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SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Crataegus spp.
FAMILY NAME:
Rosaceae
COMMON NAME:
hawthorn
  Evidence for Efficacy (Human Data)
   Clinical Trials  (32)
   Observational Studies/Case Reports  (11)
   Traditional and Folk Use  (22)
 Safety Data
   Adverse Effects & Toxicity   (9)
   Interactions   (2)
   Contraindications   (0)
  Evidence of Activity
   Animal Studies  (24)
   Pharmacodynamics  (57)
   Analytical Chemistry  (56)
   Pharmacokinetics (ADME)  (1)
   Genetics & Molecular Biology  (3)
 Formulas/Blends
   Contemporary Formulas   (11)
   Folk Blends   (0)
   Patents   (9)
  Other Information
   Pictures & Distribution Maps  (5)
   Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology  (19)
   Related Links  (10)
 Dynamic Updates
   Live PubMed Searches   (15)
  History of Records
   History of Record (1)
 
 
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EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA)
 
Clinical Trials
  Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen, a herbal drug containing D-camphor (2.5 %) & fresh hawthorn berries extract (97.3%), was found effective & safe in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension for all age groups (11-102 yrs) in 490 patients & independent of initial blood pressures. [Article in German] Hempel 2005
  [The results of experimental and clinical studies. Cardio- and vasoprotective actions of standardized Crataegus extract]. [Article in German] Koch 2005
  In a randomized trial of Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen, a combination of natural D-camphor and an extract from fresh crataegus berries, was found to be efficacious for orthostatic hypotension in patients over 50 years. Kroll 2005
  [Meta-analysis of randomized clinical studies. Hawthorn extract for treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency]. [Article in German] Pittler 2005
  [Phytotherapy tested in heart-healthy seniors. More vital with Crataegus monogyna]. [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2004
  Administration of a hydroalcoholic extract of Crataegus curvisepala in total of 92 men and women with primary mild hypertension, aged 40-60 years, 3 times daily for more than 4 months showed a decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP after 3 months. Asgary 2004
  Hawthorn special extract WS 1442 was prescribed for the treatment of 588 patients with heart failure stage NYHA II & favorable effects on clinical symptoms were achieved although the patients in Crataegus cohort received markedly fewer chemical-synthetic drugs than patients in comparative cohort. Habs 2004
  The preparation containing fixed quantities of Crataegus oxyacantha, Eschscholtzia californica, and magnesium proved safe and more effective than placebo in treating mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders in 264 patients (81% female; mean age: 44.6 years). Hanus 2004
  Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies using sublingual/oral administration of D-camphor, an extract from fresh crataegus berries & a combination of the 2 (CCC) showed that CCC, depending on pressoric activity of its 2 mono-components, counteracts orthostatic fall in blood pressure. Belz 2003
  A placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre trial in 143 patients with cardiac failure NYHA class II, showed the efficacy and safety of a standardised extract of fresh berries of Crataegus oxyacantha L. & monogyna under long term therapy. Degenring 2003
  The results of meta-analysis of randomized trials using hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure suggest that there is a significant benefit from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure. Pittler 2003
  Administration of the homeopathic Crataegus-based preparation Cralonin in 110 patients aged 50-75 years was found to be non-inferior to usual ACE inhibitor/diuretics treatment (n=102) for mild cardiac insufficiency on all parameters except BP reduction. Schroder 2003
  A randomized, crossover trial with 8 healthy volunteers, evaluating digoxin 0.25 mg alone for 10 days and digoxin 0.25 mg with Crataegus special extract WS 1442 (450 mg) twice daily suggests that both hawthorn and digoxin, in the doses and dosage form studied, may be coadministered safely. Tankanow 2003
  Oral administration of the camphor-crataegus berry combination as a single regimen in 3 different dosages of 5 drops, 20 drops and 80 drops in 48 patients decreased orthostatic fall in blood pressure. Belz 2002
  Clinical studies have found that standardized extracts of Crataegus species show promise as adjunctive agents for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction. Fong 2002
