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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Prophylactic treatment with commercially available Echinacea purpurea capsules did not significantly alter the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms compared with placebo use in 90 volunteers.
O'Neil 2008
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It is suggested that the palatal adhesive tablets containing herbal formulation which includes sage, Echinacea, Lavender and Mastic gum may serve as an effective means of treatment for patients complaining of oral malodor.
Sterer 2008
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In otitis-prone young children, treating colds with specific form of echinacea used in study does not decrease risk of acute otitis media, and may in fact increase risk.
Wahl 2008
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Reviews of Echinacea human trials compare preparations with very different compositions. Recent meta-analyses using specific criteria for correcting problems of pooling of data from different trials are evaluated and discussed here.
Woelkart 2008
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Quantification of herbal remedy usage in a presurgical population shows that of 1057 patients, 9% were taking one or more of the following herbal remedies known to interact with the perioperative period: valerian, ginseng, ginkgo, St John's wort, echinacea and ephedra. [Article in French]
Baillard 2007
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Various extracts of Echinacea purpurea were prepared and used to treat upper respiratory tract infections in children aged 2-12 years and administered for 10 days in an open-label trial. No allergic or adverse reaction occurred and no safety issues arose.
Saunders 2007
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The relations among questionnaires General health short form, Jackson cold scale, Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey & Laboratory-assessed biomarkers which included interleukin, nasal neutrophil count polymorpho-nuclear neutrophils, mucus weight, viral titre & seroconversion were studied.
Barrett 2006
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The ability of three herbs, Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra, on on CD69 expression and immune cells activation in human subjects were assessed in this pilot clinical study which showed that the 3 herbal tinctures stimulated human immune cells.
Brush 2006
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Important methodologic components of randomized controlled trials of herbal medicines like echinacea, ginkgo, St. John's wort, and kava are incompletely reported including allocation concealment, method used to generate the allocation sequence, and whether an intention-to-treat analysis was used.
Gagnier 2006
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The current body of evidence supporting the use of Echinacea to reduce URI symptoms and improve quality of life (QoL) was reviewed showing that various facets of QoL may be improved with Echinacea.
Gillespie 2006
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A study to investigate whether nutrition can limit exercise-induced immunodepression indicated that further research is needed to evaluate the effects of antioxidants and dietary immunostimulants such as probiotics and echinacea on exercise-induced immune impairment.
Gleeson 2006
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Comparative analysis of clinical efficacy of 3 antihomotoxic homeopathic preparations (Traumeel S, Engistol and Echinacea compositum S) with non-specific immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory effects found Traumeel S had maximal anti-inflammatory effect. [Article in Russian]
Grudianov 2006
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The effects of the dietary supplement Echinacea purpurea on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria common to the human gastrointestinal tract was determined in 15 human subjects & showed that Echinacea purpurea supplementation stimulates select groups of human gastrointestinal tract microbiota.
Hill 2006
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[Does treatment with Echinacea purpurea effectively shorten the course of upper respiratory tract infections in children?]
Koenig 2006
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Update of 2000 Cochrane evidence-based systematic review of Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold found some evidence that preparations based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea might be effective for the early treatment of colds in adults.
Linde 2006
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Systemic echinacea appears safe and effective in the control of low-grade autoimmune idiopathic uveitis in 51 patients.
Neri 2006
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A meta-analysis comparing three suitable studies suggests that standardized extracts of Echinacea were effective in the prevention of symptoms of the common cold after clinical inoculation, compared with placebo.
Schoop 2006
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A multicenter study to investigate the tolerability & efficacy of a tablet formulation of Echinacea purpurea extract in 80 subjects actively involved in sports found that 97.5% of the investigators rated the tolerability as V.good/ good & 75% of investigators rated the efficacy as V.good/good.
Schoop 2006
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[The bloom is off echinacea's rose. The herbal remedy for colds hasn't looked so promising in recent clinical trials.].
[No authors listed] 2005
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Echinacea supplementation in 11 healthy individuals found to invoke an immune response through the enhanced fold increase in leucocyte hsp70 expression, increased white cell counts & and improved erythrocyte antioxidant defences.
Agnew 2005
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Estimation of "sufficiently important difference" using benefit harm tradeoff in the case of common cold shows that the echinacea based scenario, mean SID was estimated as 36.8 h, with 105 favoring and 41 (9%) rejecting treatment, regardless of duration benefit.
Barrett 2005
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Complementary and alternative medicine use by 108 patients with advanced malignancies enrolled onto phase I clinical trials revealed that Green tea (29.8% [25 of 84]), echinacea (13.1% [11 of 84]), and essiac (9.5% [8 of 84]) were the most popular.
Dy 2005
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A non-randomised, multi-centre, 2-armed health services research study, data of 995 chronic recurrent respiratory disease patients, 782 treated with echinacin-, 213 with standard-cohort shows that even non-prescription drugs can have clinical and economic benefits. [Article in German]
Heinen-Kammerer 2005
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[Echinacea, vitamin C, the common cold, and blinding.].
Hemila 2005
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The clinical efficacy of KanJang oral solution, which consists of extract of Echinacea purpurea, was greater than Echinacea mixture in a controlled, double blind, randomized trial on patients with non-complicated acute respiratory tract infections.
Narimanian 2005
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An evaluation of E.angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections in 437 volunteers indicates that extracts of Echinacea root, alone or in combination, do not have clinically significant effects on infection with a rhinovirus or on the clinical illness that results from it.
Turner 2005
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[Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial.].
Barrett 2004
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Among 282 subjects aged 18-65 years with a history of 2 or more colds, a total of 128 subjects contracted a common cold (59 used echinacea, 69 placebo) & the total daily symptom scores were found to be 23.1% lower in the echinacea group than in placebo.
Goel 2004
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Comparision of natural product use between primary care and nephrology patients revealed Echinacea was the most common product taken by those patients (26%) & more primary care patients took Echinacea compared with nephrology clinic patients (26% vs 12%).
Grabe 2004
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The most common herbal medications taken by 500 hepatitis C patients were milk thistle (12.2%), ginseng (4.6%), and echinacea (3.0%).
Siddiqui 2004
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the ability of Echinacea purpurea to prevent infection with rhinovirus(Rv)type 39 in 48 healthy adults revealed that administration of echinacea before & after exposure to RV did not decrease the rate of infection.
Sperber 2004
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Echinacea at 100 mg dose 3 times daily reduces the symptoms and duration of the common cold in 128 patients.
Yale 2004
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Data analyzed on 707 upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in 407 children, including 337 URIs treated with echinacea & 370 with placebo revealed that Echinacea purpurea was not effective in treating patients of 2 to 11 years old but was associated with an increased risk of rash.
Taylor 2003
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Administration of 1gm of encapsulated mixture of unrefined Echinacea purpurea herb (25%) and root (25%) and E. angustifolia root (50%) provided no detectable benefit or harm in 148 college students who had the common cold, compared with placebo.
Barrett 2002
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Among 195 patients attending the Memory Disorders Clinic at Toronto, 52 were 'current or past users', of herbal medicines and the most frequently used included ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) [39 users], garlic (n = 10), glucosamine sulphate (n = 9) & echinacea (n = 8).
Dergal 2002
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In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-week clinical trial, the increased complement properdin indicated one aspect of immune system stimulation in patients treated with either Echinacea purpurea/E. angustifolia or E. purpurea/E. angustifolia plus larch arabinogalactan.
Kim 2002
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The results of this pilot study, with matched historical controls, suggest that polysaccharide fraction isolated from Echinacea purpurea cell cultures might be effective in reducing chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. The efficacy and safety should be investigated in further studies.
Melchart 2002
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The "immune stimulation" by Echinacea purpurea observed in vitro and after parenteral administration are not confirmed in healthy humans after oral intake.
Schwarz 2002
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A randomized, blinded, controlled trial will be performed to determine the efficacy of herbal therapy and craniosacral manipulation for the prevention of acute otitis media in children with recurrent otitis media.
Currently (6/01) recruiting.
ClinicalTrials.gov
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Review of methodological quality of randomized controlled trials in three areas of complementary medicine i.e. homeopathy, herbal medicine (Hypericum for depression, Echinacea for common cold), and acupuncture found trials often have methodological weaknesses.
Linde 2001
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In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Echinaceae purpureae herba (Echinacin, EC31J0) was well tolerated and clinically effective in alleviating symptoms more rapidly than placebo in patients with a common cold.
Schulten 2001
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Over a one-year period, 50 patients took part in the study each receiving 6 months' placebo and 6 months' Echinaforce (Echinacea purpurea extract). No statistically significant benefit could be detected in this study in the treatment of frequently recurrent genital herpes.
Vonau 2001
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A prospective controlled study of 206 women with pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to Echinacea suggests that gestational use of echinacea during organogenesis is not associated with an increased risk for major malformations.
Gallo 2000
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Treatment with Echinacea Plus tea at early onset of cold or flu symptoms (runny nose, scratchy throat, fever) in 95 subjects was found to be effective for relieving these symptoms in a shorter period of time than placebo.
Lindenmuth 2000
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The consensus of the studies reviewed in this article is that echinacea is effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms, but that this effect is noted only with certain preparations of echinacea
Percival 2000
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Applications of immunomodulator complex including tincture of Echinacea Purpurea in 31 patients with purulent wound of soft tissues produced more rapid cleansing and healing of the wound. [Article in Russian]
Potii 2000
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50 healthy volunteers of both sexes were subdivided and received either Eleutherococcus senticosus or Echinacea (40 drops) for 30 days. No changes were seen in total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose
Szolomicki 2000
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Survey of alternative medicine use in presurgical patients indicates that 22% of presurgical patients reported using herbal remedies, & the most commonly used compounds, from highest to lowest, included echinacea, gingko biloba, St. John's wort, garlic & ginseng.
Tsen 2000
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Echinacea resulted in a non-significant reduction (compared with placebo) of infection (44 vs. 57%) and illness (36 vs. 43%) in experimental rhinovirus colds
Turner 2000
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Evidence from published reports of all blinded placebo-controlled randomized trials of any Echinacea formulation used as a treatment or for the prevention of upper respiratory infection (URI) suggests that Echinacea may be beneficial for the early treatment of acute URIs.
Barrett 1999
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246 healthy, adult volunteers caught a common cold and took 3 times daily 2 tablets of either Echinaforce, Echinacea purpurea, or a different Echinacea purpurea radix preparation or placebo.
Brinkeborn 1999
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[Information on additional Echinacea trials.].
Ertel 1999
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109 patients were randomly assigned to receive 4 mL fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea or 4 mL placebo-juice twice a day. Side effects were observed in 20% of the Echinacea group and in 13% of the placebo group.
Grimm 1999
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Results of a clinical trial in 263 patients of a commercially available fixed combination herbal remedy (Radix echinaceae, Radix baptisiae, Herba thujae) showed the superiority of the herbal remedy over placebo (p < 0.05).
Henneicke-von Zepelin 1999
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Analysis of human sperm motility parameters on a Hamilton-Thorn analyzer after 1, 4, 24, and 48 hr at 37 degrees C in the presence of herbs indicated that high-concentration saw-palmetto, echinacea, or gikgo inhibited motility at 24 and 48 hr.
Ondrizek 1999
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Several comparative clinical trials carried out with standardized phytopharmaceuticals, including Valeriana, Aesculus, Echinacea, and Viscum showed that they had full therapeutic equivalence with chemotherapeutics & had simultaneous advantage of being devoid of any adverse effects.
Wagner 1999
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302 healthy people randomly divided into taking ethanol extract of roots of E. purpurea or E angustifolia or placebo for 12 weeks. Incidence & days until first cold: 29.3% and 69, 32.0% and 66, 36.7% and 65 days (difference not statistically significant)
Melchart 1998
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Review of controlled clinical trials using extracts of E. purpurea or E. pallida
Dorsch 1996
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Extract from E angustifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Thuja occidentalis for 4 weeks to 23 tumor patients gave no change in cytokines IL-1-alpha, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma
Elsasser-Beile 1996
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Mosquito bite treated with a homeopathic gel of E angustifolia, Ledum palustre, Urtica urens and Hamamelis extract in a double blind trial with 100 people, reduced erythema but lacked itch relief
Hill 1996
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Review of 5 studies (total of 134 healthy volunteers) concerning the effect of different Echinacea preparations on polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes
Melchart 1995
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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[Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis.]
