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SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Hydrastis canadensis
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FAMILY NAME:
Ranunculaceae/Hydrastidaceae
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COMMON NAME:
goldenseal, yellow root, eye root, eye balm, jaundice root, ground raspberry, Indian dye
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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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SAR of berberines shows that antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enteritidis increased as the length of the C-13 aliphatic side chain increased
Iwasa 1998
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Pyrimethamine effect on chloroquine-resistant malaria was increased more by berberine (74%) than by tetracycline (67%) or cotrimoxazole (48%) in a randomized clinical trial with 215 patients
Sheng 1997
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Vein tone improvement by 150 mg of procyanidolic oligomers was comparable to that which followed ingestion of a high dose of hamamelis-hydrastis mixture [Article in French]
Royer 1981
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A randomized, blinded, controlled trial will be performed to determine the efficacy of herbal therapy and craniosacral manipulation for the prevention of acute otitis media in children with recurrent otitis media.
Currently (6/01) recruiting.
ClinicalTrials.gov
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Berberine alkaloid can be found in the plants of Hydrastis canadensis, Coptis chinensis, Oregon grape, barberry, and tree turmeric. It is used in bacterial diarrhea, intestinal parasite infections, and ocular trachoma infections.
[No authors listed] 2000
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The claim that Golden Seal root tea provides false-negative urine drug test is disproved
Cone 1998
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Among emergency room patients surveyed for herb use the most common were goldenseal tea, garlic, and ginger
Hung 1997
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Only minimal interferences with CEDIA drug screening were seen with golden seal tea lemon juice, Visine, low concentrations of bleach or Drano
Wu 1995
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Berberine inhibited formation of osteoclast-like multinucleated cells in the co-culture of mouse osteoblastic cells and bone marrow cells
Li 1999
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Interactions
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Significant herb-drug interactions may result from the concomitant ingestion of goldenseal and CYP3A substrates.
Gurley 2007a
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Animal Studies
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A study conducted on the effects of berberine in senescence-accelerated mice P6 (SAMP6) to know whether the alkaloid affects bone mineral density (BMD) revealed that oral administration of berberine (10 mg/kg/d) to male and female mice for 22 weeks resulted in an increase in BMD in both sexes.
Li 2003
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Results suggest that medicinal plants like Echinacea or Goldenseal may enhance immune function by increasing antigen-specific immunoglobulin production.
Rehman 1999
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Berberine at 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg after 1-2 weeks countered scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. The anti-amnesic effect was augmented by physostigmine or neostigmine
Peng 1997
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At 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg i.v. THB increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold, and prevented BaCl2-induced ventricular fibrillation
Sun 1993
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THB and its analogues, l-THP and l-SPD, reduced the ligation induced infarct and decreased reperfusion tachycardia and fibrillation. Malondialdehyde and xanthine oxidase activity were also decreased
Zhou 1993
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Hyperphagia and polydipsia in streptozotocin diabetic mice is reduced by Arctostaphylos, golden seal (Hydrastis), mistletoe (Viscum) and tarragon (Artemisia) as 6.2% of diet for 9d; not by bayberry (Cinnamomum), meadowsweet (Filipendula) nor senna (Cassia)
Swanston-Flatt 1989
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Berberine sulfate, an isoquinoline alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis, inhibited tumor promoted by TPA, DMBA or teleocidin
Nishino 1986
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Effect of some isoquinoline alkaloids on monoamines in the rat brain [Article in Chinese]
Liu 1985
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Hydrastine and other isoquinolines inhibited apomorphine-induced rotation in mice. Potency did not correlate with dopamine receptor binding
Watanabe 1985
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Hydrastinine and cotarnine derivatives to rats resulted in 18 metabolites in 48-hour urine, mainly isoquinolines of varying degrees of hydrogenation resulting from cleavage of the C-1/C-1' bond, oxygenation, N-dealkylation and O-dealkylation [Article in German]
Gober 1979
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Pharmacodynamics
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Concomitant administration of homeopathic drugs like Ruta, Hydrastis, Lycopodium and Thuja, retarded the tumor growth and significantly reduced the elevated marker enzymes level as revealed by morphological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation.
