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SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Aloe vera L.
FAMILY NAME:
Aloaceae
COMMON NAME:
aloe
  Evidence for Efficacy (Human Data)
   Clinical Trials  (17)
   Observational Studies/Case Reports  (29)
   Traditional and Folk Use  (8)
 Safety Data
   Adverse Effects & Toxicity   (27)
   Interactions   (4)
   Contraindications   (0)
  Evidence of Activity
   Animal Studies  (3)
   Pharmacodynamics  (48)
   Analytical Chemistry  (55)
   Pharmacokinetics (ADME)  (7)
   Genetics & Molecular Biology  (0)
 Formulas/Blends
   Contemporary Formulas   (7)
   Folk Blends   (0)
   Patents   (1)
  Other Information
   Pictures & Distribution Maps  (3)
   Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology  (4)
   Related Links  (4)
 Dynamic Updates
   Live PubMed Searches   (15)
  History of Records
   History of Record (1)
 
 
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EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA)
 
Clinical Trials
  [A phase III trial comparing an anionic phospholipid-based cream and aloe vera-based gel in the prevention and treatment of radiation dermatitis]. Bosley 2003
  Gradual delivery of AV gel to skin by dry-coated Aloe vera gloves produced improved skin integrity, decreased appearance of fine wrinkling, and decreased erythema in occupational dry skin and irritant contact dermatitis. West 2003
  Aloe vera gel did not significantly reduce radiation-induced skin side effects of breast cancer patients where as aqueous cream was useful in reducing dry desquamation and pain related to radiation therapy Heggie 2002
  Acemannan Hydrogel Patch significantly reduced the incidence of alveolar osteitis in molar extraction sites compared with clindamycin-soaked Gelfoam. Poor 2002
  The clinical effects of saline and Aloe vera rinses on periodontal surgical sites. (No abstract) Rieger 2002
  A clinical trial on whether use of mild soap alone or mild soap + Aloe vera gel would decrease incidence of skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy revealed a protective effect of adding Aloe to the soap regimen only when the cumulative dose increases over time. Olsen 2001
  Clear benefit could not be established of a gel containing silicon dioxide, aloe vera, and allantoin for healing of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers in a randomized 3-4-month trial Garnick 1998
  Cancer progression was slowed when A. vera tincture (1 ml twice/day) was added to melatonin (20 mg/day orally) than by melatonin alone in a small trial with 50 cancer patients Lissoni 1998
  Carrasyn, a hydrogel from aloe approved by the FDA for pressure ulcers, gave no advantage over a moist saline gauze dressing in a randomized trial with 30 patients for 10 weeks Thomas 1998
  Among cancer patients, radiation therapy-induced dermatitis was not reduced among those getting aloe gel Williams 1996
  The decline of CD4 in HIV patients was not prevented by acemannan @ 1600 mg/d orally Montaner 1996
  Slight to moderate chronic plaque-type psoriasis was cured in 4 weeks with 0.5% Aloe extract in 25/30 patients (83.3%) compared to the placebo cure rate of 2/30 (6.6%) and clearing of psoriatic plaques was 328/396 (82.8%) vs placebo 28/366 (7.7%) Syed 1996
  Burns healed faster with aloe vera gel than vaseline gauze, 12 vs. 18 days in a trial with 27 patients Visuthikosol 1995
  In a double-blind trial, a combination of celandin, aloe vera and psyllium, showed increased bowel movements, soft stools and less laxative dependence compared to placebo. Odes 1991
  From 21 women with healing complications after gynecologic surgery, those treated with aloe vera gel required 83 days and those on standard treatment healed in 53 days Schmidt 1991
  5000 angina patients adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe vera' to their diet had reduced total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increased HDL Agarwal 1985
  Double-blind comparison of alophen with its components for cathartic effects. (No abstract) Chapman 1974
Observational Studies/Case Reports
  [Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure]. Mitchell 2003
  Review of a total of 108 trials examining 36 herbs and 9 vitamin/mineral supplements, involving 4,565 patients with diabetes revealed that these herbs are generally safe and plants like Aloe vera have positive preliminary results. Yeh 2003