Kocaman 2008
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It is found that under real life conditions of Echinacea consumption, the virus-induced stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines can be effectively reversed or alleviated.
Sharma 2008
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[Echinacea's immune effects-possibilities and pitfalls-two cases.]
Cohrssen 2006
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Assessing the extent of nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement (NVNM) use among Turkish university students revealed that the 3 most frequently used NVNM supplements were echinacea, ginseng & gingko biloba (38.6%,36.4% & 32.8%, respectively).
Ayranci 2005
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Structured review on treatment of the common cold with echinacea suggests that the possible therapeutic effectiveness of echinacea in the treatment of colds has not been established.
Caruso 2005
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Among 894 completed surveys it was shown that overall, 3.5% of pediatric surgical patients had been given herbal or homeopathic medications in the 2 weeks prior to surgery & the most prevalent substance given to children presenting for elective surgery was Echinacea.
Everett 2005
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A survey carried out to find the differences in herbal and dietary supplements use in the Hispanic & non-Hispanic pediatric populations showed that the most commonly used supplements were herbal teas (56%) and echinacea (14%).
Guenther 2005
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In 400 postpartum women, 36% of the women reported herbal use during their pregnancy & Echinacea was the best known herb among both groups of women who had used herbal drugs in pregnancy and those not.
Nordeng 2005
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A review on new considerations in the treatment and prevention of rhinovirus infections suggests there is no clear evidence that treatment with zinc or echinacea have any role in these infections.
Turner 2005
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Among 2,186 patients undergoing elective surgery, 57% of respondents admitted to using herbal medicine at some point in their life, eg, echinacea [48%], aloe vera [30%], ginseng [28%], garlic [27%], and ginkgo biloba [22%] were the most common.
Adusumilli 2004
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Administration of Chizukit, an herbal preparation containing 3 drugs including 50 mg/mL of Echinacea in 430 children, aged 1 to 5 years showed preventive effect on the incidence of respiratory tract infections.
Cohen 2004
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Among 601 children presenting consecutively for ambulatory surgery it was identified that 6.4% of children were currently taking an herbal preparation; while a further 10.1% had taken an herbal medicine in the past & Echinacea and arnica were the commonest used herbal remedies.
Crowe 2004
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A review on exercise, nutrition and immune function reveals a lack of convincing research evidence that 'immune-boosting' supplements, including high doses of antioxidant vitamins, glutamine, zinc, probiotics and Echinacea, prevent exercise-induced immune impairment.
Gleeson 2004
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Determination of the prevalence & patterns of use of herbal medicines and vitamin supplements by patients in preoperative period showed that the prevalence of herbal medicine use was 14.3% among 1102 questionnaires & the 5 five most popular herbs includes Garlic, Gingko, Echinacea.
Grauer 2004
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[Echinacea for treating colds in children.].
Kim 2004
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[Echinacea fails to show efficacy in treating colds in a pediatric population.].
Le Tourneau 2004
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3 patients whose autoimmune disease onset and/or flares correlated with ingestion of herbal supplements with proven immunostimulatory effects like Echinacea and the alga Spirulina platensis were described.
Lee 2004
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Among 83% of the surveys returned from parents of 1,100 consecutive pediatric surgical patients, it was found that an average of 2.4 different herbal medicines were in use by each child, and the most common herbal medications were echinacea, chamomile & aloe.
Noonan 2004
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A survey among 400 Norwegian women related to the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy revealed that echinacea, iron-rich herbs, ginger, chamomile and cranberry were the most commonly used herbs.
Nordeng 2004
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[Can an herbal preparation of echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C reduce respiratory illnesses in children?].
Sangvai 2004
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The adjuvant treatment with Kan Jang which contain standardized Andrographis paniculata, was found to more effective than Immunal, a preparation containing Echinacea purpurea extract, in 130 children with uncomplicated common colds.
Spasov 2004
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Survey of potential health risks of complementary alternative medicines in 318 cancer patients showed health warning issued to 20 patients & most warnings concerned echinacea in patients with lymphoma.
Werneke 2004
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Analysis on herbal supplement use among 11,888 non-Hispanic white, 2866 non-Hispanic black, 3035 Hispanic,& 599 non-Hispanic other women revealed that nearly 1/6th of US women took at least 1 herbal supplement including use of Echinacea, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, or St.John's wort.
Yu 2004
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Numerous clinical trials carried out on echinacea preparations show that the extracts shorten the duration and severity of colds and other upper respiratory infections when given as soon as symptoms become evident.
Block 2003
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Among 575 ambulatory surgery patients coming to a busy Canadian surgical day care unit, 45 different identifiable herbs were being taken in total, with echinacea being the most common.
Lennox 2003
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[Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea.].
Logan 2003
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Determination of use of botanical dietary supplements in peri- & postmenopausal women between the ages of 40 & 60 years at University of Illinois at Chicago, showed that commonly used botanicals included soy (42%), green tea (34.68%), Echinacea (15.44%) & St. John's wort (7.34%).
Mahady 2003
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In an investigation among 500 randomly selected nurses about knowledge and use of 5 common herbal products including ginkgo and echinacea, 30% nurses addressed the frequency of use, purpose, side effects & interactions of them.
Sand-Jecklin 2003
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Survey of 115 surgery patients' intake of herbal preparations and dietary supplements revealed that 50.4% had taken or still took herbal medicine, and the frequently used Traditional medicines were fish oil, ginkgo, Echinacea, Co-Q10, garlic, and hip. [Article in Danish]
Vaabengaard 2003
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A survey of adult general medicine patients at a major Canadian teaching hospital on patterns of use and patients' attitudes toward complementary medications revealed that most commonly reported products used were echinacea, garlic pills and ginseng.
Cook 2002
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Review on respiratory & allergic diseases reveals that patient with upper respiratory tract infections can expect a shorter duration of symptoms by taking high doses of vitamin C with zinc supplements and adding an herb such as echinacea or Andrographis.
Jaber 2002
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A survey of 2723 patients presenting for anaesthesia to determine the extent of use of herbal medicines revealed that the most commonly used compounds among 4.8% patients were, in descending order, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo, St John's wort and echinacea.
Skinner 2002
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Among 100 adult cancer patients in a private nonprofit South Florida hospital, with mean age of 59 years, 80% reported using some type of complementary & alternative medicine and 54% took herbal products including green tea, echinacea, grape seed extract, and milk thistle.
Bernstein 2001
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Dietary supplement (DS) survey of 70 pharmacists in their personal and professional practices showed that 52.9% of them reported taking DS including echinacea, zinc, and chromium picolinate while fewer than half of pharmacists stated that they have recommended a DS to a patient.
Howard 2001
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Assessment of use of nonvitamin, nonmineral (NVNM) dietary supplements among 272 college students indicates that 48.5% took an NVNM supplement & most frequently used products were echinacea, ginseng, & St John's wort. 11 of 19 participants reported some adverse reactions to NVNM.
Newberry 2001
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Of 502 diabetic subjects, 78% were taking prescribed medications & 31% were taking alternative medications in which garlic, echinacea, herbal mixtures, glucosamine were the most commonly used alternative medications.
Ryan 2001
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Of 150 surveys completed at an academic medical center, 20 women (13%) used dietary supplements during pregnancy to relieve nausea and vomiting. The most common products were echinacea (4/45, 8.9%), pregnancy tea (4/45, 8.9%), and ginger (3/45, 6.7%).
Tsui 2001
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Determination of attitudes towards the use of complementary therapies by students of Nursing, Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, using a self-administered questionnaire indicates that vitamin C, multivitamins, B group vitamins, garlic, iron and Echinacea are the commonly used products.
Wilkinson 2001
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[A strategic call to utilize Echinacea-garlic in flu-cold seasons].
Abdullah 2000
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An overview of the seven most common medicinal herbs (garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, Echinacea, chamomile, valerian, and feverfew) with implications for the school nurse is discussed.
Dockrell 2000
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From pharmacological data it has been assumed that Echinacea purpurea L. Moench (purple coneflower) pressed juice preparations stimulate the innate immune system and increase the resistance to common colds. Allergic reactions, mainly reversible skin reactions, may occur [Article in German]
Bauer 1999
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Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of upper respiratory tract infections.
Gunning 1999
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Echinacea for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections.
Gunning 1999a
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Echinacea for upper respiratory infections.
Lord 1999
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Echinacea is being tried as an agent for immune stimulation but requires more study
Zink 1998
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[Phenytoin suppositories and echinacea.]
Kaatz 1997
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Echinacin was part of a treatment plan, along with cyclophosphamide, thymostimulin and epirubicin for terminal cancer patients
Lersch 1994
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Echinacin was part of therapy for advanced colorectal cancers
Lersch 1992
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Polysaccharides i.v. to humans showed early decline of PMN (indicating endothelium adherence) followed by an increase in PMN and monocytes. Myelocytes indicated migration from marrow into the peripheral blood
Roesler 1991
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Advanced liver cancer patients treated with echinacin (E purpurea), thymostimulin and cyclophosphamide
Lersch 1990
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Echinaceae (84 -112 mg/d) and Sabalae (78 -104 mg/d) to 30 women with incontinence (18), pollakiuria (6) and dysuria (6) provided benefit
Timmermans 1990
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[Pertussis therapy with myo-echinacin in pediatric practice.][Article in German]
Baetgen 1964
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Traditional and Folk Use
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The most frequently purchased products were echinacea, propolis, garlic, guggul, ginkgo, liquorice, ginseng, glucomannan, guarana, valerian, and passionflower; 71.8% of consumers reported to have been taking conventional medicines along with natural products.
Cuzzolin 2009
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Among 874 high-performing athletes in UK sample, 58.8% of them reported use of at least one nutritional supplement which includes multivitamins (72.6%) & vitamin C (70.7%) were used most, followed by creatine (36.1%), whey protein (31.7%), echinacea (30.9%), iron (29.9%) & caffeine (23.7%).
Petroczi 2008
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The trends in annual US sales of 5 major supplements including St. John's wort, echinacea, saw palmetto, and glucosamine, in temporal relationship with publication of research from three top US general medical with each publication using the Lexus-Nexis database.
Tilburt 2008
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[Benefit of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold?]
von Maxen 2008
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The evidence-of-benefit and magnitude-of-benefit for 8 treatments in common cold includes antihistamine, oral decongestant, and the herbal echinacea.
Barrett 2007
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Review on ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada showed that 8 plants including Echinacea purpurea, Symphytum officinale, are used for abscesses.
Lans 2007
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A survey of Americans aged 60 years and above regarding their use of herbal products & dietary supplements & their attitudes & knowledge regarding the safety of these substances shows glucosamine, garlic, Echinacea & Gingko biloba were the frequently cited substances used by survey participants.
Marinac 2007
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Review on the use of herbal therapies in pediatric oncology patients shows that Echinacea is used as an immunostimulant.
Quimby 2007
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The article reviews the common cold and influenza viruses, presents the conventional treatment options, and highlights select botanicals such as Echinacea spp., and nutritional considerations that may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions.
Roxas 2007
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In a review on common cold it has been stated that Complementary and alternative therapies (i.e., Echinacea, vitamin C, and zinc) are not recommended for treating common cold symptoms.
Simasek 2007
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Throughout the later part of the nineteenth century and the first thirty years of the twentieth century, Echinacea was the preferred treatment for infections.
Tierra 2007
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Among adults who used prescription medications in the United States, the most commonly used supplements included echinacea, ginseng, ginkgo, garlic, and glucosamine chondroitin.
Gardiner 2006
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[Echinacea spp. (coneflower) and upper respiratory tract infections] [Article in Norwegian]
Raknes 2006
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The prevalence of past 2-day natural health products use in Canada was 9.3% in 2000-2001. Fifty-seven percent of users reported taking a conventional medicine in the same period. Glucosamine, echinacea, and garlic were the most frequently used products.