Kumar 2007
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The root extract of goldenseal, is highly effective in upregulation of liver low density lipoprotein receptor expression in HepG2 cells and in reducing plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in hyperlipidemic hamsters.
Abidi 2006
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UVA irradiation of hydrastine, hydrastinine, or canadine (50 microM) did not cause DNA damage or cell death in keratinocytes.
Inbaraj 2006
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Goldenseal, at the prescribed human dose, is unlikely to be absorbed to an extent to be unsafe to use in pregnancy despite the apparent cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Yao 2005
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The monoclonal antibody against berberine, a bioactive constituent of Coptis japonica M., Phellodendron amurense R. and Hydrastis canadensis L., was produced and characterized.
Kim 2004
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Extracts of goldenseal containing berberine and hydrastine, inhibited with increasing potency (CYP2C9) diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation, (CYP2D6) bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation, and (CYP3A4) testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation activities in human hepatic microsomes.
Chatterjee 2003
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Among 9 compounds, berberine and to a lesser extent, 2 new C-methyl flavonoids including 6,8-di- C-methylluteolin 7-methyl ether showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum.
Hwang 2003
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Methanol extracts of the rhizomes of Sanguinaria canadensis, and the roots and rhizomes of Hydrastis canadensis, two plants used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against 15 strains of Helicobacter pylori.
Mahady 2003
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UVA irradiation of HaCaT keratinocytes in the presence of 50 microM berberine (a alkaloid of Hydrastis canadensis) resulted in an 80% decrease in cell viability and a 3-fold increase in DNA damage as measured by the Comet assay.
Inbaraj 2001
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Berberine, is an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis, has positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, antiarrhythmic, and vasodilator properties and has een shown to prolong the duration of ventricular action potential.
Lau 2001
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Antibacterial activity of extract and major alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine, canadine and canadaline) of Hydrastis canadensis L. was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Scazzocchio 2001
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This study on the effect of Hydrastis?canadensis alkaloids on precontracted isolated guinea pig tracheahe found EC50 of berberine, beta-hydrastine, canadine and canadaline, were 34.2, 72.8, 11.9 and 2.4microg/ml, respectively.
Abdel-Haq 2000
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Berberine is a plant alkaloid present in Hydrastis canadensis with demonstrated antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, and chlamydia., is used clinically for bacterial diarrhea, intestinal parasite infections, and ocular trachoma infections.
Berberine 2000
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Serial dilutions of ethanolic herbal extracts and related pure plant compounds wre analyzed for their in vitro cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory effect. A extract of Hydrastis?canadensis was strongly inhibitory, whereas it's major alkaloid, berberine, was not.
Budzinski 2000
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The antioxidant activity of Hydrastis?canadensis, obtained using the ABTS assay, used GC-MS for the chemical identification of the antioxidant volatile compounds present in the extracts.