  Data on atopic dermatitis and chronic venous insufficiency treated with aloe Aloe vera gel and tea tree oil indicated that there is no compelling evidence for their effectiveness as reviewed from the various clinical studies. Ernst 2002
  Including Aloe vera, 45 plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned/used in the Indian traditional system of medicine have shown experimental or clinical evidence of anti-diabetic activity. Grover 2002
  Beneficial aspects of medicinal plants on skin include: healing of wounds and burn injuries (especially Aloe vera) Mantle 2001
  Surgeons should question patients about use of common herbal remedies, as some may increase the risk of bleeding, or photosensitivity reaction, and some may be beneficial for wound healing (aloe vera gel). Pribitkin 2001
  A new bioadhesive patch of Aloe vera hydrogel, tried for aphthous stomatitis found effective in more than 80% of cases with 90% compliance in adhesivity, acceptability and palatability of the formulation. [Article in Italian] Andriani 2000
  Among herbal drugs, liquorice, aloe gel and capsicum (chilli) have been used extensively for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer and their clinical efficacy documented. Borrelli 2000
  The effects, clinical studies, side effects, and dosing regimens for aloe vera, arnica, black cohosh, evening primrose oil, and saw palmetto are reviewed. Cohen 2000
  Studies on Aloe vera, and many other plants indicate that these plants may be of value in selected dermatological indications. Grimme 1999
  A case of successful treatment of Lichen planus, a disease that involves the skin and mucous membranes, with Aloe vera is described. Hayes 1999
  Review of Aloe has revealed the therapeutic claims in inflammation, immuno-modulatory properties, antidiabetic, anticancer and antibiotic activities Reynolds 1999
  Review of authentic literature of Aloe vera based on controlled clinical trials revealed that, even though there are some promising results, clinical effectiveness of oral or topical aloe Aloe vera is not sufficiently defined at present. Vogle 1999
  Encouraging results for topical and oral aloe treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers call for larger research studies Atherton 1998
  Nutritional supplements such as aloe vera and other plant derived saccharides appeared to help improve fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome in 50 patients followed 9 months Dykman 1998
  Natural cancer therapy with pineal indole melatonin plus Aloe vera extracts may produce some therapeutic benefits, at least in terms of stabilization of disease and survival, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Lissoni 1998
  A review which discusses many agents used in treating Inflammatory bowel disease including the aloe vera derivative acemannan. Robinson 1998
  Review of non conventional topical therapies for wound care including aloe vera, etc Rund 1996
  Aloe may be used in domestic conditions for increasing the defensive forces of the body during radiation lesions. [Article in Ukrainian] Iena IaM 1993
  Dermabrasion healing was faster in areas where aloe was added to polyethylene oxide gel dressing Fulton 1990
  In frostbite, application of Aloe vera cream combats the local vasoconstrictive effects of thromboxane. McCauley 1990
  Combination of chemotherapy in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis using desensitizing agents and tissue preparations (a suspension of placenta tissue and aloe) had an immunomodulating effect. [Article in Russian] Nersesian
  Aloe injection lowered sGPT levels by 86.8%. in 38 patients of chronic hepatitis with positive HBsAg. [Article in Chinese] Fan 1989
  Studies and case reports provide support for the use of aloe vera in the treatment of radiation ulcers and stasis ulcers in humans. Klein 1988
  Three patients with chronic osteoma cutis secondary to acne vulgaris were treated postoperatively, with Aloe-vera-soaked polyethylene oxide gel dressings with excellent cosmetic results. Fulton 1987
  Dried sap of the Aloe plant was studied in 5 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and in Swiss albino mice made diabetic using alloxan. Aloe contains a hypoglycaemic agent which lowers the blood glucose. Ghannam 1986