Singh 2006
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[Echinacea for the common cold: exploring the rational of scientific research on complementary and alternative medical therapies.]
Ulrich 2006
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Examination of complementary and alternative medicine and dietary supplement use among a national sample of adolescents shows that the commonly used supplements included ginseng and echinacea.
Wilson 2006
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The most commonly used therapies for cardiovascular disease were herbal products (18%) and mind-body therapies (17%). Among herbs, echinacea, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and glucosamine with or without chondroitin were most commonly used.
Yeh 2006
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Among elderly people 65-69 years of age, purchasing over-the-counter and prescription drugs, herbal use was 13.9% +/- 0.6% & 12.8% +/- 0.6% respectively and glucosamine, echinacea, and garlic supplements represented the most common herbals used.
Bruno 2005
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20 plant extracts which have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging and disease treatments include ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, etc.
Hsu 2005
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[Echinacea treatment for the common cold.].
Knight 2005
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Echinacea, one of the most common herbs used to treat symptoms of the "common cold" or upper respiratory tract allergies, has no common drug interactions but there is a risk of hepatotoxicity, exacerbation of allergies and asthma, and anaphylactic reactions.
Bielory 2004
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Review on treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults reveals that mist, zinc salt lozenges, echinacea extract, and vitamin C have no proven benefit in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
Scheid 2004
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A survey of herbal use in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder or depression shows that herbal medicines were given most frequently for a behavioral condition, including ginkgo biloba, echinacea, & St. John's wort.
Cala 2003
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The consumption of the most common functional foods and supplements in 2000 included yoghurt with extra lactic acid bacteria, milk and margarine with extra Ca, Ca tablets, multivitamin and mineral supplements & Echinacea supplements.
de Jong 2003
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[Echinacea as a functional food ingredient.].
Hall 2003
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Information on use of Echinacea from traditional healers ranges from external application for wounds, burns and insect bites to the chewing of roots for toothache and throat infections, and internal application for pain, coughs, stomach cramps and snake bites. [Article in German]
Hostettmann 2003
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Among 537 participants including 111 physicians, 30 advanced practice nurses, 46 pharmacists and 350 dietitians, most respondents knew the most common clinical uses of echinacea & St.John's wort.
Kemper 2003
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A survey on herbal therapy use in a pediatric emergency department population revealed that the most common therapies reportedly used were aloe plant/juice (44%), echinacea (33%), and sweet oil (25%).
Lanski 2003
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Herbal medicine which includes herbal drugs & dietary supplements (Bio-Strath and Echinacea) was especially used to strengthen the immune system among patients.
Madsen 2003
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The information presented and indications claimed on the Internet for the 8 best-selling herbal products including ginkgo biloba, St John's wort, echinacea, ginseng, etc, was assessed.
Morris 2003
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Among a stratified random sample of 15,985 adult members of a large group model health maintenance organization in northern California, an estimated 32.7% of adult health plan members used at least one supplement. The most frequently used herbs were Echinacea (14.7%)& Gingko biloba (10.9%).
Schaffer 2003
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An evidence-based review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Echinacea slightly decreases the duration of colds but does not prevent them.
Tesch 2003
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Examination of prevalence of dietary supplement use among elite figure skaters, gender differences in supplement use, & differences in nutrient intake of supplement users versus non-users showed Echinacea and ginseng were most popular herbal supplements.
Ziegler 2003
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Review on advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Influenza indicates that Echinacea extracts, steam, chicken soup, ipatropium bromide, and oxymetazoline in adults are the interventions that appear to have the best empirical evidence.
Jefferson 2002
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An evidence based review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Echinacea slightly decreases the duration of colds but does not prevent them.
Tesch 2002
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[Echinacea for the common cold: can alternative medicine be evidence-based medicine?]
Turner 2002
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Review of plants with clinical & scientific evaluation that might be considered for adoption into orthodox medicine indicates that commonly used herbs, such as Echinacea purpura, valerian and ginseng, still do not have sufficient clinical studies to consider them for orthodox use.
Pinn 2001
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Among 66 Amish women, 36% used at least one form of complementary and alternative medicine, and ten pregnant Amish women reported using echinacea, St.John's Wort, red clover, garlic and ginseng.
von Gruenigen 2001
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Investigation of the use of complementary therapies in a rural region of New South Wales showed that of the vitamins, vitamin C and multivitamins were used most often, with garlic and Echinacea being the most used herbal products.
Wilkinson 2001
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Among 135 health maintenance organization patients, 40% of patients had used herbal remedies to treat or prevent a health condition (e.g., common cold) and the remedies most frequently used were garlic, aloe gel, cranberry, and echinacea.
Bennett 2000
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Review of immunomodulatory activities of botanicals used by native peoples of North America, focuses particularly on 3 species of purple coneflower (Echinacea) due to widespread use of Echinacea in the United States to boost immunity and prevent upper respiratory infections.
Borchers 2000
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Survey on attitudes and practices of physicians and naturopaths toward herbal products including use during pregnancy and lactation shows the most popular product recommended by both medical doctors and naturopaths was echinacea, followed by St John's Wort.
Einarson 2000
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Echinacea is often used to treat infections, especially the common cold due to its able to stimulate the immune system, but study results indicate that it weakens the immune system?s ability to control HIV.[Article in English, French].
[No authors listed] 1999
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[From rudbeckia to echinacea: the emergence of the purple cone flower in modern therapeutics.].
Flannery 1999
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The more widely-used herbal preparations designed to help manage or prevent the onset of chronic disease, improve cognitive function, boost overall general well-being, and increase longevity include St. John's wort, ginkgo biloba, echinacea, garlic, and ginger.
Ness 1999
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GC/NPD and rapid screening TLC methods for the simultaneous determination of uracil herbicide residues (bromacil, lenacil, terbacil) in the roots of E angustifolia
Tekel 1998
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Reports of adverse effects associated with 6 most frequently used dietary botanical supplements: Echinacea, ginseng, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort & peppermint was obtained from the Food & Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition's Adverse Event Reporting System.
Wallace 2008
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A study to establish whether alcoholic extracts of Echinacea purpurea (AEP) given to pregnant mice influence angiogenic activity & tissue VEGF & bFGF production of their fetuses found there is some possibility of pharmaceuticals containing AEP may also influence fetal development in human.
Barcz 2007
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Several herbal medications including canthaxanthine, chamomile, datura, Echinacea purpurea, Ginkgo biloba and liquorice have been associated with several ocular adverse effects.
Santaella 2007
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Echinacea is non-teratogenic when used during pregnancy. Caution has to be exercised while using Echinacea during lactation until further high quality human studies can determine its safety.
Perri 2006
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Review on Echinacea species revealed that the chemistry is well documented & the safety issues included the possibility of allergic reactions, the use of echinacea by patients with autoimmune diseases & the potential for echinacea preparations to interact with conventional medicines.
Barnes 2005
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Data from clinical studies and spontaneous reporting programmes suggest that adverse events with echinacea are not commonly reported. However, in rare cases, echinacea is associated with allergic reactions that may be severe.
Huntley 2005
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Review of dietary supplements which can affect surgical outcomes and follow-up: including feverfew, ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, ginger, valerian, kava, St. John's wort, ephedra (Ma huang or metabolite) & echinacea.
Ciocon 2004
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The National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects(OSE) received 263 spontaneous reports, in addition to 60 case reports from the literature. Canthaxanthine, chamomile, Datura, E. purpurea, Ginkgo biloba, licorice, niacin & vitamin A are all associated with clinically significant OSE.
Fraunfelder 2004
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use of some herbal supplements has been associated with oral manifestations, including tongue numbness with echinacea.
Abebe 2003
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[Chronic use of echinacea should be discouraged.].
Chua 2003
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Review on herbal medication potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs revealed incidences of hepatotoxicity which may be augmented by acetaminophen when concomitantly used with the potentially hepatotoxic herbs Echinacea and kava.
Abebe 2002
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[Adverse reactions to complementary and alternative medicine: ragweed's cousin, the coneflower (echinacea), is "a problem more than a sneeze".].
Bielory 2002
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Review on herbal-related calls to regional California Poison Control System, San Francisco to identify herbs most relevant to toxicology, indicated 12 herbs including St John's wort, ma huang, echinacea, guarana, ginkgo, ginseng, valerian, tea tree oil, goldenseal, arnica, yohimbe and kava kava.
Haller 2002
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Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea.
Kemp 2002
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A clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto and kava were studied based on American experiences & none of them were found to be free of adverse effects. [Article in Swedish]
Mattsson 2002
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[Careful with herbal medicines!]. [Article in Spanish]
Molina 2002
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Some atopic subjects have positive skin prick test (SPT) results to echinacea in the absence of known exposure. Atopic subjects are overrepresented in those experiencing reactions. Cross-reactivity between echinacea and other environmental allergens is supported by the Australian data.
Mullins 2002
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Review on contact sensitization from Compositae-containing herbal remedies & cosmetics revealed that at least 15 species, including German and Roman chamomile, marigold, Echinacea and elecampane have been suspected of sensitization or elicitation of Compositae dermatitis.
Paulsen 2002
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Among 233 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of which 67 occurred in children, reported to the California Poison Control, the most common products involved in ADRs were zinc (38.2%), echinacea (7.7%), chromium picolinate (6.4%) and witch hazel (6%).
Yang 2002
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This review suggests that physicians should be familiar with the potential perioperative effects of the commonly used herbal medications to prevent, recognize, and treat potentially serious problems associated with their use and discontinuation.
Ang-Lee 2001
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A recent Motherisk study showed that use of echinacea during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of major malformations.
Gallo 2001
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We report a case of recurrent erythema nodosum that is temporally and perhaps causally associated with use of echinacea herbal therapy.
Soon 2001
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The possible adverse health effects associated with prolonged use or higher doses of the most popular medicinal herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea angustifolia are identified & characterized by National Toxicology Program which studies the substances to which the population may be exposed.
[No authors listed] 1999
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302 well people randomly divided to taking ethanolic extract of roots of E. purpurea or E angustifolia or placebo for 12 weeks. Adverse effects were reported by 18, 10 and 11, respectively. Treatment groups believed that they had more benefit.
Melchart 1998
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Echinacea lacks the 1,2 saturated necrine ring associated with hepatoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids but people warned anyway that more than 8 weeks use could be hepatoxic; don't use with steroids, amiodarone, methotrexate, or ketoconazole
Miller 1998
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A woman with atopy experienced anaphylaxis after taking, with other supplements, an echinacea extract. Hypersensitivity was confirmed by skinprick and RAST. 5% of atopy patients take echinacea
Mullins 1998
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Moderate mutagenicity in Salmonella reversion screening of Echinaceae angustifoliae (which does not contain quercetin)
Schimmer 1994
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4 weeks orally of many times the human therapeutic dose or single intravenous doses of expressed juice of E purpurea proved virtually non-toxic to rats and mice
Mengs 1991
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The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has announced that it will design and initiate studies to identify and characterize possible adverse health effects that may be associated with prolonged use or higher doses of some of the most popular medicinal herbs, including Echinacea angustifolia
(NIEHS, NIH)
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Interactions
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Identification of herb-chemotherapeutic drug combinations in a defined group of cancer patients shows that minor clinical potential for cytochrome P-450 interactions in humans was indicated for green tea and Echinacea.
Engdal 2009
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The interaction potential of Echinacea purpurea towards P-glycoprotein mediated drug transport was studied in human intestinal Caco-2 cells which showed a dose dependent E. purpurea inhibition of P-gp.
Hansen 2009
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[Herb-drug interactions: theory versus practice.]
Cott 2008
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Herbal remedies made from Echinacea purpurea appear to have a low potential to generate cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) drug-herb interactions including CYP 450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and CYP 450 3A4 (CYP3A4).
Freeman 2008
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The effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort & Echinacea on clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans was studied using debrisoquine as CYP2D6 substrate. Except goldenseal, other herbs did not show significant interaction.