  Both efficacy and tolerability were rated best for the 1800 mg of crataegus extract WS 1442 group of patients with heart failure & the incidence of adverse events was lowest in the 1800 mg of WS 1442 group & particularly with respect to dizziness and vertigo. Tauchert 2002
  Administration of (a) 600 mg Mg, (b) 500 mg hawthorn extract, (c) a combination of (a) and (b), (d) placebo in 36 mildly hypertensive subjects showed a promising reduction in resting diastolic blood pressure at week 10 in 19 subjects who were assigned to hawthorn extract, compared to other groups. Walker 2002
  Treatment with standardized extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Rob 10) in 88 patients with congestive heart failure led to a increase of exercise time of 38.9 s vs placebo & quality of life improved accordingly in favour of Rob 10. [Article in German] Rietbrock 2001
  In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study of Crataegus extract WS 1442, standardised to 18.75% oligomeric procyanidines, on 40 outpatients suffering from congestive heart failure NYHA class II revealed that it was clinically effective, safe and well tolerated. Zapfe jun 2001
  A first, international, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the influence of the herbal drug Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 (hawthorn leaves) on mortality of 2300 patients with congestive heart failure was carried out. Holubarsch 2000
  Administration of an herbal crataegus-camphor combination in 190 patients with functional cardiovascular disorders showed that 71.6% of subjects in the active drug group were satisfied with their treatment compared with just 52.7% in the placebo group. [Article in German] Schmidt 2000
  Treatment of Crataegus extract WS 1442 in 1,011 patients with cardiac insufficiency stage NYHA II, showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms like reduced performance in the exercise tolerance test, fatigue, palpitation & exercise dyspnea, ankle edema & nocturia by 83%. [Article in German] Tauchert 1999
  300 clinical studies carried out in Germany with standardized phytopharmaceuticals, including Crataegus, Silybum, Ginkgo, etc showed that these phyto-pharmaceuticals were therapeutically equivalent with chemotherapeutics and also being devoid of any adverse effects. Wagner 1999
  Euphytose (mixture of Crataegus, Ballota, Passiflora, Valeriana, Cola and Paullinia) reduced anxiety more than placebo in a double blind study with 182 patients Bourin 1997
  Folk usage and modern clinical trials indicate benefit for congestive heart failure. No adverse drug reactions have been reported [Article in German] Weihmayr 1996
  Extract WS 1442 benefited patients with NYHA stage II cardiac insufficiency in a double blind study with 136 patients treated with extract WS 1442 or placebo for 8 weeks. There was improvement in heart rate, blood pressure, shortness of breath and edema Weikl 1996
  Exercise blood pressure and pulse were improved by 8 weeks of extract WS 1442 compared with placebo in a trial with 30 patients with stage NYHA II cardiac insufficiency Leuchtgens 1993
  Crataegus can be used for cardiological indications for which digitalis is not (yet) indicated. The effects, mainly from the flavonoids, indicate a simultaneous cardiotropic and vasodilatory action, as confirmed clinically in controlled studies Blesken 1992
  Treatment of decreasing cardiac performance. Therapy using standardized crataegus extract in advanced age [Article in German] O'Conolly 1986
  Therapeutic effect of Crataegus pinnatifida on 46 cases of angina pectoris--a double blind study. Weng 1984
  On the use of injectable crataegus extracts in therapy of disorders of peripheral arterial circulation in subjects with obliterating arteriopathy of the lower extremities [Article in Italian] Di Renzi 1969
  The therapeutic effect of hawthorn extract in myocardial hypoxia [Article in German] Piotti 1965
Observational Studies/Case Reports
  Review on management of insomnia using traditional herbal remedies indicates that there are no scientific grounds for rejecting preparations based on hawthorn or passiflora. [No authors listed] 2005
  [Observational series of patients treated either with ACE inhibitors and diuretics or with a homeopathic Crataegus preparation.]. Zanolla 2004
  Investigations on mode of inotropic action of WS 1442, an extract from Crataegus leaves with flowers, in human myocardium from patients with congestive heart failure & in nonfailing controls suggest a mechanism similar to cAMP-independent positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides. Schwinger 2000
  Crataegus oxyacantha and heart failure. Gildor 1997
  Crataegus in cardiac insufficiency--taking a current position [Article in German] anon 1993