  Modern clinical use of the mucilaginous gel from the parenchymatous cells in the leaf pulp began in the 1930s, with reports of successful treatment of X-ray and radium burns Grindlay 1986
  "Aloe Vera in dentistry " (no abstract) Sturm 1984
  Use of aloe in complex treatment of patients with focal pulmonary tuberculosis. [Article in Russian](No abstract) Kurilenko 1974
Traditional and Folk Use
  Hispanic or non-Hispanic whites aged between 65-74 years revealed that half of them had used herbal medicines like spearmint, chamomile, aloe vera, garlic, brook-mint, osha, lavender, ginger, ginseng, and camphor. Zeilmann 2003
  77% of population in United States-Mexico border city have been found to use Complementary and alternative medicine. One of the common herbal remedy was aloe vera (8.5%). Rivera 2002
  Mexican women living in the United States were found to use herbal therapies of traditional Mexican culture, including manzanilla (chamomile), savila (aloe vera), ajo (garlic), una de gato (cat's claw), and yerba buena (spearmint). Zenk 2001
  Aloe vera, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Citrus sp. and Momordica charantia were the main medicinal plants being used for poultry health problems in Trinidad and Tobago Lans 1998
  100 adults in managed care surveyed about herbal use found that the most used are aloe vera, honey, peppermint, garlic, eucalyptus, and rose hips Brown 1991
  Traditional medicinals entering modern health include Ammi visnaga, Cymbopogon proximus, Nigella sativa, Aloe vera, Urginea maritima, Phytolacca americana, Euphorbia sp., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cynara scolymus and Solanum laciniatum Sayed 1980
         Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at botanical.com
         Search for Aloe vera in Dr. Duke's Phytochem and Ethnobot DB
SAFETY DATA
 
Adverse Effects & Toxicity
  39-year-old liver transplant patient who took a laxative containing aloe for ten months, developed melanosis coli. One year after stopping the anthranoid, the pigments disappeared but a polypoid lesion appeared. Willems 2003
  The FDA?s final ruling states that the stimulant laxative ingredients of aloe (including aloe extract and aloe flower extract) in over-the- counter (OTC) drug products are not generally recognized as safe and effective, or are misbranded. FDA 2002
  Life-long Aloe vera ingestion does not cause any obvious harmful and deleterious side effects in SPF Fisher rats and could also be beneficial for the prevention of age-related pathology. Ikeno 2002
  A 47-year-old South African, developed acute oliguric renal failure and liver dysfunction after ingestion of an herbal remedy, found by Mass spectrometric and chromatographic analysis, to contain Cape aloes. Luyckx
  The anthraquinones aloe-emodin, emodin and rhein were found to be phototoxic in vitro. Probable mechanism may be through the involvement of singlet oxygen and stable photoproducts. Vargas 2002
  Aloe emodin was found to generate singlet oxygen when irradiated with UV light and this photochemical mechanism is the most likely pathway responsible for the phototoxicity of Aloe emodin. Vath 2002
  In Ovalbumin sensitized rat models treated intranasally with aloe vera there was differentiation of CD4+ lymphocytes, mediated through regulating the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Aloe vera treatment may be a selective method to treat allergic rhinitis. [Article in Chinese] Yu 2002
  Medium Lethal Concentrations (LC50 value) of Aloe vera (L.) obtained from Artemia salina L. the brine shrimp larva, was equivalent to in vivo LD50 value done in mice and this could be an alternative method for predicting acute toxicity of plant extracts. Logarto Parra 2001
  Popular remedies that can cause dermatological side-effects include St John's Wort, kava, aloe vera, eucalyptus, camphor, henna and yohimbine. Ernst 2000
  Inhibition of the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II contributes to anthraquinone (emodin, danthron, and aloe-emodin) induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity. Mueller 1999
  Immunosuppressed mice treated with the whole extract of Aloe vera (L) achieved restoration of immunological parameters in cellular immune response and phagocytosis but not humoral immunity. Oronzo-Barocio 1999