Gurley 2008
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The in vitro inductive potential of six commonly used trade herbal products on CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 metabolic activities was evaluated. A general inhibitory potential was observed for horse chestnut, Echinacea purpurea and common sage.
Hellum 2007
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Some complementary and alternative medicines like kava-kava, vitamin E, quercetin, ginseng, garlic, beta-carotene, and echinacea are capable of causing interactions with anticancer drugs.
Meijerman 2006
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Review on possible drug-metabolism interactions of medicinal herbs with antiretroviral agents shows that Echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, milk thistle, and St. John's wort have the potential to cause significant interactions.
van den Bout-van den Beukel 2006
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Clinical trial using 12 healthy volunteers (6 women, 6 men) revealed that the botanical supplements containing Citrus aurantium, milk thistle, or saw palmetto extracts & Echinacea purpurea appear to pose a minimal risk for cytochrome P450-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans.
Gurley 2004
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The herb has been recommended as a prophylactic treatment for upper respiratory infection and is widely used for this indication & no significant herb-drug interactions with echinacea have been reported.
Kligler 2003
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This review is a brief account of interactions involving garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, echinacea, and St John's wort. [Article in German]
Morike 2003
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Anaesthetists and surgeons must be familiar with the effects of herbal medicines and should specifically enquire about the use of herbal medicines during pre-operative assessment. Currently available data suggest that herbal medicines should be ceased 2 weeks before surgery.
Hodges 2002
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Many herbal remedies such as echinacea, garlic, ginseng, gingko, ephedra, and St. John's wort found to have potential for adverse interactions with medications commonly prescribed for various cardiovascular disorders.
Aggarwal 2001
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No herbal-drug interactions were found for echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallida) in literature searches of the following databases: Medline (via Pubmed), Cochrane Library, Embase and Phytobase.
Izzo 2001
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Review on interaction between herbal medicines and drugs shows that problematic plants include Echinacea, Allium cepa, Gingko biloba, Panax ginseng, as well as Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, or Glycyrrhiza glabra. [Article in Czech]
Tumova 2000
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Animal Studies
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Findings suggestd that Echinacea possesses a protective effect on the liver against the Cyproterone Acetate toxicity by increasing auto immunity and blood picture components in rats.
Ali 2008
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Results obtained using the mouse subcutaneous immunization model with seven botanicals including Echinacea lipophilic, neutral and acidic extracts purported to have immune stimulant effects, are described.
Ragupathi 2008
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The prophylactic effects of levamisole and Echinacea extract on teratogenic effects of phenytoin was compared using 32 pregnant mice which revealed that Echinacea can stimulate immune system more than levamisole and has better prophylactic effect on phenytoin-induced cleft palate.
Khaksary Mahabady 2006
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The prophylaxis effects of two natural immune-modulating agents, garlic (Allium sativum) extract and Echinovit C preparation and synthetic derivative of 1,2,4-triasole on non-specific immunity indices was evaluated and compared in slaughter turkey-hens.
Truchli? 2006
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Regular intake of Echinacea in mice was found be beneficial/ prophylactic, because it maintains in an elevated state, NK cells, prime elements in immunosurveillance against spontaneous-developing tumors, a phenomenon which increases in frequency with progressive aging.
Brousseau 2005
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It was found that Echinacea purpurea was used as a feed additive to achieve immune stimulating efficiency in pig production and increase feed-to-gain-conversion.
Maass 2005
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In vivo, Polinacea, a new standardized hydroethanolic extract from Echinacea angustifolia roots containing echinacoside (>4%), showed immune stimulating activity by reducing the Candida albicans induced mortality both in normal and in cyclosporin A-treated mice.
Morazzoni 2005
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Ingestion of Melanin, dietary mucosal immune modulator from Echinacea & other botanical supplements, by mice for 4 days increases production ex vivo of interferon-gamma by spleen cells & IgA and interleukin-6 by Peyer's patch cells.
Pugh 2005
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Atropa belladonna & Echinacea angustifolia, when prepared in 'accord of potencies', was found to modulate peritoneal inflammatory reaction in mice and have a cytoprotective action on leukocytes.
Pedalino 2004
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The antiandrogenic effect of Echinacea was examined on sexual glands of male rats resulting in significant reduction in percentage of testicle and of body mass, as well as histological changes after 8 weeks of consuming extract of Echinacea purpurea.
Skaudickas 2004
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Evaluation of prophylactic use of Echinacea purpurea extract on the development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in various strains of mice resulted in diminished bacteria number in livers of C57Bl/6 (susceptible strain) as well as B6C3F1 (relative resistant strain) mice.
Bany 2003b
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Oral administration of the Alchinal, which contain 3 substances including Echinacea purpurea extract, twice a day in 30 microl doses for 10 days after infecting mice with Trichinella larvae, suggested the remedy causes antiparasitic immunity enhancement in mice.
Bany 2003a
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Administration of Echinacea (50 mg/kg of aerial parts) in 12-month-old, healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats over an 8-week period increased circulating total white cell counts and interleukin (IL-2) levels during the final 5 weeks.
Cundell 2003
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The acute use of Echinacea purpurea is supported by anecdotal reports, and the potential enhancement of humoral immune responses as well as innate immune responses demonstrated using female Swiss mice.
Freier 2003
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Results suggest Echinacea purpurea did not enhance growth, exhibit antiviral effects to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, or show any evidence of immune enhancing properties in 120 weaned pigs.
Hermann 2003
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Administration of Echinacea powder (1:3) with food at a dose of 1.0 g/10 kg body weight once daily for 8 weeks showed improvement for 92% of 39 dogs with manifestations of canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections.
Reichling 2003
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Feeding of usual food ratio plus 50 mg/kg of Echinacea extract for 8 weeks decreased the prostate weight of 3-month old male Wistar rats, increased the number of lymphocyte as well as the alterations of histological structures.[Article in English, Lithuanian]
Skaudickas 2003
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Administration of a herbal immuno-modulator, containing 6 drugs including Echinaceae purpureae caused enhancement of antibody response against sheep red blood cells, inducing an increase in numbers of splenic plaque forming cells and titers of specific antibodies in treated animals.
Bodinet 2002
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Oral treatment of an aqueous-ethanolic extract of 4 medicinal drugs including Echinaceae purpureae radix and E. pallidae radix, on the course of Influenza A virus infection in Balb/c mice increased the survival rate, prolonged the mean survival time and reduced lung consolidation and virus titer.
Bodinet 2002
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Results demonstrate that therapy involving specific tumor cell immunization, followed by daily phytotherapy (Echinacea purpurea), sensitized the immune cells in mice and led to life span prolongation greater than that provided by immunization alone.
Currier 2002
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Results suggest that Echinacea purpurea alkylamides at a dose level of approximately 12 microg/kg body effectively stimulate alveolar macrophage function in healthy rats. The immunomodulatory effects of alkylamides appear to be more pronounced in lungs than in spleen.
Goel 2002
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The Echinacea preparations containing optimal concentrations of cichoric acid, polysaccharides and alkylamides were potentially effective in stimulating an in vivo, non-specific immune response in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats (425-475 g).
Goel 2002
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Horses treated with Echinacea showed stimulated immunocompetence, increased haemoglobin and erythrocytes levels.
O'Neill 2002
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Oral administration of Echinacea purpurea at 100 mg kg(-1) twice daily for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice showed significant inhibition of the formation of oedema.
Raso 2002
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Results confirm anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of E. pallida and its constituent echinacoside in rats, after topical application, with respect to E. purpurea and control.
Speroni 2002
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Echinacea and Glycyrrhiza monoextracts alone showed lower RCt/RCc-values than Revitonil (phytopharmaceutical containing both), a potentiating synergistic effect of the extract mixture can be postulated as revealed by the in vivo carbon-clearance model in mice.
Wagner 2002
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Individual administration to mice of either Echinacea purpurea and melatonin was either without effect (E. purpurea) or even advantageous (melatonin) to granular leukocytes and their precursors, myeloid cells, but when administered together, these agents significantly perturbed myelopoiesis.
Currier 2001
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Three months after leukemia onset, Echinacea purpurea-treated mice still had 2-3 times the normal numbers of NK cells in their spleens and all the major hemopoietic and immune cell lineages in their bone marrow birth site. No leukemic, untreated mice remained alive at 3 months.
Currier 2001
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In normal 3-week-old female AKR/J mice, mortality from thymic lymphoma was delayed markedly after injection into the thymus of cell-free extract of thymus from the experimental 28-week-old female AKR/J mice that received the oral Echinacea purpurea preparation was injected directly into the thymus.
Hayashi 2001
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Results suggest no evidence of altered natural killer cell activity, T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity, or specific antibody formation in male rats (225 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg commercial echinacea) for 6 weeks. Antibody formation was significantly suppressed in female but not males.
South 2001
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The natural preparation of the herbs (Calendula officinalis L., Echinacea purpurea L., Scorzonera humilis L., Aconitum moldavicum Hacq.) normalized both the activity of the investigated enzymes and coefficients of the liver weights of sick animals. [Article in Ukrainian]
Marchenko 2000
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Medicinal plants like Echinacea angustifolia or Goldenseal found to enhance immune function by increasing antigen-specific immunoglobulin production in rats which were injected with the novel antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) & re-exposed to KLH after the initial exposure.
Rehman 1999
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The specific nature of Echinacea-derived phytochemicals as stimulants of natural-killer cells and monocytes which are responsible for nonspecific immunity, as the first line of defense against virus-infected/transformed cells was demonstrated in normal mice.
Sun 1999
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Immunomodulating activity of E gloriosa, E. angustifolia and Rudbeckia speciosa ethanol-water extracts for mice
Bukovsky 1995
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Homoeopathic combination of Lachesis, Pyrogenium, Echinacea and Chlorophyll for vetinary respiratory infections is comparable to Oxytetrazycline or the combination of Sulfadimidin and Trimethoprim
Schutte 1994
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Ethanol extract from roots of E. gloriosa, E. angustifolia and Rudbeckia speciosa stimulates immunity in mice, especially lysosomal and peroxidal activity on the 7th day
Bukovsky 1993
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Phagocytic, metabolic and bactericidal activities of peritoneal macrophages stimulated by E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, Rudbeckia fulgida and R. speciosa. Echinacea also increased total weight of the spleens
Bukovsky 1993
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Radiation antioxidant protection by Echinacea purpurea, emoxypine and citomedine mobilize vitamins E and A in rats so should be used with vitamin supplementation
Paranich 1993
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Polysaccharides from E purpurea cell cultures activate human and murine phagocytes, increase TNF and improve response to tumor, Leishmania, Listeria and Candida
Steinmuller 1993
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Purified polysaccharides of E purpurea enhance macrophage production of IL1, TNF-a and IL6 and inhibition of Candida. There is also increased phagocyte proliferation in spleen and marrow and granulocyte migration
Roesler 1991
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Extracts of E. angustifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Baptisia tinctoria and Arnica montana stimulate phagocytosis
Wagner 1991
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E. angustifolia increases serum immunoglobulin in Leghorn chickens
Schranner 1989
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Ethanolic extracts of E. purpurea, E. pallida and E. angustifolia roots enhance phagocytosis seen in the carbon clearance test with mice and in the granulocyte test. Lipophilic fractions appeared to be more active than the polar fractions
Bauer 1988
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Topical anti-inflammatory activity with the Croton oil ear test shows that the E angustifolia 30- 100 kD aqueous fraction was the most active in inhibiting the oedema and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells
Tragni 1988
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Echinacin (from E. purpureae) reduced post-operative skin necrosis
Meissner 1987
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Polysaccharidic fraction from E angustifolia roots inhibited carrageenan and croton induced inflammation and reduced leukocytic infiltration. Effect was slightly inferior to indomethacin
Tubaro 1987
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Topically applied root extract of E. angustifolia inhibited croton or carrageenan induced edema more potently than benzidamine
Tragni 1985
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[Influence of Echinacea purpurea extracts on properdin levels in rabbits.]. [Article in German]
Busing 1958
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Pharmacodynamics
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It is found that After Flowing Through Immobilized Receptor is a promising method for screening selective active compounds from herbal medicine and that cynarin, found in Echinacea purpurea, has great potential as an immuno-suppressive agent.