  The use of hawthorn preparations in medicine [Article in Russian] Kiseleva 1990
  Indications for treatment with crataegus [Article in German] Muth 1976
  Clinical experiences with a crataegus pentaerythrityl-tetranitrate combination drug in heart diseases due to coronary sclerosis in old age [Article in German] Beier 1974
  Clinico-experimental metabolic studies using a Crataegus extract [Article in German] Hammerl 1967
  Hawthorn as an antiarrhythmic agent [Article in Russian] Guseinov 1966
  Medicinal value of Crataegus ucrainica [Article in Russian] Kharchenko 1965
Traditional and Folk Use
  [Evidence-based medicine with hawthorn extract]. [Article in German] Holubarsch 2005
  [The pharmacopoeia and Commission E of the ESCOP and the WHO. Hawthorn in the view of the monographs]. [Article in German] Steinhoff 2005
  [Hawthorn.]. Min 2004
  [Hawthorn extract: is it time to turn over a new leaf?]. Baughman 2003
  [Evidence of the effectiveness of hawthorn extract.]. Chrubasik 2003
         Type "crataegus" in the search field of D. Moerman's Native American Ethnobotany
  Mythical and folkloric power of trees of oak, rowan, yew, hawthorn, ash and beech have been utilized in the modern hospital environment of U.K. Biley 2001
  Review on herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease reveals preliminary evidence for hawthorn (Crataegus species) to provide benefits in congestive heart failure. Fugh-Berman 2000
  [Crataegus: a well regarded medicinal plant]. [Article in German] Ringl 1999
  [Crataegus oxycantha. Common name: hawthorne.]. [No authors listed] 1998
  Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic and current uses include treatment for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure Miller 1998
  Hawthorn (shan zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats. Chen 1995
  Yishoujiangzhi (de-blood-lipid) mixture, which includes Crataegus, to 130 hyperlipemia patients, lowered serum cholesterol (87%) and triglyceride (81%) Guan 1995
  A TCM decoction of Crataegus cuneata, Nelumbo nucifera and Gynostemma pentaphylla lowered triglyceride and cholesterol la Cour 1995
  On the use of hawthorn extract (Crataegus) in the treatment of certain ischemic myocardial diseases in old age [Article in Italian] Massoni 1968
         Decoction of shoots and bark C punctata taken to stop menstrual flow or to prevent "breaking out like cancer" caused by witchcraft--Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis
         C. calpodendron twig infusion used for pain in the side and bladder trouble; root bark infusion for general debility; fruit for bladder ails or food--Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326
         Detailed description of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) at Mrs. M. Grieve's A Modern Herbal
         Astrological concepts of hawthorn at Bibliomania
         Detailed description of hawthorn in David L. Hoffmann's Herbal Materia Medica
         "Hawthorn for the Heart" by Christopher Hobbs at Herbal Medicine
         European ethnobotanical use of several Crataegus species at Liber Herbarum II
SAFETY DATA
 
Adverse Effects & Toxicity
  Reported case of osteomyelitis and arthritis caused by Scedosporium prolificans in a 9 y-old boy whose knee had been punctured by a hawthorn spike. Studahl 2003
  At therapeutic dosages (160-900 mg), hawthorn may cause mild rash, headache, sweating, dizziness, palpitations, sleepiness, agitation, & gastrointestinal symptoms. It also interacts with vasodilating medications & may affect drugs used for heart failure, hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. Rigelsky 2002
  Toxicity evaluation of Valerian and Crataegus in rats given 300 and 600 mg/kg/24 h for 30 days Fehri 1991
  300 and 600 mg/kg/day of V. officinalis and Crataegus oxyacantha for 30 days to rats to test for toxicity Fehri 1991
  Several wild cedar waxwings died after eating old hawthorn fruit. High levels of ethanol were found in the crops and livers indicating fermentation had occurred Fitzgerald 1990
  A rare birth abnormality of fingers and nails associated with Pierre Robin syndrome where the only medication taken by the mother during early pregnancy was Sympathyl, a sedative composed of phenobarbitone, methenamine and plant extracts (boldo, crataegus) Roger 1986
  Toxiderma due to the fruits of the hawthorn [Article in Russian] Rogov 1984
  Immediate-type hypersensitivity to Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn). Steinman 1984
  Crataegus, toxicology and pharmacology. Part III: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics] (author's transl) [Article in German] Ammon 1981
Interactions
  Kyushin, licorice, plantain, uzara root, hawthorn, and ginseng may interfere with either digoxin pharmacodynamically or with digoxin monitoring Miller 1998