  Formulations of acemannan as a denture adhesive were evaluated for pH changes and adhesive strength in dry and wet conditions. They had some cytotoxicity to human gingival fibroblasts Tello 1998
  Toxic low mol. wt compounds of Aloe vera gel, induced disruption of intercellular junctions of chicken fibroblasts and inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Avila
  Data from animal, human metabolism or kinetic studies, clinical trials and rodent carcinogenicity studies do not support concern that emodin and aloe-emodin poses a genotoxic risk to humans under prescribed use conditions. Brusick 1997
  Tk-mutations in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells were induced by emodin, danthron and aloe-emodin. They also inhibited topoisomerase II-mediated decatenation Muller 1996
  Dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal tumors in male mice were not promoted by aloin- or sennoside-enriched diets (0.03%) Siegers 1993
  "Photodermatitis to aloe vera " (no abstract) Dominguez 1992
  Acemannan showed no toxicity at 5% of rat diet for 2 weeks or 2 gm/kg to rats for 6 months or 1.5 gm/kg to dogs for 3 months Fogelman 1992b
  No significant toxicity were found with acemannan at 80 mg/kg iv or 200 mg/kg ip in mice, 15 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in rats, and 10 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in dogs. Increased macrophages & monocytes were observed Fogleman 1992a
  The LD50 values in mice vary from <250 to >1500 mg/kg IP. In rats there was CNS depression. Post mortem findings showed haemorrhagic lesions. Several rats died within 36 hours of injection, but no abortifacient activity was seen. Parry 1992
  Burning sensation was experienced by 4 adults after application of aloe vera or vitamin E preparations to skin that had been subjected to a chemical peel or dermabrasion Hunter 1991
  Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens (No abstract. Shoji 1982
  A 47 year old man exhibited hypersensitivity after 4 years of oral and topical aloe Morrow 1980
  [Acute bullous allergic dermatitis due to local application of aloe leaves] [Article in Russian] (No abstract) Savchak 1977
  [Case of an allergic reaction to the administration of aloe juice into the nose] [Article in Russian] (No abstract Diba 1974
  [Anaphylactic shock after injection of aloe] [Article in Russian] (No abstract) Trakhtenberg 1970
         Warning it might cause nausea & dermatitis but no references U Arizona
Interactions
  A Review of herbal medication revealed aloe latex to interact with corticosteriods. Abebe 2003
  Aloin may get metabolized to aloe-emodin (a quinone aglycone) after its ingestion, which may cause acceleration of the ethanol metabolism in rats in vivo. Chung 1996
  Aloe caused a faster elimination of ethanol from blood of normal rats by preventing the effects of ethanol in decreasing the microsomal enzyme activities relating to its own metabolism Sakai 1989
  Aloes treatment revealed antimetastatic properties, reduction of tumor mass, metastatic foci and metastasis frequency. It also potentiates the antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide. [Article in Russian] Gribel 1986
Contraindications
No Records
 
EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY
 
Animal Studies
  Life-long intake of aloe had superior anti-oxidative action against lipid peroxidation in vivo, as indicated by reduced levels of hepatic phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide in rats. Lim 2003
  Retardation of wound healing by silver sulfadiazine is reversed by Aloe vera and nystatin in rats. Muller 2003
  Freeze-dried whole leaves of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis when given with food (5%) to rats, inhibited azoxymethane induced DNA adduct (O(6)-methylguanine and reduced CYP2E1 enzymatic activity. Shimpo 2003
Pharmacodynamics
  Aloe vera stimulates gap junctional intercellular communication and proliferation of human skin fibroblasts in diabetes mellitus. It contains a compound that neutralizes and binds with FGF-2 receptor. Abdullah 2003
  Aloe gel and aloins inhibited Clostridium histolyticum collagenase reversibly and non-competitively and also activity of human stimulated granulocyte matrix metallooproteinases, destabilizing their structure. Barrantes 2003
