, hyperoside, vitexin, ursolic acid, daucosterol, and nonacosanol were isolated and identified from the leaves of Crataegus scabrifolia and the structures were elucidated by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. [Article in Chinese]
Si 1998
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Thirty-two volatile compounds of the hawthorn fruit were identified by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry, which comprised 61%-68% of the volatile fraction. The major components were cis-3-hexenol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, hexanol, furfural, etc. [Article in Chinese]
Chen 1997
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Extracts from C. monogyna flowers are antioxidant; containing proanthocyanidin B2 and flavonoids
Rakotoarison 1997
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Antioxidant activity of flavonoids (orientin, vitexin) and apigenins from Crataegus, Stellaria and Adonis species
Budzianowski 1991
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2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)malic acid, quercetin, hyperin, vitexin, rhamnosylvitexin, diethylamine hydrochloride and sorbitol identified in the aqueous extract of the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida
Ding 1990
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Luteolin, luteolin-3', 7-diglucoside, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were identified in Crataegus oxyacantha
Ficarra 1990
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Catechin, (-)-epicatechin and a phenolic acid, the caffeic acid, were identified by HPLC in C. oxyacantha extractions
Ficarra 1990
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TLC-densitometric determination of 2,3-cis-procyanidin monomer and oligomers from hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna).
Vanhaelen 1989
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Isocratic liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of Passiflora incarnata L. and Crataegus monogyna flavonoids in drugs.
Pietta 1986
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A theory and a model for interpreting the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of water in plant leaves has been studied and the model calculations are tested by comparison with experimental spectra from hawthorn leaves (Crataegus sp.).
McCain 1985
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Polyprenols (consisting of 17-30 isoprene units) found in leaves of Crataegus crus-galli , Cotonoaster lucida, Prunus serotina and Sorbus suecica at 0.5-1.0% of wet weight, increasing with age
Chojnacki 1984
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Analysis of 2-phenyl-chromon derivatives and chlorogenic acid. II. High-performance thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography in flowers, leaves and buds extractives of Crataegus oxyacantha L.
Ficarra 1984
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Cardioactive drugs IV. Cardiotonic amines from Crataegus oxyacantha (author's transl) [Article in German]
Wagner 1982
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Investigation on the biosynthesis of oligomer procyanidins of Crataegus (author's transl) [Article in German]
Holzl 1977
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Comparative study of flavonoids form Crataegus oxyacantha L. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq [Article in Hungarian]
Kery 1977
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Production of catechins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in tissue and suspension cultures of Crataegus monogyna, C. oxyacantha and Ginkgo biloba (author's transl) [Article in German]
Schrall 1977
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Some structural characteristics of hawthorn glycoflavonoids
Nikolov 1973
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Flavonoid heterosides in Crataegus phenophyrum [Article in German]
Kowalewski 1971
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Flavonoids of hawthorn [Article in Polish]
Lewak 1969
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New flavonoids from Crataegus. 2. The isolation of a mixture from rutin and quercetin-3-rhamnogalactoside from Crataegus mongyna L [Article in German]
Fisel 1966
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The use of polyamide sorbent for the extraction of flavonoids from the leaves of Crataegus curvisepala [Article in Russian]
Batiuk 1965
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New flavonoids from Crataegus. 1. Isolation of an acetylated vitexin-4'-rhamnoside from Crataegus monogyna [Article in German]
Fisel 1965
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On the polyphenols of Crataegus pyracantha Pers.: presence of chlorogenic acid. rutoside and an eriodictyol glycoside [Article in French]
Paris 1965
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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An herbal extract formulation (as hawthorn phenolic extract, which contained the active compounds), when administered intravenously, could potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of its active ingredients.
Chang 2005
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Hawthorn flavonoids were found to increase expression of gene downsteam of peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE), by effect on the PPRE pathway regulatory system.
Yan 2005
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It has been reported that reciprocal F(1) hybrids between the apple and hawthorn host races of Rhagoletis pomonella, as well as between the host races and an undescribed sibling species infesting Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) do not respond to host fruit volatiles in wind-tunnel assays.
Linn 2004
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Allozyme electrophoresis of 21 Greek populations including sympatric, local and geographically distant samples collected on 13 different plant species, show that they represent at least 5 species including 2 new species, associated to Quercus frainetto and Crataegus spp.
Aguin-Pombo 2002
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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[Efficacy of a homeopathic Crataegus preparation.].
Anker 2004
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[Efficacy of a homeopathic Crataegus preparation.].
Clark 2004
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[Efficacy of a homeopathic Crataegus preparation.].
Niebauer 2004
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Drought and cold stress treatments of Crataegus laevigata and Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) caused increase in levels of (-)-epicatechin and hyperoside & also enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the extracts.