  The benefits from the flavonoids luteolin-7-glucoside, hyperoside and rutin on heart performance is not affected by propranolol or reserpine, indicating different mechanisms. There is an inhibition of 3',5'-cAMP phosphodiesterase Schussler 1995
Contraindications
No Records
 
EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY
 
Animal Studies
  Treatment with traditional Chinese medicine consisting of 6 medicinal plants including Astragalus membranaceus, Morus alba & Crataegus pinnatifida, caused reduction in alcohol-induced lipid hepatic accumulation in rats and reversed fatty liver changes and liver damage. Kwon 2005
  Oral administration of tincture of Crataegus to isoproterenol-induced myocardially infarcted rats for 30 days afforded good hepatoprotection and maintained near normal architecture of liver tissue. Thirupurasundari 2005
  Pretreatment of Tincture of Crataegus, at a dose of 0.5 mL/100 g bodyweight per day, orally for 30 days, prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation and activity of marker enzymes observed in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Jayalakshmi 2004
  Oral administration of Crataegus special extract WS 1442, 10 or 100 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) for 7 days in rats before ligation of left coronary artery dose-dependently suppressed the decrease of pressure rate product, diminished incidence of ventricular fibrillations & reduced mortality rate. Veveris 2004
  After a single dose or 9 daily doses, oral administration of the aqueous extract of hawthorn leaves produced a significant and dose-dependent decrease on blood glucose levels in STZ diabetic rats (P < 0.001), but had no effect on blood glucose levels in normal rats. Jouad 2003
  Studies on effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha extract (0.5 g/kg b.w) on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in Wistar rats on the heart in situ and on Langendorff preparations revealed no cardioprotective effects of C. oxyacantha. Rothfuss 2001
  The testing of extracts from flowering tops of Crataegus meyeri A. Pojark on ischaemic arrhythmias in anaesthetized male Wistar rats reveals that they have a hypotensive and a potential antiarrhythmic action on ischaemic myocardium. Garjani 2000
  Oligomeric procyandins from leaves with flowers (WS-1442) has stronger radical scavenging than flavones and when fed to rats at 100 mg/kg/d protects against ischemia-reperfusion Chatterjee 1997
  Pretreatment diet of 2% C. oxyacantha for 3 months to rats challenged with ischemia-reperfusion resulted in smaller increase of lactate dehydrogenase, 1777 vs. 3795 mU/min Al Makdessi 1996
  Tincture of C. oxyacantha fruit increased bile acid excretion and decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in atherogenic diet fed rats. In vitro, it increased binding of LDL cholesterol to liver plasma membranes Rajendran 1996
  The effects on small intestine motion, myocardial ischemia and hyper-cholesterolemia by the fruits of 4 Hawthorn species were found to differ Chen 1994
  Fruit tincture reduced the increase of plasma cholesterol and lipids in rats fed a high fat diet. There was also less lipid deposits in the liver and aorta Shanthi 1994
  Blood glucose was decreased by Guaiacum coulteri, followed by Marrubium vulgare, Crataegus pubescens, Cynodon dactylon, Calea zacatechichi, Buddleia americana, Bauhinia divaricata and Coix lachryma Roman Ramos 1992
  Scavenging oxygen radicals and decreasing hyaluronic acid depolymerization, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and inhibiting adenosine deaminase measured with aqueous extracts of Ziziphus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Allium, Zingiber, Citrus and green tea Wang 1991
  Hawthorn-Motherworn mixture reduced cholesterol, beta-lipid protein, triglyceride, blood sugar, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, electrophoresis of red cell and fibrinogen in chickens on a high lipid diet He 1990
  Pretreatment with garlic alone, or with Crataegus, gave dose related protection for isoprenaline-induced damage of heart, liver, and pancreas in rats Ciplea 1988
  Effects of Crataegus pinnatifidae, Astragalus memoranaceus and Acanthopanax senticosus on cholesterol metabolism in the guinea pig [Article in Chinese] Wang 1987
  Cardiovascular effects of hyperoside extracted from hawthorn in anesthetized dogs [Article in French] Lievre 1985
  Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. I. Effect on myocardial ischemia and hemodynamics in dogs. Li 1984
  The relaxing effects on CNS of mice by Crataegus, Valeriana, Passiflora, Matricaria, Piscidia, Hyoscyamus and Atropa [Article in Italian] Della Loggia 1981