  Radical-scavenging effects of Aloe arborescens Miller prevented pancreatic islet B-cell destruction caused by specific pancreatic islet toxins such as Sz, Ax, and HX-XO in rats. Beppu 2003
  Aloe-emodin affects mice leukemia cells N-Acetyltransferases activity, gene expression (NAT1 mRNA) and DNA-AF on adduct formation. Chung 2003
  In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller are described. Ferro 2003
  Propionibacterium induced reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes are inhibited by Azadirachta indica and some other herbs but not by Aloe vera. Jain 2003
  S-100 proteins identified from Aloe, plantain and bilberry inserted membranotropic effect and increased cell growth rate in extremely low doses in short-term tissue culture of mouse's liver in vitro. [Article in Russian] Krasnov 2003
  Aloe-emodin treatment results in translocation of tumor suppressor gene p53, to the mitochondria inter-membrane space in neuroblastoma cell lines and it could also kill tumor cells harboring p53 mutant genes. Pecere 2003
  Molecules from Aloe vera are known to possess both mast cell stabilizing and gastrointestinal cytoprotective activity. Penissi 2003
  A glycoprotein (14 kDa) isolated from Aloe vera gel showed radical scavenging activity against superoxide anion, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and reduction of thromboxane A 2 synthase. Yagi 2003
  Expression of p38 protein is an important determinant of apoptotic death induced by aloe-emodin in human lung nonsmall cell carcinoma cell line. Yeh 2003
  Aloe-emodin inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in two human liver cancer cell lines. Mechanisms involved are i) cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and ii) increase in Fas/APO1 receptor and Bax expression. Kuo 2002
  1,4-naphthoquinone-induced toxicity in rat cultured hepatocytes was inhibited by aloe extract, and this protective effect was due to maintenance of cellular thiols, especially protein-SH. Norikura 2002
  Aloe emodin was found to be nontoxic for normal cells but to possess specific toxicity for neuroectodermal tumor cells of Merkel cell carcinoma cell line. Wasserman 2002
  Aaloesin derivatives, isorabaichromone, feruloylaloesin and p-coumaroylaloesin showed antioxidant activity, DPPH radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities and also inhibited cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2. Yagi 2002
  A glycoprotein fraction is involved in the wound-healing effect of aloe vera via cell proliferation and migration which was confirmed by three-dimensional raft culture model and in hairless mice. Choi 2001
  Acemannan could induce maturation of immature dendritic cells which was supported by increased allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and IL-12 production and abolished by chemical sulfation. Lee 2001
  A basic peroxidase was identified in commercial gel of Aloe barbadensis with activity localised in the vascular system of inner aqueous leaf parenchyma. It may scavenge H2O2 in skin surface. Esteban 2000
  Diethylhexylphthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne has potent antileukaemic effect (10 microg mL), on human leukaemic cells. Lee 2000
  Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate isolated from Aloe vera Linne, showed anti-mutagenic effects in Salmonella typhimurium strains and anti-tumour effects against three leukaemic cell lines. Lee 2000a
  Cellulase modified Aloe polysaccharide activated, macrophage cells and stimulated fibroblast growth while, native Aloe barbadensis gel had no effect on macrophage activation. Qiu 2000
  Alprogen purified from aloe inhibits multiple signals as well as blocking Ca(2+) influx caused by, mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions, followed by inhibition of histamine and leukotriene release. Ro 2000
  Different extracts of Aloe and isolated pure components were screened for antifungal activity and evaluated for toxicity against Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum and Fusarium moniliforme. Ali 1999
  Efects of Aloe vera on neurotransmission process of crayfish Neuro Muscular Junction preparation suggest that these effects may partially account for Aloe's analgesic and antiinflammatory effects. Friedman 1999