Periera da Silva 2000
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Berberine is the component effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis while canadine, 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, beta-hydrastine and two new quinic acid feruloyl esters are inactive
Gentry 1998
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Berberrubine, a protoberberine alkaloid which has antitumor activity in animals, has been identified as a specific poison of topoisomerase II in vitro
Kim 1998
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Berberine, syringin, limonin & mangiferin inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated bone resorption in neonatal mouse bone
Li 1998
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Protoberberines are dual poisons of topoisomerases I and II. 17 analogs were cytotoxic to cancer cells
Sanders 1998
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Berberine inhibited apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, etoposide or camptothecin
Miura 1997
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Tetrahydroberberine inhibits outward K+ currents induced by dopamine, acetylcholine, caffeine or strychnine. It does not affect GABA- or glycine-induced Cl- currents, nor non-NMDA receptor agonist-induced cation currents
Wu 1997
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l-tetrahydropalmatine (THP), l-stepholidine (SPD), tetrahydroberberine (THB) and tetrahydroproberberine-18 competitively inhibited BE2254 binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex with similar affinities [Article in Chinese]
Lu 1996
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Molecular modeling of dopamine receptor (based on bacteriorhodopsin) indicates tetrahydroprotoberberine appears to form electrostatic and H-bonding interaction with TM3-Asp and TM5-Ser
Tang 1996
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Berberine at 200 micrograms/ml reaches the nucleus and causes signs of apoptosis while 100 micrograms/ml is mainly in the cytoplasm and caused accumulation of cells in G2/M phase instead
Yang 1996
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Some effects of berberine, such as its anti-inflammatory action, may stem from the inhibition of DNA-synthesis in activated lymphocytes
Ckless 1995
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Berberine induces morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, characteristic of apoptosis in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells
Kuo 1995
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THB, THP and SPD (1-100 mumol/L) inhibit the cytosolic calcium rise induced by KCl, extracellular calcium and norepinephrine (effect weaker than verapamil) and had no effect on oubain induced rise [Article in Chinese]
Li 1995
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Berberine, palmatine and sanguiritrine inhibited HIV-I reverse transcriptase [Article in Russian]
Gudima 1994
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GABA receptor was resistant to competitive GABAA receptor antagonists including bicuculline, hydrastine and SR-95531, and very sensitive to picrotoxin
Qian 1994
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Tetrahydroberberine (THB) did not affect GABA nor ACh receptors and did not antagonize convulsant agents [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1994
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Tetrahydroberberine (THB) from Corydalis ambigua inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation triggered by arachidonic acid, ADP, or collagen. Also, thromboxane B2 declined
Xuan 1994
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Dividing cells, especially repair deficient ones, are sensitive to berberine cytotoxicity, implicating topoisomerase in the mechanism
Pasqual 1993
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THB and SPD inhibited KCl induced aorta contractions (IC50 18 micromol/L) but weaker than verapamil
Yang 1993
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Tetrahydroberberine (THB) at 10 mumol/L inhibited isoproterenol induced 45Ca uptake in heart mitochondria, dose dependently
Zhou 1993
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Berberine is an excellent disinfectant for infective deciduous root canal [Article in Chinese]
Su 1992
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Hydrastine, a phthalide isoquinoline, at 0.3% killed 70% of Echinococcus parasitic worms. Disruption of external plasma membrane, hook detachment and sucker deformity of protoscolices were seen by scanning electron microscopy [Article in Chinese]
Chen 1991
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THB enhanced barbiturate-induced hypnosis and blocked dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase but was not anti-convulsive. THB binds D1 and D2 receptors but not mu-opioid, muscarinic, a2-adrenergic nor benzodiazepine receptors
Niwa 1991
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Beta-hydrastine and bicuculline induce positive ionotropic and negative chronotropic effects in rat atria not antagonized by propranolol. Picrotoxin lacks this effect so the mechanism must involve something other than GABAA
Bartolini 1990
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Isocoryne, from Corydalis, like other phthalide isoquinoline alkaloids with a 1S,9R isomeric form, inhibit GABA-activated currents with a Ki = 10(-6) M.