Dong 2009
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Findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Echinacea might be due to multiple active metabolites working together to switch macrophage activation from classical activation towards alternative activation.
Zhai 2009
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The species that produced the highest mortality and control percentage on in vitro tick, tested by immersion method, included Echinacea angustiofilia and E. angustifolia, P. punctatum respectively. [Article in Spanish]
Alvarez 2008
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Echinacea purpurea extracts showed antiviral activity, with evidence suggesting that cichoric acid may be involved. Echinacea roots had potent activity as agonists of TRPV1, a mammalian pain receptor reported as an integrator of inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia.
Birt 2008
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The cytotoxic effects of 5 compounds including 2 polyacetylenes isolated from the n-hexane extract of Echinacea pallida roots by bioassay-guided fractionation, were investigated on human pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 & colonic COLO320 cancer cell lines & found to have a direct cytotoxicity on cancer cells.
Chicca 2008
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It is indicated that the ketoalkenes from Echinacea pallida are not responsible for immunomodulatory effects mediated via the cannabinergic system. However, newly synthesized non-natural analogues showed micro-molar potency at both cannabinoid receptors.
Egger 2008
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Modulation of ovine neutrophil function & apoptosis by standardized extracts of Echinacea angustifolia, Butea frondosa & Curcuma longa were evaluated & showed that Curcuvet has antiinflammatory activity, whereas Polinacea & B. frondosa have an immunomodulatory action on sheep neutrophils.
Farinacci 2008
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Certain endocannabinoid-like fatty acid N-alkylamides from purple coneflower (ECHINACEA spp.) potently activate CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Study focused on the plant fatty acid amides and their overall cannabinomodulatory effects.
Gertsch 2008
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[Prophylactic effects of Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide against lethal ocular herpes simplex virus type I.]
Ghaemi 2008
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Many of most commonly used complementary and alternative medicines including cats claw, astragalus, ginseng, echinacea, mistletoe, milk thistle, slippery elm, cayenne, chamomile, don quai, meadowsweet, motherwort & shepherd's purse, exhibited relatively weak tumoricidal effects.
Mazzio 2008
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Potent monocyte/macrophage activating bacterial lipoproteins within commonly used immune enhancing botanicals such as Echinacea, American ginseng and alfalfa sprouts have been identified.
Pugh 2008
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Study demonstrated that Echinacea angustifolia extract can stimulate mammary epithelial cell physiology and may be considered a candidate to support mammary gland activity during a mammogenetic and lactogenetic state.
Starvaggi Cucuzza 2008
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It is demonstrated that an endotoxin-free Echinacea purpurea extract enriched for plant polysaccharide activates the innate immune response, stimulating production of IL-6, TNF, IL-12, and NO from macrophages in vitro.
Sullivan 2008
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Cannabis sativa L. with the known plant cannabinoid, Delta(9-) tetrahydrocannabinol and Echinacea species with the cannabinoid receptor-binding lipophilic alkamides are the best known herbal cannabimimetics.
Woelkart 2008
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The effects of plant extracts including Echinacea on the viability, membrane integrity, antioxidant status & DNA integrity of Caco-2 cells as well as cytoprotective & genoprotective effects of these plant extracts against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells were determined.
Aherne 2007
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Study of the effect of aqueous extract of Echinacea purpurea roots on the murine antibody response to Bothrops asper snake venom in vivo showed increase in percentage of lymphoproliferation.
Chaves 2007
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The potential in vitro cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties of hexanic root extract of the three medicinal Echinacea species (Echinacea pallida, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea) on the human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 and colon cancer COLO320 cell lines was investigated.
Chicca 2007
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It is shown that the chloroform extract of Carduus nutans (nodding thistle) aerial parts (IC50, 9.3 microg/mL) and the hexane extract of Echinacea angustifolia DC. (narrow-leaved purple coneflower) root (IC50, 4.0 microg/mL) were moderately to highly cytotoxic to the lung cancer cell line.
Ram?z-Erosa 2007
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All Echinacea species significantly decreased inflammatory mediators in vitro, however, only E. angustifolia and E. purpurea reduced bacterial killing.
Zhai 2007
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The plant antimicrobial berberine, the active component of the medicinal plants echinacea and golden seal, is a cation that is readily extruded by bacterial multidrug-resistance pumps, thereby rendering it relatively ineffective as a therapeutic agent.
Ball 2006
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The products formed by incubation of an Echinacea extract & an isolated alkylamide with human liver microsomes was characterized & the influence of E.purpurea alkylamides & metabolites on cytokine production by Jurkat human T cells were evaluated which showed immunomodulatory effects.
Cech 2006
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Influences of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) on proliferation & IgM-production of mouse lymphocytes as well as nitrite-& IL6-production of mouse macrophages were investigated in vitro. AGPs were isolated & purified from roots of Echinacea pallida & suspension culture of E. purpurea.
Classen 2006
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It is found that N-alkyl amides from purple coneflower (Echinacea spp.) constitute a new class of cannabinomimetics, which specifically engage and activate the cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors.
Gertsch 2006
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Echinacea angustifolia root extracts showed proliferative activity on cancer cells which also interefered with doxorubicin cytotoxicity. The phenolic compounds are found to be responsible for this proliferative action.
Huntimer 2006
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The concentration of compound that inhibited cell growth by 50% (IC(50)) of a range of phytochemicals and plant extracts including bearberry and Echinacea purpurea was determined and their antioxidant and genoprotective effects under conditions of oxidative stress in U937 cells was investigated.
O'Brien 2006
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The cytotoxic activity of the isolated constituents of Echinacea purpurea against MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated in the concentration range 1-100 microg/ml.
Pellati 2006
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Alkylamides present in Echinacea purpurea suppress the ability of activated Jurkat T cells to produce IL-2 independently of direct, cytotoxic effects.
Sasagawa 2006
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It is indicated that tinctures from different Echinacea species have different patterns of immune modulation and certain species may be efficacious in the immune response to viral infection.
Senchina 2006
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The effects of Echinacea treatment and rhinovirus infection on the activation of a range of transcription factors in uninfected cells and rhinovirus-infected cells were evaluated by means of a protein/DNA array analysis.
Sharma 2006
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The in vitro and in vivo research demonstrates that the 18 reviewed botanical medicines including Echinacea purpurea & Grifola frondosa, modulate the secretion of multiple cytokines.
Spelman 2006
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Bioassay suggests that echinacea, propolis, elder, mastic gum, marigold, sage, lavender, thyme, and chamomile may inhibit halitosis.
Sterer 2006
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Flow cytometric investigations show binding of an isolated arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) from pressed juice of the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea to the cell surface of human leucocytes. AGP demonstrates binding to lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of different donors.
Thude 2006
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It is demonstrated for the first time that Echinacea purpurea extracts can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) differentiation and expression of specific immune-related genes in DCs.
Wang 2006
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The Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 100 was used in the plate-incorporation test to examine the antimutagenic potential of caffeic, ferulic and cichoric acids extracted from plant species of genera Echinacea, as well as of other phenolic acids and sodium azide mutagenicity.
Birosov?005
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The radical scavenging activities of methanolic extracts of roots of Echinacea species evaluated in vitro using the DPPH* radical scavenging method shows that the EC50 values of the samples ranged from 122 to 1223 microg/mL.
Pellati 2005
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Homemade Echinacea extracts were found to be efficacious in modulating immune cell activity in vitro but their properties changed with time during storage at 4 degrees C & the endotoxin effects from extracts were important in the analysis of immunobiological data.
Senchina 2005
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The peroral administration of the macromolecular components of a herbal immunomodulator isolated from 4 mixed herbal drugs including Echinaceae purpureae radix & Echinaceae pallidae radix found to modulate the mucosal immune response in mice.
Bodinet 2004
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Monoclonal antibodies against an arabinogalactan-proteins from pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea with complement-stimulating activity is established by means of hybridoma techniques.
Classen 2004
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A first time about the possible molecular mechanism of action of Echinacea, highlights the role of alkylamides as potent immunomodulators and potential ligands for cannabinoid CB2 receptors.
Gertsch 2004
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The immune stimulatory ability of components contained within Echinacea purpurea extracts offer insight into possible therapeutic potential of this product to regulate non-adherent lymphocytes in immune responses and activation events.
Hwang 2004
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Purple Coneflower(Echinacea purpurea) preparation from roots found to activate the cellular immunity and stimulate phagocytosis of neutrophils in vitro, in vivo and after rinsing of mouth cavity. [Article in Lithuanian]
Jurkstiene 2004
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Protective effects of Echinacea purpurea against radiation by evaluating changes in the peripheral blood cell count and peripheral blood antioxidant activity was studied & the effects of immune activation by E. purpurea investigated by measuring total immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM).
Mishima 2004
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Study on botany, cultivation, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology and toxicology of Echinacea purpurea carried out & 2 other species E. angustifolia and E. pallida also included in the taxonomic, cultivation & pharmacognostic studies. [Article in Chinese]
Zhang 2004
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Combined live vaccination and feed supplementation with 0.1% or 0.5% Echinacea purpurea to challenge infection with coccidia in an experimental model during the first 2 weeks of life provided significant weight gain advantage compared to live vaccination alone.
Allen 2003
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Review on medicinal properties of Echinacea indicates that Phagocytotic indices & macrophage-derived cytokine concentrations have been shown to be Echinacea-responsive in a variety of assays & used in the treatment for acute upper respiratory infection.
Barrett 2003
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Echinacea & St. John's wort at the 2 dose levels (30 and 100 mg kg(-1) per day) found to modulate apoptosis in mice splenic lymphocytes in vivo & the action could be mediated in part by a decrease in Fas-Ag expression & in part by an increase in Bcl-2 expression.
Di Carlo 2003
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Treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Echinacea extracts at the concentration of 0.1 microg/ml showed that the extracts are potent activators of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity.
Gan 2003
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[Immuno-modulating properties of medicinal plant preparation from Echinacea purpurea].[Article in Russian]
Kislova 2003
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Advances in scientific methodology to understand the actions of some herbal medicines (e.g., Echinacea, Ginkgo, St John's wort, Cannabis), as well as to ethnopharmacology and biotechnology, have been summarized.
Phillipson 2003
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In vitro exposure of THP-1 cells to 250 microg/ml of Echinacea species extracts induced expression (up to 10-fold) of the interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, intracellular adhesion molecule, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10 genes.
Randolph 2003
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The complement activating effects of AGP (arabinogalactan-protein) found to contribute to the well-established immunostimulating effects of the pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea.
Alban 2002
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Among 5 herbal remedies, Chizukit N (containing propolis and Echinacea, claimed to be immune enhancers) caused a moderate increase in interleukin (IL)-10 production (1.4 fold). Both Protec and Chizukit N caused moderate decreases in IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6 production.
Barak 2002
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Preparations made from the pressed juice of the flowering aerial parts of the Purple Coneflower, Echinacea purpurea represent the most commonly used herbal immunnomodulatory agents and the stimulation of makrophages and induction of cytokins are major parts of the mode of action. [Article in German]
Bauer 2002
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Extracts of 8 taxa of the genus Echinacea were found to have antiviral activity against Herpes simplex (HSV) virus Type I in vitro when exposed to visible and UV-A light. n-Hexane root extracts containing alkenes and amides were more active than ethyl acetate extracts containing caffeic acids.
Binns 2002
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The antioxidative properties of cynarin (from Cynara scolymus), rosmarinic acid (from Rosmarinus officinalis), echinacoside (from Echinacea species), puerarin (from Pueraria lobata), and oleuropein (from Olea europea) were evaluated by using a new Briggs-Rauscher reaction method.
Cervellati 2002
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At 100 microg/ml, several Echinacea purpurea alkamides inhibited COX-I and COX-II enzymes in the range of 36-60% and 15-46%, respectively, as compared to controls.