  Effects of Garlic, Geranium; Hellebore; Mistletoe; Olive; Valerian; Hawthorn; Pseucedanum arenarium; Periwinkle; and Fumitory for hypertension and atherosclerosis Petkov 1979
  Procyanidines from Crataegus increased blood flow (dose dependently) for several hours in the myocardium of the left ventricle of dogs monitored with implanted probes. Longer term feeding increased resting values of myocardial blood flow Roddewig 1977
  Crataemon (flavonoids of C monogyna) at 2 mg/kg increases coronary blood flow in dogs for 30 min. with no significant changes in the heart rate and ECG Taskov 1977
  Changes in local myocardial blood circulation following oral administration of a Crataegus extract in non-narcotized dogs [Article in German] Mavers 1974
Pharmacodynamics
  [The basis for treatment of cardiovascular diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms of Crataegus extract]. [Article in German] Brixius 2005
  Evidence is accumulating that hawthorn may induce anti-ischemia/reperfusion-injury, anti-arrhythmic, hypolipidemic and hypotensive effects which may in part be due to the presence of antioxidant flavonoid components. Chang 2005
  [A short cultural history in retrospect. Crataegus as a cardiac agent]. [Article in German] Czygan 2005
  The protective effect of hawthorn fruit (Crataegifructus) on two murine colitis models: dextran sulfate sodium and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis was examined & it is suggested that it has potential therapeutic utility in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Fujisawa 2005
  The leaves, flowers, and berries of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha (Aubepine)) contain a variety of bioflavonoid-like oligomeric procyanidins, vitexin, quercetin, and hyperoside & they appear to be primarily responsible for the cardiac actions of the plant. [Article in Chinese] Ju 2005
  Flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida present anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo and may play a role in hepatoprotection. Kao 2005
  Hawthorn leave flavonoids, w/w, 80% flavonoids at concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml decreased the cytotoxicity of hypoxia to human umbilical vein endothelial cells partly through its regulative effect on NO and calcium ion levels. Lan 2005
  Water-soluble extracts of Crataegus aronia inhibited oxidation of beta-carotene, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propan) dihydrochloride-induced plasma oxidation & Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates. Ljubuncic 2005
  Review on natural antioxidants for neurodegenerative diseases includes the preventing effect of Crataegus flavonoids on ischemic-reperfusion damage to the brain of the Mongolian gerbil (stroke model) in the laboratory. Zhao 2005
  Through the pharmacological properties, procyanidins stimulate a pseudo laminar shear stress response in endothelial cells, which helps restore endothelial function and underlies the benefit from treatment with hawthorn extract in heart failure. Corder 2004
  The evolution of the processing of Fructus Crataegi, the difference of chemical consitituents, pharmacological effects and clinical application before and after the processing are reviewed. [Article in Chinese] Li 2004
  Oral administration of the antioxidant, Crataegus flavonoids (CF), increases the antioxidant level in the brain and protects the brain against delayed cell death caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury in Mongolian gerbil stroke model. Zhang 2004
  Hot-water extract of the dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida was found to inhibit relative electrophoretic mobility and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at the concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg/mL in the cell-free system and at 0.01-0.10 mg/mL in the cell system. Chu 2003
  [Hawthorn extract improves chronic heart failure.]. Eaton 2003
  Yixintong tablet had no effects on leak calcium channel, but can inhibit the Ca2+ influx in receptor-operationg calcium channel and pulse-dependent calcium channel in rat aortic smooth muscle cell. [Article in Chinese] Li 2003
  Solutions of hawthorn, onion and garlic, free the Ca and P ions from the grains of synthetic hydroxyapatite (in varying flowing pH and speed conditions). [Article in Polish] Lipnicka 2003
  Yixintong tablets at 100 & 200 mg/kg, exerted a recovery effect on heart rate, blood pressure, internal pressure of left ventricule and also reduced the myocardial infarct size of the coronary-ligatured rats. [Article in Chinese] Piao 2003
  7 Hawthorn extracts, tested in isolated guinea pig aorta rings showed that all had a relaxant effect on the aorta precontracted by noradrenaline and led to relaxations to 44 until 29% of the initial values & the EC50 values of the aqueous-alcoholic extracts varied between 4.16 & 9.8 mg/l. Vierling 2003