Chernevskaja 1990
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(+)-Hydrastine has the same 1S,9R configuration as the competitive GABAA antagonist bicuculline and is a more potent convulsant. The enantiomer (-)-hydrastine is much less active
Huang 1990
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l-Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), tetrahydroberberine (THB) and l-stepholidine (l-SPD), antagonists to central dopamine receptors, enhanced the potency of electroacupuncture analgesia [Article in Chinese]
Wu 1990
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l-stepholidine (SPD) was the most potent DA antagonist of12 tetrahydroprotoberberines. It is 18 times more potent than haloperidol for D1 but 14 times weaker for D2 receptors
Xu 1989
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Hydrastine treated Echinococcus granulosus (parasitic worm) cysts have microtriche dissolution, microtubule disruption, increased size and number of lysosomes, decreased Golgi complexes and swelling of mitochondria [Article in Chinese]
Ye 1989
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The antitussive opiate, noscapine, binds all brain areas, especially the thalamus. Structurally related narceine, hydrastine, narcotoline and papaverine were potent competitors
Karlsson 1988
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Golden-seal tea darkens urine which interferes with drug assay
Mikkelsen 1988
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Amphetamine-induced ipsilateral rotation were antagonized by THB, l-THP and haloperidol. Scopolamine reversed the antagonism
Jin 1986
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Leishmania is inhibited by berberine by interacting with DNA
Ghosh 1985
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Fixing the flexible part of TMQ molecule in a tetrahydroprotoberberin configuration reduces the antagonism towards the 48/80 induced histamine release by rat mast cells [Article in German]
Belcheva 1984
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Beta-phenylethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids.
Bentley 1984
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Effect of tetrahydroberberine on blockade of pre- and postsynaptic dopamine receptors (author's transl) [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1982
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Relevance of dopaminergic system to the catalepsy induced by tetrahydroberberine (author's transl)[Article in Chinese]
Wang 1981
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Non-adrenergic IPSPs of smooth muscle cells were increased by hydrastine and strychnine and decreased by apamine [Article in Russian]
Vladimirova 1978
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A pharmacological study of the alkaloids 1-canadine methochloride and d-tembetarine chloride.
Patel 1970
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Bovine mastitis treatment with Echinacea, Goldenseal, Ginseng, Gelsemium, Pokeroot, Aconite and Aloe vera juice;
US Patent 5,846,543
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Analytical Chemistry
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Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was investigated to qualitatively identify & quantify analytes directly from developed normal-phase thin-layer chromatography plates using goldenseal and related alkaloids; commercial dietary supplements were used as standards & samples.
Van Berkel 2007
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A simple and fast capillary zone electrophoresis method with ultraviolet detection at 225 nm for the quantification of the major goldenseal constituents, berberine and hydrastine, in herbal remedies containing goldenseal root extracts was described.
Unger 2005
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A new HPLC method is described and used to show that 5-O-(4'-[beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-trans-feruloyl)quinic acid is a potential marker for goldenseal roots (1.0% w/w) and rhizomes (2.3%).
McNamara 2004
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The concentration of hydrastine and berberine, the primary alkaloids in herbal products containing goldenseal was determined.
Edwards 2003
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Treatment of hydrastine with the fermentation broth of Polyporous brumalis (ATCC 34487) as a model for mammalian metabolism, gave a new alkaloid, (1S)-hydroxyhydrastine. Structure elucidation was based primarily on NMR and chiroptical studies.
Herath 2003
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Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder from three commercial suppliers were compared for their chemical constituents using Soxhlet extraction, HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses.
Weber 2003
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A fast, practical ambient extraction methodology followed by isocratic liquid chromatography (LC) analysis with UV detection was validated for the determination of berberine, hydrastine, and canadine in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder.
Weber 2003
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A rapid, simple and validated high performance liquid chromatographic method, with photodiode array detection, has been developed for the analysis of commercial Goldenseal products.
Li 2002
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A HPLC method has been developed for the detection and quantification of hydrastine and berberine in many products obtained from United States market. A wide range of content variation was observed for both alkaloids in the tested samples.
Abourashed 2001
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A convenient method for the determination of the quality and possible adulteration of goldenseal products is thin-layer chromatography & TLC results were verified by HPLC analysis.
Govindan 2000
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Berberine can be monitored selectively and sensitively with capillary zone electrophoresis at 254 nm within 14 min in the plant extract in a concentration range of 0.1-50 micrograms/ml
Liebich 1998
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Isoquinoline alkaloid detection by capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry in Hydrastis, Eschscholzia, Berberis, Jateorhiza and Chelidonium
Sturm 1998
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[Canadinic Acid: An Alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis.]