Clifford 2002
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This article provides a clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety for several herbs. Echinacea may be helpful in the treatment or prevention of upper respiratory tract infections, but trial data are not fully convincing.
Ernst 2002
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Thirty-six extracts of 32 herbs belonging to 27 families in use as herbal remedies, including echinacea, were found to inhibit the Epstein--Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA)in Raji cells exposed to the tumor promoter TPA (32 pM) by more than 90%.
Kapadia 2002
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Immunomodulating & antiviral characteristics of the single active ingredients Echinaceae (purpureae et pallidae)radix, Baptisiae tinctoriae radix & Thujae occidentalis herba & the combination Esberitox N is verified in vitro, in vivo, in animal study & in human pharmacology. [Article in German]
Kohler 2002
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Investigaton of the ability of nutraceutical exposure to influence the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria revealed that Garlic, Echinacea & zinc products all caused large increases in the MIC to ampicillin over baseline values.
Ward 2002
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Strong evidence that high doses of antioxidant vitamins, glutamine supplementation or echinacea extracts can prevent exercise-induced immunosuppression is lacking.
Gleeson 2001
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The University of Arizona has initiated a study on the use of echinacea in the prevention of recurrent otitis media. The number and diversity of echinacea preparations are detailed; the role of the physician as "botanical" advisor to patients and families is examined.
Mark 2001
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Hexane extracts of Echinacea variably inhibit growth of yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida shehata, C. kefyr, C. albicans, C. steatulytica and C. tropicalis under near UV irradiation (phototoxicity) & to a lower extent without irradiation (conventional antifungal activity).
Binns 2000
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Echinacea purpurea, but not thyroxin, increased NK cell numbers in the bone marrow generation site of aging mice, leading to an increase in the absolute numbers of NK cells in the spleen, which is their primary destiny.
Currier 2000
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Root extracts of Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea were capable of scavenging hydroxyl radical. Similar scavenging activities for each variety were found for both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and ABTS radical.
Hu 2000
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The consensus of the studies reviewed in this article is that echinacea is effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms, but that this effect is noted only with certain preparations of echinacea
Percival 2000
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Echinacea herb and root powders were found to stimulate murine macrophage cytokine secretion as well as to significantly enhance the viability and/or proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.
Rininger 2000
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Herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid showed high concentrations of echinacea and ginkgo reduced oocyte penetration and exposure of sperm to echinacea purpura and St. John's wort resulted in DNA denaturation.
Ondrizek 1999
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An antigen-independent model phytoimmunomodulation is described using an allopathic herbal combined preparation containing Echinacea root, wild indigo root, and white cedar leaf tips
Wustenberg 1999
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In vitro testing against various strains of herpes with a proprietary blend of benzalkonium chloride and E purpurea
Thompson 1998
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0.012 mcg/ml of juice of E purpurea increased human macrophage levels of IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10
Burger 1997
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Both echinacea and ginseng, at 0.1 or 10 mcg/kg, respectively, enhanced NK-function and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
See 1997
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Benefit (mainly nonspecific cellular immune system) from juice of upper parts of E purpurea and alcohol extracts of roots of E pallida, E angustifolia and E purpurea attributed to polysaccharides, glycoproteins, caffeic acids (cichoric acid) and alkamides
Bauer 1996
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Type III collagen is protected from radical-induced degradation by microM concentrations of echinacoside
Facino 1995
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The antimicrobial activity of mercurius cyanatus complex & its components including Echinacea angustifolia D1, was tested in vitro by serial dilution tests against 105 clinical isolates (gram positive/ negative, aerobes & anaerobes with relevance for pharyngitis).[Article in German]
Vestweber 1995
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Viral antigens appear earlier from herpes stimulated immature T cell HSB2 cells treated with echinacin, timunox and TP-1, but not with isoprinosine
Eichler 1994
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Polyunsaturated alkamides isolated from 4 species, including Achillea & Echinacea angustifolia DC., were shown to possess inhibitory activity in in vitro cyclooxygenase (sheep seminal microsomes) and 5-lipoxygenase (porcine leukocytes) assays.
Muller-Jakic 1994
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E. purpurea preparations increased the in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes from healthy donors by 30-45%
Wildfeuer 1994
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Echinacea purpurea extract dose dependently stimulates reaction of the granulocytes--phagocytis and therefore chemilumenescence
Gaisbauer 1990
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A mixture of Echinacea, Aconitum, Apis and Lachesis stimulated adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, but inhibited chemiluminescence of PMN
Stahl 1990
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Echinacoside (phenylpropide) appears to be responsible for hepato-protective effect of Buddleja species leaves
Houghton 1989
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Acidic arabinogalactan, a purified polysaccharide (MW 75 kD) from E. purpurea cell cultures, activates macrophages against tumor Leishmania to produce TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IFN-B2. T and B cells are unchanged
Luettig 1989
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Echinacoside (from Rehmannia root) inhibition of hemolytic plaque-forming cells
Sasaki 1989
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Review of antiviral and immune stimulant substances in Echinaceae
Sicha 1989
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Echinacin stimulates production of lymphokines by lymphocytes
Coeugniet 1987
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Polysaccharide fractions with molecular weights in the range of 25 000 to 500 000 and higher, isolated from Echinacea purpurea, showed significant immunostimulating activities. [Article in German]
Wagner 1985
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Echinacea purpurea plant polysaccharides strongly activate macrophages with increased secretion of oxygen radicals and interleukin 1. Little effect on B cells and no effect on T cells
Stimpel 1984
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The polysaccharide fractions isolated from 9 medicinal plants including Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and -angustifolia DC., according to the granulocytes- and carbon clearance tests, showed significant immunostimulating activities. [Article in German]
Wagner 1984
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[Evaluation of the effect of Calendula officinalis and Echinacea angustifolia extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro]. [Article in Polish]
Samochowiec 1979
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[Virus-inhibition by echinacea purpurea]. [Article in German]
Wacker 1978
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[Antiviral activity of components of Echinacea purpurea]. [Article in German]
Orinda 1973
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[Decrease of leukocyte resistance by chloronitrine and its prevention by Echinacin.]. [Article in German]
Bolland 1964
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[Experimental studies on a plant extract from Echinacea purpurea Moench as a nonspecific irritant. With special reference to the effect on the adrenal cortex.]. [Article in German]
Mostbeck 1962
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[Experimental tests of a plant extract from Echinacea purpurea Moench as a nonspecific stimulant with special reference to the effects on the adrenal cortex.]. [Article in German]
Mostbeck 1962a
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[Research in man and animal on the effect of Echinacea extracts on artificial formation of connective tissues after fibrin implantations.] [Article in German]
Tunnerhoff 1956
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[Experimental studies on the effect of Echinacea purpurea on the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system.]. [Article in Undetermined Language]
KOCH 1953a
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[Experimental studies on local tissue effect of Echinacea purpurea Moench.]. [Article in Undetermined Language]
KOCH 1953b
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The ability of Echinacea and its components to alter the immune response was examined in vitro in a macrophage cell line under either basal or immunostimulated conditions which showed that alkylamides from echinacea modulate induced immune responses in macrophages.
Matthias 2007
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Flow cytometric characterization of cellular viability & shape changes of neutrophils was a suitable and reliable approach for the quality test of immunomodulating phytomedicine, equimun, a fixed combination of Echinacea purpurea , Thuja occidentalis & elemental phosphorus based on bioassays.
Schuberth 2002
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Analytical Chemistry
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The amounts of total free amino acids varied widely between plants, from approximately 12 g in 100 g of Echinacea pallida extract to less than 60 mg in the same amount of Coleus forskohlii, Garcinia cambogia, and Glycine max.
Carrat?8
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The isolation and structure characterization of a dienone from the roots of Echinacea pallida, namely (8Z,11Z)-pentadeca-8,11-dien-2-one, are described; the compounds exert a dose-dependent cytotoxicity with a medium-level potency on the tested cell line.
Morandi 2008
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Validation of HPLC methods for identification of botanicals in Current GMP environment were applied for green tea leaf, ginseng root, eleuthero root, echinacea root, black cohosh rhizome, licorice root, kava root, milk thistle aerial parts, feverfew aerial parts & ginger root.
Reich 2008
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Investigation was carried out by designing a digital imaging system with simple equipment, developing an image analysis software based on novel algorithm, and validating the system in the TLC quantitative assay of cichoric acid present in Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.
Tie-xin 2008
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A divergent synthesis of (2E,4E,8E,10E)- and (2E,4E,8E,10Z)-N-isobutyldodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenamides from pent-4-yn-1-ol allowed identification of the (2E,4E,8E,10Z)-isomer for the first time in Echinacea species.
Matovic 2007
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A RP-HPLC method for the analysis of polyacetylenes and polyenes in Echinacea pallida roots and phytopharmaceuticals was developed.
Pellati 2007
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A new, rapid, and reproducible reversed-phased liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet absorption and/or mass spectrometry detection has been developed and validated for quantitation of cichoric acid, a major constituent of Echinacea spp.
Chen 2006
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An analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry showed that none of 47 metals was found in highly toxic amounts in 23 brands of ephedra-containing dietary supplements including black cohosh, echinacea and two nonprescription reference preparations.
Grippo 2006
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Determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in ginseng and other botanical roots including ginger and echinacea, by immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was carried out.
Trucksess 2006
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A high-resolution method was developed for regulatory control of Echinacea species in Nutraceuticals by Cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography in combination with pattern recognition of some caffeoyl solutes.
Bensalem 2005
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Two new alkamides, dodeca-2Z,4E,10Z-trien-8-ynoic acid isobutylamide from Echinacea angustifolia and dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide from E. purpurea and E.pallida were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with reported alkamides.
Chen 2005
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The arabinogalactan-proteins from pressed juices of Echinacea purpurea, which are used as non-specific immunostimulants, was isolated by precipitation with ss-glucosyl Yariv reagent, followed by gel-permeation chromatography.
Classen 2005
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In order to provide an authentic standard and to generate pure material for biological testing, an efficient synthetic route was developed and represents the first total synthesis of a major bioactive diynone from Echinacea pallida.
Kraus 2005
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Mercury determination in an assortment of dietary supplements including echinacea, ephedra, fish oil, ginger, ginkgo biloba, using an inexpensive combustion atomic absorption spectrometry technique was carried out.
Levine 2005
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An improved capillary electrophoresis method for determining cichoric acid which is an appropriate marker of the quality of E. purpurea containing product in dried press juice from purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), was developed.
Mancek 2005
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An arabinogalactan-protein and an arabinan, the high molecular weight constituents were identified and isolated from roots of Echinacea pallida by using Linkage analyses and NMR spectroscopy.
Thude 2005
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The total phenolic contents were found to be 10.49 mg/g, 17.83 mg/g & 23.23 mg/g for Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida & E. purpurea respectively and their free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH method.
Pellati 2004
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Botanical supplements including echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, grape seed extract, etc., analyzed for lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, etc. using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicated that they did not contain unacceptable concentrations of these metals.
Raman 2004
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A fast, simple and sensitive qualitative TLC method superior to HPLC method was developed to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix and to distinguish this drug from similar ones.
Schicke 2004
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The synthesis of 3 diacetylenic isobutylamides of Echinacea angustifolia(EA) was achieved by direct synthetic routes by way of a common intermediate. The presence of all 3 diacetylenic isobutylamides in 6 of the 9 Echinacea species including EA, E. sanguinea, E.simulata are reported.
Wu 2004
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A new test method for measuring the total antioxidant power of herbal products, based on solid-phase spectrophotometry was approved in the analysis of the most popular herbal beverages (black and green teas) & drugs (Echinacea products).
Zaporozhets 2004
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The alkamide concentration in 3 year roots of Echinacea purpurea was less than that in 2 year roots, with an average decrease of 50.5% but total phenolic acids increased an average of 70.0% for all treatments from 2 to 3 years of age.
Gray 2003
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The liquid chromatography method with reversed-phase column & coulometric electrochemical detection showed better sensitivity & selectivity in the determination of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements and tea blends containing Echinacea.