  A review with 54 references covers all aspects of hawthorn, the genus Crataegus, including its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and clinical effects. Chang 2002
  The O-glycosidic flavonoids and the oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Crataegus sinaica exhibited significant inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 & procyanidin had highest antioxidant activity in both the microsomal lipid peroxidation & hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Shahat 2002
  Review on phytotherapy in cardiovascular medicine reveals that Ginkgo biloba, Crataegus and Garlic are often recommended substances for patients with cardiovascular diseases & Crataegus is often used in patients with heart failure because of its positive inotropic effect. [Article in German] Zbinden 2002
  [Crataegus in heart failure and coronary heart disease. What is the value of this additional medication?]. [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2001
  Coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, L-carnitine, taurine, and fish oil have all been evaluated in the prevention and treatment of many types of heart disease in dogs. Other supplements with preliminary evidence, include magnesium, Crataegus, and the B vitamins. Dove 2001
  MeOH extracts, fractions & pure substances from Crataegus oxyacantha / C. monogyna were screened for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibiting action & it was found that phenolic acids showed no significant ACE-inhibition whereas flavonoids & proanthocyanidins demonstrated inhibitory activity. Lacaille-Dubois 2001
  The procyanidins in Crataegus extract were found to be responsible for the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in isolated rat aorta, possibly via activation of tetra-ethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels. Kim 2000
  Vitamin E, eugenol and tincture of crataegus inhibited oxidation of LDL + VLDL, isolated from plasma of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, similar to standard antioxidant (butylated hydroxy toluene). Rajalakshmi 2000
  Among 18 plant extracts, 5 including Crataegus monogyna, Ipomoea pes-caprae & Eremophila freelingii extracts potently inhibited ADP induced human platelet [14C]5-HT release in vitro, with levels ranging from 62 to 95% inhibition. Rogers 2000
  The protective effect against reperfusion arrhythmias of a 3-month oral pretreatment with a dried extract of Crataegus oxyacantha (LI 132)(standardized to 2.2% flavonoids) was studied with the Langendorff heart of the rat after global no-flow ischemia. al Makdessi 1999
  The in vitro antioxidant evaluation of wild jujubi, crataegus and grape revealed that the inhibition rate at the concentration of 2.5-3.3 mg/ml to Fe(2+)-Cys system on the production of malondialdehyde were 46.2%, 98.3% and 99.1% respectively. [Article in Chinese] Guo 1999
  Two triterpenoid compounds, ursolic acid and uvaol, were isolated from Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge leaves. Ursolic acid inhibits chitin synthase II from S. cerevisiae with an IC50 value of 0.84 microgram/ml and uvaol has no inhibitory activity up to 280 micrograms/ml. Jeong 1999
  Crataegus extracts have positive inotropic, positive chronotropic, positive dromotropic but negative bathmotropic effects, increase coronary and myocardial perfusion, lower periphere resistance and have anti-arrhythmic and economizing effects. [Article in German] Loew 1999
  The two triterpenes, uvaol & ursolic acid identified from Crataegus pinatifida inhibited HIV-1 protease with IC50 values of 5.5 and 8.0 microM, respectively. Min 1999
  Crataegus extract at 10 mg/l (flavonoid content: 2.25%, total procyanidin content: 11.3 +/- 0.4%) blocks repolarising potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Muller 1999
  Corosolic acid isolated from the fruit of Cratoegus pinnatifida displayed about the same potent cytotoxic activity as ursolic acid. It appears to be a protein kinase C inhibitor Ahn 1998
  Crataegus oxycantha. Common name: hawthorne. anon 1998
  Extract of Crataegus fruit relaxes contracted artery, IC50 0.2 mg/ml. Response was reduced by removing endothelium or by pretreatment with nitro-arginine, methylene blue or iberiotoxin Chen 1998
  Radical intensity of ascorbate was reduced by low level of C. cuneata and increased by higher concentrations. Scavenging of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals was comparable with lignins Satoh 1998
  Cycloartenol (80% of the triterpene fraction) from C. monogyna was anti-inflammatory in three animal tests Ahumada 1997