  Polysaccharides of Aloe barbadensis Miller and some other plants produced both anti-genotoxic and anti-tumor promoting activities in in vitro models and, considered as potential agents for cancer chemoprevention. Kim 1999
  A Beta-sitosterol from Aloe vera gel showed i) angiogenic activity in chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo, ii)in the presence of heparin, neovascularization in mouse Matrigel plug assay and iii) motility of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in wound migration assay. Moon 1999
  Effect of aloes and biotritis, on lipid peroxidation in parodontium tissues revealed biotritis has a more considerable parodontoprotective effect than aloes[Article in Russian]. Volik 1999
  In vitro angiogenic activity assay revealed a fraction of Aloe vera gel increased proliferation of calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells and induced these cells to invade type 1 collagen gel to form capillary-like tube. Lee 1998
  Aloesin stimulates proliferation of cultured human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells by inducing intracellular cyclin E/CDK2 kinase complex and CDC25A, there by up-regulates cyclin E-dependent kinase activity. Lee 1997
  Aloe vera gel contains at least two small molecular weight immunomodulators that may prevent UV-B rays induced immune suppression in skin. Lee 1997a
  Short term exposure of resident murine peritoneal macrophages with acemannan upregulates respiratory burst, phagocytosis and candidicidal activity. Stuart 1997
  Glycoprotein fraction prepared from leaf gel of Aloe barbadensis Mill. promoted cell growth, while neutral polysaccharide fraction did not show any growth stimulation. Yagi 1997
  7.5% and 10% lyophilized Aloe barbadensis proved to be spermicidal due to micro elements which were toxic to tail causing immobilization of spermatozoa but produced no irritation or ulceration of rabbit vaginal epithelium. Fahim 1996
  Acemannan stimulates mouse macrophage cytokine production, nitric oxide release, surface molecule expression, and cell morphologic changes suggesting it may function through macrophage activation. Zhang 1996
  Cultures of chicken spleen cells and HD11 line cells produce nitric oxide in response to Acemannan which may be mediated through macrophage mannose receptors and accountable for the immunomodulatory effects. Karaca 1995
  A lectin (35 kDa) isolated from leaf skin of Aloe arborescens showed hemagglutinating activity in rabbit erythrocytes and strong mitogenic activity towards mouse lymphocytes. Koike1995
  20.8 micrograms/mL of aqueous extract of Aloe barbadensis Miller inhibited within 24 hours 50% of Trichomonas vaginalis. Similar results were obtained at 48, and 72 hours, with a lower concentration.[Article in Spanish]. Rojas 1995
  Aloe extract and purified Aloe emodin inactivated herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, pseudorabies virus and influenza virus except adenovirus and rhinovirus. Sydiskis 1991
  Low -molecular constituents of an aqueous gel-extract inhibit release of reactive oxygen species by PMA-stimulated human PMN leucocytes which may be due diminished availability of intracellular free Ca-ions. 't Hart 1990
  An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity was isolated from leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera which inhibited the opsonization of zymosan. t'Hart 1989
  Upon ultrafiltration of Aloe vera gel, high molecular fraction obtained, depleted both classical and alternative pathway complement activity but low- molecular fraction could only inhibit PMN leucocytes medicated actions. Hart 1988
  Aloin and aloe-emodin present in the dry aloe extract inhibited protein biosynthesis in vitro by affecting the [14C]-leucine incorporation into proteins. Paszkiewicz-Gadek 1988
  A glycoprotein containing 34% carbohydrate was isolated from Aloe arborescens which stimulated DNA synthesis in baby hamster kidney cells and also had lectin like action and reacted with sheep blood cells. Yagi 1985
  Two lectins isolated from Aloe arborescens Mill. One has hemagglutinating activity; other has hemagglutinating activity, mitogenic activity ,serum proteins precipitating activity, and complement C3 activating activity. Suzuki 1979
  [Bradykinase activity of aloe extract] Fujita 1976