Luo 2003
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A reversed-phase HPLC which has been developed to determine caffeic acid derivatives, like cichoric acid & alkamides in plant parts & herbal products of Echinacea purpurea was the first one validated for determination of these 2 compounds using Naringenin as an internal standard.
Molgaard 2003
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Content of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ni & Li in root versus upper plant parts of Echinacea purpurea were determined, by flame atomic absorption & atomic emission spectrometry & the trace element data were evaluated by multivariate methods, i.e. principal component & hierarchical cluster analyses.
Razic 2003
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The measuring method of content of cichoric acid (CA) in Echinacea purpuea was successful and reliable by using reverse HPLC method & the maximum CA content of roots occured in seedling age of May & that of the flowers occured in blooming stage of mid July. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2003
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The estimation of maximum acceptable concentration of lead & cadmium in Echinacea purpurea revealed that the amounts of heavy metals do not exceed the allowable norms in fruits of Crataegus monogyna Jacq., herbs of Leonurus cardiaca L. & Echinacea purpurea Moench. [Article in Lithuanian]
Zitkevicius 2003
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Separation of nine important alkyl methylbutyl- and isobutylamides (known as alkamides) obtained from Echinacea purpurea extracts was investigated by using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
Gotti 2002
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Seventeen components, including the 11 alkamides known to Echinacea purpurea roots, were identified in the GC-MS traces of the analyzed fractions and efficiently separated in a turnaround time of 25 min.
Hudaib 2002
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A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for the identification of dried roots of Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. pallida and Parthenium integrifolium and hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were analysed simultaneously.
Laasonen 2002a
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Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a good tool for the fast identification of Echinacea purpurea roots if the samples are milled using the same procedure as for the calibration samples and adulterated E. purpurea samples can be detected at a minimum of 10% of adulteration.
Laasonen 2002b
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[Advances in the study of the chemical constituents and biological activities of 3 species of Echinacea].[Article in Chinese]
Li 2002
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5 water-soluble constituents were isolated by chromatography method from Echinacea purpurea & their structures including ampelopsisionoside were identified on the basis of spectral analyses. [Article in Chinese]
Li 2002
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Evaluation of commercial ginkgo and echinacea dietary supplements for colchicine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry did not show any contamination and no colchicine was detected in any of the samples.
Li 2002
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5 lipid compounds were isolated from Echinacea purpurea & the structures which includes 1 beta, 6 alpha-dihydroxy-4(14)-eudesmene were identified for the first time using spectral analyses.[Article in Chinese]
Lii 2002
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In contrast to the time-consuming HPLC method, the non-destructive NIR reflection and ATR-IR spectroscopy measurements allow to predict the echinacoside content in roots of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida with an analysis time of approx. one minute.
Schulz 2002
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The yield from supercritcal fluid extraction of alkylamides from fresh E. angustifolia roots increased with temperature, decreased with pressure. Air-dried root yields increased with both. Freeze-drying did not result in an increased yield.
Sun 2002
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Many goldenseal products which are currently available in the United States, either alone or in combination with Echinacea was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method which was developed for the detection and quantification of hydrastine and berberine.
Abourashed 2001
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Lipophilic root extracts of Echinacea pallida that were sprayed with 100 ppm of Methyl jasmonate, separated by HPLC, revealed increases in six alkamides or related ketoalkene/ynes produced by 34 day-old plants and in seven compounds produced by 58 day-old plants.
Binns 2001
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Alpha-L-Araf-(1-->2)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-[alpha-L-Araf-(1-->2)]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-D-Gal hexasaccharide was synthesized for the characterization of the supposed epitope of an arabinogalactan, isolated from the extract of cell-cultured Echinacea purpurea.
Csavas 2001
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A rapid and sensitive improved HPLC method developed for the separation and quantification of betaine in Echinacea products showed variations from 0.04 to 0.64% in their betaine content with a detection limit of 0.2 microgram/ml.
Ganzera 2001
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HPLC analysis method showed chicoric acid was the main phenolic in Echinacea purpurea roots (mean 2.27% summer, 1.68% autumn) and tops (2.02% summer, 0.52% autumn), and echinacoside was the main phenolic in E. angustifolia (1.04%) and E. pallida roots (0.34%).
Perry 2001
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Alcoholic extracts of roots and leaves of three Echinacea species were analysed for the characteristic chemicals by HPLC, UV and electrospray MS detectors. Extracts of all three were found to have antioxidant properties.
Sloley 2001
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An arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) from pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herb was isolated from a high molecular weight fraction by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, followed by gel-permeation chromatography.
Classen 2000
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Using HPLC, 6 alkamide fractions(AF) (alkamides 1, 2, 3, 6a/6, 7, 8/9) were quantitated in dried roots; four AF(alkamides 1, 2, 3, 8/9) were measured in leaves of Canadian-grown Echinacea purpurea after drying by various methods like freeze-drying, vacuum microwave drying & air-drying.
Kim 2000a
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For the characterisation of anticipated epitope of an arabinogalactan, isolated from extract of Echinacea purpurea, the trisaccharide alpha-L-Araf-(1->2)-beta-D-Galp-(1->6)-D-Gal was synthesized along with 2 other oligosaccharides including alpha-L-Araf-(1->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1->6)-D-Gal.
Borbas 1999
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Of 70 compounds identified from roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea, using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, more than 50 were reported for the first time.
Maze 1999
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(4-O-Methyl-alpha-D-glucurono)-D-xylan from Rudbeckia fulgida
Kardosova 1998
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Micellar electrokinetic chromatography was applied to define the fingerprints of Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea, and their mixtures.
Pietta 1998
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Automated TLC of alcohol extracts of E angustifolia and other plants
Gocan 1996
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Echinacoside and 6 other phenylpropanoid glycosides have hydroxyl radical scavenging with high rate constants of (0.97-1.91) x 10(10)L.mol-1.s-1. Activity relates to number of phenolic hydroxyl groups and o-dihydroxy group
Wang 1996
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FAB-MS of E angustifolia root ethylacetate extr. shows 2,3-O-dicaffeoyltartaric acid (chicoric acid), 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarine), 2-O-caffeoyltartaric acid (caffaric acid). Hyaluronidase IC50 was 0.4, 1.9, 0.6 mM, respectively
Facino 1993
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Echinacoside (caffeic glycoside esters) from several species of Oleaceae
Andary 1992
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There was no cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against arabinogalactan proteins from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea purpurea
Egert 1992
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E. paradoxa contains several ketoalkenynes and HPLC shows to have almost identical constituents as E. pallida. E. simulata contained alkamides as found in E. angustifolia and in addition ketoalkenynes as in E. pallida
Bauer 1991
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Germinating seeds of E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida have dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E(10Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (8/9), alkamides, alkene derivatives of isovalerianic acid but no 2-monoene alkalmides nor polyacetylenes
Schulthess 1991
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Review indicates most chemical analyses have been done with E angustifolia whereas biological activity was tested with E purpurea. Water extract of E angustifolia showed no effects on the immuno system using the carbon clearance test
Schumacher 1991
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Dithiacyclohexadiene from Rudbeckia hirta exhibit strong antibacterial and antifungal activity enhanced further by light which converts it to the corresponding thiophene
Constabel 1989
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[N-Alkanes of Echinacea angustifolia (author's transl)] [Article in German]
Verelis 1977
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Insect juvenile hormone activity is high in Echinacea angustifolia roots and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana seeds
Jacobson 1975
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Echinolone ((E)-10-hydroxy-4,10-dimethyl-4,11-dodecadien-2-one) from Echinacea angustifolia roots induces strong juvenilizing effects in the yellow mealworm
Jacobson 1975
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[The structure of echinacein, the insecticidal component of American coneflower roots.]
Jacobson 1967
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[The presence of polyacetylene compounds in Echinacea purpura Mnch and Echinacea angustifolia DC].
Schulte 1967
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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The relative bioavailability of major alkamides, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides, from Echinacea purpurea lozenges at 3 dose levels (0.07, 0.21 & 0.9 mg) was evaluated in a pharmacokinetic study in humans & the possible effects on immunological system were measured.
Guiotto 2008
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The study evaluated the effects of St. John's wort and Echinacea on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, a recognized P-gp substrate in 18 healthy volunteers which showed that Echinacea supplementation did not affect digoxin pharmacokinetics.
Gurley 2008
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The in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition profiles of Echinacea purpurea, St. John's wort & ketoconazole were evaluated by 3 different substrates: 7-benzyloxy-trifluoromethylcoumarin, 7-benzyloxyquinoline & testosterone which showed a weak inhibition potential of E. purpurea towards CYP3A4-mediated metabolism.
Hansen 2008
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Extracts of six commonly used herbal products, St. John's wort, common valerian, common sage, Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea & horse chestnut were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potential of CYP3A4 mediated metabolism & P-glycoprotein efflux transport activity.
Hellum 2008
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The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, the elucidation of metabolic pathways of the main alkamides after administration of three different Echinacea purpurea preparations in humans was determined.
Woelkart 2008
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Comparison of relative oral bioavailability of alkylamides from 2 different Echinacea dosage forms (liquid & tablet) in a small two-way crossover study in humans shows that there was no significant difference in the bioavailability of alkylamides from the liquid and tablet Echinacea formulations.
Matthias 2007
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The absorption, tissue distribution, and metabolism of trans-Caftaric acid which occurs in chicory and which is one of the bioactive components of Echinacea purpurea was investigated in the ligated stomach of anaesthetized rats.
Vanzo 2007
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The intake of milk thistle, Echinacea species, and goldenseal inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro and may increase antiretroviral drugs concentrations, but by clinically unimportant amounts.
Lee 2006
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In order to compare the bioavailability of alkamides from liquid and tablet preparations of Echinacea purpurea (Echinaforce) in humans and to study the effects on ex vivo stimulated blood cells, a randomized, single-dose, crossover study with 10 (8 test, 2 placebo) volunteers was performed.
Woelkart 2006
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Investigation of the metabolism of alkylamide components from an Echinacea preparation as well as that of pure synthetic alkylamides by human liver microsomes suggests they may affect the P450-mediated metabolism of other concurrently ingested pharmaceuticals.
Matthias 2005
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Examination of serial plasma samples from 9 healthy volunteers who ingested echinacea(E) tablets manufactured from Echinacea & E. purpurea provides evidence that alkamides are orally available & their pharmacokinetics are in agreement with the 1 dose 3 times daily regimen recommended for E.
Matthias 2005a
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Plasma samples obtained from a randomized, open, single-dose, crossover study after oral administration of a 60% E-OH extract from the roots of E. angustifolia to 11 healthy subjects were analysed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry.
Woelkart 2005
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Oral and intravenous midazolam administration before and after a short course of echinacea (400 mg 4 times a day for 8 days) in 12 healthy subjects in vivo selectively modulated the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 probed midazolam.
Gorski 2004
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The alkylamides from Echinacea found to diffuse through Caco-2 monolayers, which are a model of the intestinal epithelial barrier with an apparent permeability of 1 x 10(-4) cm/s but caffeic acid conjugates permeated poorly through the Caco-2 monolayers.
Matthias 2004
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Herbs with the potential to modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic, ginkgo, echinacea (E. purpurea), ginseng, St John' s wort and kava.
Sparreboom 2004
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The earlier findings on Hypericum (St. John's wort) & Echinacea purpurea activities have been confirmed and reported that extracts of Valeriana as well as a fish oil preparation were potent inhibitors of all human cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
Strandell 2004
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Alkamides from Echinacea species can be easily transported from the intestinum through Caco-2 monolayers and hence may contribute to the in vivo effects of Echinacea preparations.
Jager 2002
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A quantification method by which it is possible to detect dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides in human blood has been developed after oral application of Echinacea purpurea mother tincture.
Dietz 2001
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Among 21 commercial herbal extracts, Echinacea angustifolia roots, wild cherry, chamomile and licorice, which had IC50 values ranging from 1%-2% of full strength showed significant inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolite formation.