Kirakosyan 2003
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Estimation of heavy metals (HM) like lead, cadmium in the liquid extracts of 3 plants including Crataegus monogyna after investigations of HM in drugs and preparations of it showed the amounts of HM didn't exceed the allowable norms in fruits of C. monogyna. [Article in Lithuanian]
Zitkevicius 2003
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Morphological and microscopical characteristics of the fruits of 8 species of Crataegus
Gao 1995
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Pest control in a commercial Hawthorn orchard could be accomplished as well by nonpolluting integrated methods as by synthetic pesticides
Fan 1992
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Quick simple TLC measurement of ursolic acid in Crataegus pinnatifida before and after processing showed 0.274% and 0.265%, respectively
Jia 1989
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The vegetal raw material of the hawthorn and its preparation [Article in Russian]
Linchenko 1971
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Studies on the plant preservation in temperature range of 20-100 degrees on Crataegus monogyna, Jacq. II. Enzymatic degradation of flavone heterosides [Article in German]
Fluck 1968
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The effect of magnesium-entiched hawthorn syrup (Viroma) on experimental hypertension [Article in Hungarian]
Rigo 1968
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "hawthorn" or "Crataegus" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Phytopharmaceutical food products which contain plant extracts and aminoacids and which can be used in order to reduce tobacco smoke addiction.
US patent 6,797,284
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One of many herbs used in a process for the preparation of a stable, homogeneous, extract free or nearly free from secondary reaction products.
US patent 6,207,164
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Antioxidant sun protection mixture includes cysteine, Mg, Mn, Cu, Se, carotenoid, wild yam root, wild yam extract, yellow dock, bupleurum, poria cocos, gentian root, myrrh gum, hawthorn berry extract, and rosemary extract;
US Patent 5,804,168
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Beverage containing flavonoids from Ginkgo leaf, Persimmon leaf, Crataegus extract and/or Lycium fruit extract;
US Patent 5,240,732
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Lymphatic congestion mixture with Umbelliferae, Liliaceae, Berberidaceae, Solanaceae, Digitalis, Strophanthus, Convallaria or Crataegus;
US Patent 4,104,373
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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A consistent pattern of seed selection among species was exerted by rodents, which preferred Taxus and, secondarily, Ilex seeds to Crataegus seeds in temperate secondary forests in NW Spain.
Garcia 2005
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The spraying of metsulfuron ranging from 5% to 40% of the field dose in 7 different hawthorn hedgerows at the bud stage caused a highly significant reduction in the dry weight of berries, but it had no effects on leaf and flower production.
Kjaer 2005
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The phenology (study of periodic biological events) of 6 shrubs including Crataegus monogyna Jacq., was observed and a correlation between certain events and weed emergence was verified.
Masin 2005
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[Growth and controlled cultivation of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)]. [Article in German]
Sonnenschein 2005
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Length measurements were made on leaves of various dicotyledons, notably Ulmus glabra, U. procera, Alnus viridis, A. glutinosa, Corylus avellana and Crataegus monogyna. Equations were fitted by non-linear regression.
Burton 2004
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Teliospores of cedar-apple rust Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae were collected from eastern red cedar Juniperus virginiana, and aeciospores of quince rust G. clavipes were collected from fruit of English hawthorn Crataegus laevigata.
Giner 2004
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Cold stress (4 degrees C) in one-year-old plants of hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata and C. monogyna) causes increase in levels of vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside, acetylvitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside, hyperoside, and quercetin in both Crataegus species.
Kirakosyan 2004
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The production of polyphenols by ten-year-old Crataegus monogyna calli was studied in relation to growth variation and antioxidant capacity within a subculture period.
Bahorun 2003
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In leaves and flowers of hawthorn different quantities of common flavonoids (1.07-2.53%) & different quantities of flavonoids (hyperosid, vitexin-O-rhamnosid, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, vitexin) & phenolic acids (chlorogenic and caffeic acids) were present. [Article in Lithuanian]
Jakstas 2003
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Two deciduous shrubs Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. had the least conservative water-use characteristics, with relatively high stomatal conductance and low stomatal sensitivity to soil and atmospheric drought.
Mediavilla 2003
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The foliar sensitivity to ozone exposure of 12 tree, shrub, and herbaceous species including Crataegus monogyna native to southern Switzerland was examined and the seasonal cumulative ozone exposures were required to induce visible foliar injury.
Novak 2003
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Ten Crataegus species characterized by their very low susceptibility to fire blight were examined for host suitability to hawthorn leaf-curling aphids.
Bribosia 2002
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Examination of the lichens of the Knyszynska Forest (NE Poland) during 1991-1999 reveals that in the case of deciduous bushes most lichen taxa were noted on hazel (Corylus avellana) and only one on hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).
Czeczuga 2001
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Host-dependent selection acting on apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella has been tested.
Feder 1997
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"Mayhaw: A New Fruit Crop for the South"--pictures and description of several Crataegus species at
NewCROP
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Related Links
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Distribution, botanical and ecological characteristics of C. douglasii at Fire Effects Information System
(FEIS)
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Research by UNC School of Pharmacy students enrolled in the Fall 1997 course of Pharmacy 100 (Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Community Pharmacy) compiled by Chad Bradshaw, Pharm.D
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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Monograph compiled from Martindale?s 24th and Potters Cyclopedia at
herbdataNZ.com
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Scroll down and click on a Crataegus species for picture, use and chemical chart at
Liber Herbarum II
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Scroll down index of herbs to find Folium cum Flore Crataegi within the pdf file in
WHO monograph
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
|
| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph. D. 1998 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD January, 2006 |
|