  [The effects of prednisolone, indomethacin, and Aloe vera gel on tissue culture cells]. Brasher 1969
  [Investigations of antibacterial activity in the aloe]. Bruce 1967
  [Studies on anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of Cape aloe] [Article in Japanese]. Soeda 1966
Analytical Chemistry
  A HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of five hydroxyanthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) in medicinal materials and experiment samples Ding 2003
  Three-year-old Aloe vera contained significantly higher levels of polysaccharides and flavonoids than two- and four-year-old Aloe vera, and extract of three-year-old Aloe vera exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity. Hu 2003
  Two major metabolites, 10-hydroxyaloin B and deacetyllittoraloin were identified in Aloe littoralis by high-performance liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Karagianis 2003
  Analytical HPLC-MS studies of exudate of Aloe secundiflora revealed phenolic compounds, mainly anthrones (aloenin, aloenin B, isobarbaloin, barbaloin ), chromones and phenylpyrones. Rebecca 2003
  To distinguish the 4 Aloe species viz. Aloe vera, A. ferox and A. africana from Aloe arborescens in commercial food products random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis method has been developed [Article in Japanese]. Shioda 2003
  Cinnamoyl, p-coumaroyl, feruloyl, caffeoyl aloesin, and related compounds were isolated from Aloe species and their antiinflammatory and antioxidative activities were attributed to acyl ester groups in aloesin and related compounds. Yagi 2003
  A method of derivatization of carbohydrates with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) was developed to analyze carbohydrates in Aloe powder. Zhang 2003
  An accurate method to quantitatively determine Barbaloin in aloe capsule by high performance liquid chromatography [Article in Chinese]. Chen 2002
  Colour reaction to identify aloes (Rosenthaler reaction), is better with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBH) than with elemental bromine which has some environmental and economical concern. Hilp 2002
  Anthraquinone contents of Aloe such as barbaloin, homonataloin, aloeresin and aloenin showed variation between young to old leaves and from central part to margin of leaves. [Article in Chinese] Shen 2002
  Investigations on contents of aloe drinks revealed presence of Barbaloin and isoBarbaloin in 30 of 31 samples and Aloin-dimers A, B, C and D in 8 of 31 samples. [Article in Japanese] Shindo 2002
  Isolation of three C-glycosyl chromones, four anthraquinones and a mixture of phytosterols from the leaves of Aloe rubroviolacea reported. Blitzke 2001
  Aloenin, barbaloin and isobarbaloin in Aloe vera and Aloe arborescens were determined within 15 minutes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Kuzuya 2001
  Aloeride, an immunostimulatory polysaccharide charactrerized from commercial aloe vera juice comprises only 0.015% of its dry weight, but accounts fully for macrophage activation. Pugh 2001
  Phytochemical investigation of leaf exudate of Aloe marlothii resulted in isolation of a new chromone and a new anthrone. Bisrat 2000
  A phenolic antioxidative compound was isolated from methanolic extract of Aloe barbadensis by combination of column and thin-layer chromatography. Lee 2000
  Capillary zone electrophoresis, an easy and low-cost method was developed to quantitatively analyze active components of Aloe vera L. [Article in Chinese]. Wang 2000
  Two lectins (glycoproteins) containing approximately 5% neutral sugar were separated and partially purified from leaf pulp of Aloe vera L. Akev 1999
  123 chemicals containing 42 alcohols, 23 terpenoids, 21 aldehydes, 9 esters, 8 ketones, 6 acids, 5 phenols, and 9 miscellaneous compounds were identified in aloe leaves using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Umano 1999
  10-hydroxyaloin B 6'-O-acetate, an oxanthrone, was identified in Aloe claviflora leaf exudate Dagne 1998
  Determination of aloesin from plasma by HPLC Kim 1998
  The anthraquinone chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone) is transformed, by P450 oxidation, to aloe-emodin (1, 8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthraquinone) Mueller 1998