Budzinski 2000
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Study found that Echinacea pallida is a diverse allopolyploid, incorporating the genomes of Echinacea simulata and another taxon, possibly Echinacea sanguinea & the most recognized taxa of Echinacea can be identified by their distinct lipophilic metabolite fingerprints.
Wu 2009
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The specific and differential gene expression in human immature dendritic cells in response to treatment with a butanol fraction containing defined bioactive phytocompounds extracted from stems and leaves of Echinacea purpurea was investigated.
Wang 2008
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A Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA marker was converted for Echinacea purpurea into a SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) marker. SCAR-PCR revealed the expected amplicon (330 bp) only in E. purpurea and not in the other two species.
Adinolfi 2007
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The effects of Echinacea was examined by using gene expression analysis in a line of human bronchial epithelial cells, with or without rhinovirus infection.
Altamirano-Dimas 2007
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Thidiazuron-induced morphogenesis of Echinacea purpurea was investigated and the possibility of developing a liquid-based protocol for rapid micropropagation was assessed.
Jones 2007
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The application of DNA micro-arrays (gene arrays) to the study of herbal medicines including Echinacea was carried out.
Hudson 2006
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Phenetic comparison of seven echinacea species which are commonly used to treat upper respiratory infections based on immunomodulatory characteristics revealed that that Echinacea spp. act heterogeneously on immune function.
Senchina 2006
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Echinacea angustifolia populations found to exhibit genetic divergence along a north-south climatic gradient in North America, a region with no major geographical barriers.
Still 2005
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Study of the potential of 3 herbal products including Echinacea purpurea, to inhibit the in vitro enzymatic activity of 3 drug metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2D6 & 2C9.
Yale 2005
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Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to assess genetic diversity & phenetic relationships among 9 species & 3 varieties of Echinacea & the genetic distance results showed that average pairwise distance between populations were 3 times intra-population distances.
Kim 2004
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A total of 79 fragments from a monomorphic band of 273 bp and 48 fragments from a polymorphic band of 159 bp, isolated from individuals belonging to different populations, varieties, and species of Echinacea, were cloned and sequenced.
Mechanda 2004
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Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida & E. purpurea were distinguished using the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique & genetic distance analysis indicated a high degree of difference among the 3 species.
Nieri 2003
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Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the variation occurred within the accessions of the same species, though some accessions of both Echinacea pallida and E. angustifolia were found.
Kapteyn 2002
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Amplified restricted fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) data analysis was found to be a statistically significant predictor of phytochemical markers in cultivated Echinacea purpurea germplasm & some related wild species.
Baum 2001
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It is indicated that DNA heteroduplex mobility assay is a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate method not only for identifying and classifying phytoplasmas but also for studying the molecular epidemiology of phytoplasmas including isolates from Echinacea purpurea yellows.
Wang 2001
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The discrimination of all three pharmaceutically relevant Echinacea species by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was described.
Wolf 1999
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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The alkamide stability in Echinacea purpurea extracts with and without phenolic acids in dry films and in solution was monitored.
Liu 2007
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Highly water soluble fructans have been isolated from Echinacea purpurea roots by hot water extraction & precipitation at 3 different ethanol concentrations. The structure of fructans has been characterised by GC method & 13C NMR analysis and their degree of polymerisation assessed.
Wack 2006
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Echinacea, the herb widely used for the prevention or treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, exerts its action through immunostimulation & for oral administration, tablets, extracts, fresh pressed juice, teas and tinctures have been used.
Islam 2005
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Assessment of commercial formulations of saw palmetto, kava kava, echinacea, ginseng and St. John's wort for their consistent labeling revealed that the content did vary widely between brands e.g. total phenolic compounds in Echinacea ranged from 3.9-15.3 mg per serving.
Krochmal 2004
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Quality of chewable tablets of Echinacea purpurea liquid extract & Vit. C were evaluated in terms of appearance & technological rates like average tablet mass, hardness against pressure, hardness against wearing, time of disintegration & speed of ascorbic acid secretion. [Article in Lithuanian]
Bernatoniene 2003
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The variation in label information of products for each of the 10 most commonly purchased herbs echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, was described.
Garrard 2003
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Qualitative & quantitative assessment of Echinacea-only preparations available in a retail setting by TLC indicates that, of the samples, 6(10%)of 59 preparations contained no measurable Echinacea & assayed species content was consistent with labeled content in 31 (52%) of the samples.
Gilroy 2003
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Drying of root & aerial sections of Echinacea purpurea with hot air at temperatures in range 40-70 degrees C does not make any difference in concentration of the alkylamides at any drying temperature, but resulted in decreased concentration of cichoric acid.
Stuart 2003
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Treatment of 3 natural antioxidants, citric acid, malic acid, and hibiscus extract on glycerin extract of Echinacea purpurea greatly improved the stability of caffeic acid derivatives.
Bergeron 2002
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The validated micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method was applied to the determination of cichoric acid and related compounds in Echinacea purpurea root extracts, and in commercial E. purpurea based dried extracts and tablets.
Pomponio 2002
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[Need for additional, specific information in studies with Echinacea].
Dennehy 2001
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The effect of production-technological conditions in relation to the ontogenetic stage of plants in three different species of Echinacea purpurea, E. atrorubens, and E.pallida and the differences in the content of essential oil in different plant organs were evaluated. [Article in Slovak]
Vaverkova 2001
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Experiments comparing freeze-dried, freshly harvested Echinacea plants to those harvested & dried using various commercially relevant conditions suggest that variability in in vitro macrophage activation is predominantly due to bacterial lipoproteins & lipopolysaccharides.
Wang 2001
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Some traditional botanical extract marker compounds are esters and glycosides of phenolics such as echinacoside from Echinacea while others are free phenolics, such as quercetin from glycosides in Ginkgo.
Baugh 2000
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Review on evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold reveals that the results are unclear because of methodologic uncertainties, such as small populations and use of noncommercially available, nonstandardized dosage forms.
Giles 2000
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Using HPLC, chicoric acid & caftaric acid levels were quantitated in dried flowers of Canadian-grown Echinacea purpurea & these acids were found to be affected by the drying method conditions used.
Kim 2000b
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Inhibitor studies conducted with protein extracts prepared from dried overground parts of E. purpurea revealed that polyphenol oxidases (PPO) but not peroxidases are responsible for the oxidative degradation of exogenous and endogenous caffeic acid derivatives.
Nusslein 2000
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Pharmaceutical comparability study of different therapeutic Echinacea preparations indicates that preclinical and clinical studies with Echinacea-containing drugs should always include quantification of the potentially active components. [Article in German]
Osowski 2000
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Levels of alkamides in Echinacea purpurea fell by over 80% during storage at 24 degrees C for 64 weeks but chopping altered the levels of some alkamides slightly, whereas drying had no effect.
Perry 2000
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Results of a clinical trial in 263 patients of a commercially available fixed combination herbal remedy (Radix echinaceae, Radix baptisiae, Herba thujae) showed the superiority of the herbal remedy over placebo (p < 0.05).
Henneicke-von Zepelin 1999
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Stability study of an alkamide and a phenolic phytochemical marker in a hydro-alcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea root & a dried powder prepared by evaporation of the extract suggest that more attention should be given to the effect of formulation & temperature on storage of Echinacea products.
Livesey 1999
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An antigen-independent model phytoimmunomodulation is described using an allopathic herbal combined preparation containing Echinacea root, wild indigo root, and white cedar leaf tips
Wustenberg 1999
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GC/NPD and rapid screening TLC methods for the simultaneous determination of uracil herbicide residues (bromacil, lenacil, terbacil) in the roots of E angustifolia
Tekel 1998
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[The classification of therapeutically used species of the genus Echinacea].
Heinzer 1988
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Mixture of Thuja occidentalis, E angustifolia, E purpurea, Baptisia) improved phagocytosis of erythrocytes
Vomel 1985
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Echinacea" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Use of echinacea as a feed additive to enhance protection against coccidiosis
US Patent 6,767,546
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Antimicrobial treatment for herpes simplex virus and other infectious diseases
US Patent 6,355,684
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Echinacea extract as anti-irritant and anti-aging booster in cosmetic compositions
US Patent 6,379,716
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Method of increasing concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides and compositions containing the same
US Patent 6,306,443
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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It is shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization could play an important role in optimizing the growth of Echinacea purpurea by inducing the production of secondary phytomedicinal metabolites.
Araim 2009
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Seedlings of Echinacea purpurea were grown in soil collected beneath 10-year-old, experimental plant communities containing 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 native grassland species; seedlings grown in soil collected from experimental communities containing 16 plant species produced 70% more biomass.
Dybzinski 2008
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Experiments comparing the activity of freeze-dried, freshly harvested Echinacea plants to those harvested and dried using various commercially relevant conditions suggest that postharvesting procedures do not substantially contribute to the variation observed in the commercial material.
Tamta 2008
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The effects of light on growth rate and caffeic acid derivative biosynthesis in hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea were assessed.
Abbasi 2007
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The effects of local flowering plant density on pollination and of population size on mate availability in a common, self-incompatible purple coneflower, Echinacea angustifolia, growing in fragmented prairie habitat was investigated.
Wagenius 2007
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The kinetics of growth, the uptake of macronutrients, and the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives of caffeic acid derivatives were investigated in heterotrophically cultured hairy roots of Echinacea purpurea for a 50 day period.
Liu 2006
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A plant regeneration system from the isolated protoplasts of Echinacea purpurea L. using an alginate solid/liquid culture is described.
Pan 2006
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Reproduction in a three-year study of Echinacea angustifolia, purple coneflower, growing in a fragmented prairie landscape was investigated.
Wagenius 2006
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A method of the transformed hairy roots cultures of Echinacea purpurea was established by infecting different types of explants with three type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4, R1601 and R1000).
Wang 2006
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Echinacea plants grown in the controlled environment systems had higher or similar amounts of cynarin, caftaric acid, echinacoside and cichoric acid as previously reported in the literature for both field-cultivated and wild-harvested Echinacea plants.
Zheng 2006
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Callus of Echinacea augustifolia was used for isolation and the factors influencing the process of protoplasts preparation researched, results indicating that it was easy to isolate protoplast from buff-green Callus in E. augustifolia & it looked like granule with symmetrical character.
Liqing 2005
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The cold-moist stratification under light conditions is recommended as a method to break seed dormancy and increase germination rates in organic production of Echinacea.
Romero 2005
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Physical & chemical factors, such as scarification, chilling (5 degrees C) period, light and applied BA (6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acid & sound stimulation were found to enhance the germination of Echinacea angustifolia seeds.
Chuanren 2004
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The flowering response of Echinacea purpurea cv. Bravado found to increase with increasing duration of both the short day & long day treatments of photoperiods.
Heide 2004
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Four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Glomus mosseae, found to enhance survival rates and growth of Micropropagated plantlets of Echinacea pallida.
Lata 2003
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The highest amounts of cichoric acid were measured from the older, wild inflorescences of Echinacea pallida var.sanguinea, whereas the highest quantities of the alkamides 1-3 and 7 were present in roots of wild and transplanted E. purpurea.
Binns 2002
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A light-dependent response operating through light-labile phytochrome in which flowering is inhibited by an LD, and a light-stable phytochrome response in which flowering is promoted by a short-night are the 2 mechanisms proposed for the flowering behavior of Echinacea purpurea.
Runkle 2001
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Pharmacognostical studies of Echinacea purpurea were carried out by botanical analysis, microscopic analysis and physicochemical analysis. [Article in Chinese].
Zhang 2000
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[The classification of therapeutically used species of the genus Echinacea][Article in German]
Heinzer 1988
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[On the presence of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (Marmor Cucumeris H.)On Echinacea Purpurea (L.) Moench.][Article in German]
Muehle 1964
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Related Links
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Scroll down index of herbs to find Radix Echinaceae and Herba Echinaceae Purpureae within the pdf file in
WHO monograph
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D. May 1999 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Jerry Cott, Ph.D. July 2000 |
| REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD PhD March 2009 |
|