  The triterpenes enriched fractions isolated from extracts of Viscum and Crataegus demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against cultured HEp-2 cells, larynx cancer cells and all of them showed a stronger in vitro activity than 6-mercaptopurine solution used as a positive control. Saenz 1997
  In vitro inhibitory effects of 55 extracts or fractions obtained from 10 Turkish folk medicines including Crataegus orientalis roots, Rosa canina roots, on interleukin-1 (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis were studied. Yesilada 1997
  Extracts of fresh young leaves and flower buds of C. monogyna are antioxidant with superoxide, peroxide and hypochlorous acid. Activity appears related to proanthocyanidin and flavonoid content Bahorun 1996
  Extracts of C. sinaica fruit and leaves, and some cyanidins and flavonoids tested on complement-mediated hemolysis showed a dose-dependent inhibition which was more pronounced on the classical than alternative path Shahat 1996
  Extract LI 132 prolongs refractory period in contrast to the shortening by other inotropic drugs - epinephrine, amrinone, milrinone and digoxin Joseph 1995
  Extract LI 132, from leaves and flowers standardised to 2.2% flavonoids, at 30-180 microg/ml exhibited a positive inotropic effect on the contraction amplitude of myocytes and prolonged the refractory period. It was better than ouabain or isoprenaline Popping 1995
  Monoacetyl-vitexin-rhamnoside (phosphodiesterase inhibitor in Crataegus) has anti-ischemic properties in vitro Schussler 1995
  Antioxidant activity of various extracts correlates best with total phenols. Activities in leaves seem to be influenced by flavonoids and in flowers and fruits by proanthocyanidins and catechins Bahorun 1994
  Water extract of hawthorn inhibits nitro-quinoline induced SOS response in E. coli Jin 1994
  Ethanol extract of C. oxyacantha flowers inhibited thromboxane A2; catechins appear to play a role Vibes 1994
  [Crataegus in cardiac insufficiency--taking a current position]. [Article in German] [No authors listed] 1993
  Aqueous extract at 0.05% helped perfused heart to recover from ischemia Nasa 1993
  Studies on hawthorn and its active principle. II. Effects on cultured rat heart cells deprived of oxygen and glucose. Li 1984
  Therapeutic value of hawthorn extracts in the light of analysis of its active components [Article in Polish] Oswiecimska 1982
  Crataemon (flavonoids from C. minogina leaves) affects mitochondrial respiration: low dose causes an immediate activation and higher dose causes a delayed inhibition Ivancheva 1976
  C. oxyacantha methanol extract increases coronary perfusion and a positive inotropic effect Vogel 1975
  Preliminary study of potential antiarrhythmic effects of Crataegus monogyna. Thompson 1974
  Pharmacological properties of oligomeric procyanidine isolated from hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) [Article in German] Rewerski 1971
  Some pharmacological properties of flavan polymers isolated from hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) [Article in German] Rewerski 1967
Analytical Chemistry
  The main botanical components of Unani herbal tea known as "Zahraa" in Damascus, which contains between 6 and 14 species components including Crataegus aronia is elucidated. Carmona 2005
  [Crataegus extract in changing times]. [Article in German] Gaedcke 2005
  [Crataegus from the analytical viewpoint. Official contents of hawthorn drugs]. [Article in German] Petereit 2005
  [Qualitative control of crataegus extracts and preparations]. [Article in German] Veit 2005
  Selected medicinal plants including hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide & components were identified by HPLC-PAD-MS or GC-MS and quantified by HPLC or GC as appropriate. Hamburger 2004
  The amounts (from 0.72 - 1.89%) of flavonoids accumulated in the buds of single-styled hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) was determined & the dominating flavonoid found to be vitexin-2-O-rhamnosid (6.72-10.91 milligrams / gram of dried crude drug). [Article in Lithuanian] Jakstas 2004
  The amounts of 9 flavonoids that have been isolated from the leaves and flowers of Crataegus microphylla C. Koch were determined using chemical investigation. Melikoglu 2004
  2 furo-1,2-naphtho-quinones, crataequinones A & B , were isolated from fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. They showed inhibition with IC50 values of 33 & 90 microM, respectively, against expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Min 2004
  Organic acids level in fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major before and after processing revealed that lipid-soluble organic acids mostly remain whereas only about 70% of the water-soluble acids remain after processing in fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004