Galeffi 1997
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Thermodynamics of DNA interaction with berberine by spectrophotometry shows it is exothermic and dependent on salt concentration
Kumar 1993
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Hydrastatinine has been found as a contaminant in 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methylamphetamine (MDMA) [Article in German]
Verweij 1991
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Hydrastine, canadine, and berberine determination by the acid-dye technique
El-Masry 1980
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Oxyberberine treated with phosphorus oxychloride yields 8-Chloroberberine, an intermediate for other derivatives
Moniot 1979
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Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part 678. Photoracemisation and photoepimerisation of the phthalidylisoquinoline alkaloids (--)-alpha-Narcotine and (--)-beta-Hydrastine.
Kametani 1977
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The conversion of berberine into (+/-)-alpha- and (+/-)-beta-hydrastine.
Moniot 1976
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Spectrometric determination of the hydrastin content of the rhizome of Hydrastis canadensis L [Article in French]
Stanislas 1971
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Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. CCCII. Alternative total syntheses of (+ -)-nandinine, (+ -)-canadine, and berberine iodide.
Kametani 1969
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The reaction products of narcotinediol and hydrastinediol by SnCl2-HCl [Article in Japanese]
Yamaguchi 1969
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Study of fluorescent products obtained during the reaction used for the halofluoric microdetermination of hydrastine. (Application to mixtures: hydrastine-hydrastinine) [Article in French]
Anouilh 1966
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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Supplementation with the specific formulations of goldenseal or kava kava did not appear to affect digoxin pharmacokinetics, when compared with rifampin and clarithromycin, suggesting the supplements are not potent modulators of P-gp in vivo.
Gurley 2007b
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Botanical supplements containing goldenseal strongly inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5 activity in vivo, whereas kava inhibited CYP2E1 and black cohosh weakly inhibited CYP2D6.
Gurley 2005
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Patients being treated with indinavir can safely take goldenseal root and interactions with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 in the liver are unlikely.
Sandhu 2003
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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The 5' end of the 26S ribosomal DNA indicates that in Ranunculaceae the Thalictrum chromosome group has 3 independent lineages (1) Hydrastis (2) Xanthorhiza and Coptis (3) Thalictrum, Aquilegia and Enemion
Ro 1997
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Berberine and sanguinarine intercalate DNA and inhibit DNA synthesis and reverse transcriptase
Schmeller 1997
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NMR shows that berberine and sanguinarine intercalate into DNA
Saran 1995
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Circular dichroism studies of DNA with berberine shows increase of 270 nm band but unaffected 240 nm band. Molar ellipticity is larger for AT than GC rich DNA
Debnath 1991
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DNA binding studies with berberine indicate it is less deeply intercalated than quinacrine
Davidson 1977
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Contemporary Formulas
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Determination of hydrastine in hydrastis fluidextract.
Zwaving 1972
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Thin layer chromatography and U. V. spectrphotometry of alcoholic extracts of Hydrastis canadensis
Datta 1971
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Assays of hydrastine, hydrastinine and berberine in the liquid extract of hydrastis [Article in Polish]
Wisniewski 1970
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Study of the effect of termperature and time on oxidation of hydrastine to hydrastinine in the presence of air oxygen an steam in fluid extract and in rhizoma of Hydrastis canadensis [Article in Polish]
Wisniewski 1969
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Inaccuracies of determination of hydrastine by gravimetric method of Ph. P. II in liquid extract of Hydrasts (Extr. Hydrastidis Fl.) [Article in Polish]
Wisniewski 1969
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Chromatographic-fluorometric micromethod for assays of hydrastine and hydrastinine in the liquid extract and rhisome of Hydrastis canadensis L [Article in Polish]
Wisniewski 1968
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Separation of berberine, hydrastine and hydrastinine from rhizomes of Hydrastis Canadensis and from the liquid extract [Article in Polish]
Wisniewski 1966
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Hydrastis canadensis" or goldenseal in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph. D. 1998 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate March 2003 |
| REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD May 2007 |
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