  Analysis of the volatile fragrant components in hawthorn tincture by GC/MS lead to the identification of 38 components including 3-Hexen-1-ol (370.59 micrograms/g), Eugenol (320.95 micrograms/g), etc. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2004
  The tincture of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits & Leonurus herbs was analyzed at determination of the sum of flavonoids in terms of quercetin, dry residue, relative density, ethanol concentration & the quality was evaluated by HPLC and spectrophotometry. [Article in Lithuanian] Bernatoniene 2003
  A capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the separation of 4 flavones in Crataegus pinnatifida & the detection limits of vitexin-2"-rhamnoside, hyperside, rutin, and vitexin were 0.35, 0.30, 0.40 and, 0.29 microg/mL, respectively. Liu 2003
  Solid-phase microextraction & gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection were used to identify volatile compounds from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus spp.), which act as behavioral attractants for hawthorn-infesting Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Nojima 2003
  The capacity of total and ethyl-acetate extracts from dried pharmaceutical flowers, tops and fruits of Crataegus to inhibit Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation was tested & the flavanol-type phenolics were found to be higher active than the majority of the flavonoids. Quettier-Deleu 2003
  Two new acetyl C-glucoside flavonoids including 3"-O-acetylvitexin, along with 4 known C-glucoside flavonoids, vitexin, 6"-O-acetylvitexin, 2-O-acetylvitexin, and 2"-O-rhamnosylvitexin were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida & structures were elucidated. Zhang 2003
  The optimized liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization-MS/ ultraviolet photodiode array detector method was applied to a commercial Crataegus extract, which is used in phytomedicine to treat cardiovascular problems and is known to be rich in flavonoids. Cuyckens 2002
  The oligomeric procyanidins were specifically determined due to the development of a HPLC method for isolating them from hawthorn during sample preparation & its concentration in leaves was found to be 1.6%, in flowers 1.2% and in fruits 0.2% of the dry mass. Svedstrom 2002
  Oligomeric procyanidins were isolated from the leaves and flowers of hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) including trimer & a pentamer have been isolated from hawthorn for the first time, in addition to known procyanidins. Svedstrom 2002a
  The combination of capillary isotachophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis was applied to the simultaneous assay of several cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids in methanolic extracts of Sambucus flowers & Crataegus leaves and flowers with spectro-photometric detection at 254 nm. Urbanek 2002
  Using 4-dimethylamino-cinnamic-aldehyde method for estimation of total oligomeric procyanidins & HPLC-chemical reaction detection method for quantification of mono- to trimeric procyanidins, some leading herbal medicinal products from Germany containing Crataegus species extracts were analysed. Wittig 2002
  A new eudesmanolide, 1beta,9alpha-dihydroxyeudesm-3-en-5beta, 6alpha,7alpha,11alphaH-12,6-olide, was isolated from Crataegus flava fruits & its structure was determined by spectroscopic methods. Ahmed 2001
  A phytochemical study of two plant species, Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Crataegus monogyna Jacq., was completed to investigate the influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum on the host Crataegus monogyna. Ahumada 2001
  A simple HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 4 components of hawthorn (Crataegus), chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin, in rat plasma with the detection limits of 0.04, 0.20, 0.03 & 0.03 microg/ml respectively. Chang 2001
  The lectins identified in crude extracts of fruits such as tamarind, plum, guava mango, quince, and Crataegus mexicanus (tejocote), were analyzed to determine their participation in the host-parasite interaction, using as a model the hemagglutinating properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Coutino-Rodriguez 2001
  The pattern of procyanidins isolated from the herb of Hypericum perforatum, in comparison to that of Crataegus spec. is briefly discussed. Ploss 2001
  8 compounds including 2 new chemical constituents namely pinnatifin & 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-3-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl kaempferol were isolated & elucidated by chemical and spec