  Verectin antibody showed differential immunoreactivities against nondialysable fractions of A. arborescens, A. chinensis, and A. vera Yagi 1998
  Analysis of peroxidase activity and soluble protein content in leaves of Aloe vera by spectrophotometric method showed variations in upper and lower most parts of leaves [Article in Chinese]. Gao1997
  A new chromone (8-[C-beta-D-[2-O-(E)-cinnamoyl] glucopyranosyl]-2- [(R)-2-hydroxypropyl]-7-methoxy-5-methylchromone), isolated from Aloe barbadensis exhibited topical anti-inflammatory activity. Hutter 1996
  7 superoxide dismutases were found in aloe, 32-42 kD. 2 appear to be mangano-SODs and 5 cupro-zinc SODs Sabeh 1996
  The major components are in constant ratio of 4:3:2 of aloeresin A, aloesin, and aloin (both epimers) throughout the natural distribution range. Aloinoside A and aloinoside B more frequent in the western region van Wyk 1995
  Simultaneous HPLC analysis of aloesin, aloeresin A, hydroxyaloin, aloin A and B and aloinoside A and B Zonta 1995
  "Determination of the position of the O-acetyl group in a beta-(1-->4)-mannan (acemannan) from Aloe barbardensis " (no abstract) Manna 1993
  Rapid sensitive detection of the laxatives phenolphthalein, danthron, rhein, aloin, and bisacodyl and its metabolites in urine by HP-TLC Perkins 1993
  Glutathione peroxidase activity in aloe gel extracts is attributed to a 62 kD protein, composed of four 16 kD subunits containing one atom of selenium per subunit Sabeh 1993
  "Components of the gel of Aloe vera (L.) " (no abstract) Yamaguchi 1993
  Iso-aloesin, C19H22O9, which is 2-acetonyl-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-chromone, from the leaves of Aloe vera Yuan 1993
  Acemannan is the USAN-accepted name for long-chain polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose with interspersed 0-acetyl groups with a mannose monomer/acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1 and extracted from Aloe Fogleman 1992
  Human feces bacteria converts aloesin (aloeresin B) to 2-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-5-methylchromone (aloesone) and dl-7-hydroxy-2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylchromone (aloesol) by cleaving the C-glucosyl bond Che 1991
  [Isolation and identification of aloesin from the leaves of Aloe vera L. var, chinensis (Haw.) Berger.] [Article in Chinese]. Yuan 1991
  [Gas chromatographic and mass spectral determination of aloenin in skin-care cosmetics]. Nakamura 1990
  Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II, from the outer green rind of Aloe vera leaves, are 44 & 27 kD Norton 1990
  Chrysarobin can be prepared by oxidative cleavage (FeCl3) of aloin. Emodin anthrone can be prepared by the action of aquous sodium tetraborate on aloin Rychener 1989
  LC determination of barbaloin (aloin) in foods Yamamoto 1985
  Structure determination of polysaccharides in Aloe saponaria (Hill.) Haw. (Liliaceae). Yagi 1984
  Aloenin, magnesium lactate, aloe-emodin, barbaloin, and succinic acid, were found in the leaf juice of Aloe arborescens. Aloenin & magnesium lactate inhibit gastric juice secretion of rats Hirata 1977
  [Aloe mannan, a ploysaccharide, from Aloe arborescens var. natalensis]. Yagi 1977
  "Studies on the constituents of Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger. II. The structures of two new aloesin esters " (no abstract) Makino 1974
  "Comparison of various methods for the spectrophotmetric determination of aloin in aloe DAB 7-DDR " (no abstract) Thieme 1973
  "Chromones in aloe species. I. Aloesin--a C-glucosyl-7-hydroxychromone " (no abstract) Holdsworth 1971
  "The assessment of purgative principles in aloes" (no abstract) Mapp 1970
  [A comparative investigation of methods used to estimate aloin and related compounds in Aloes]. McCarthy 1970
  [Anthraquinone drugs. I. Thin-layer chromatographic identification of aloes, cascara, senna, and certain synthetic laxatives in pharmaceutical dosage forms]. Gyanchandani 1969
  [Distribution of glycosyl compounds in South African Aloe species]. McCarthy 1969
  [Methods of quantitative determination of aloin][Article in Russian]. Tareeva 1968
  Recommended methods for the evaluation of drugs. Prepared by the Joint Committee of the Pharmaceutical Society and the Society for Analytical Chemistry. The chemical assay of aloes. [No authors listed] 1967
  [Research on drugs with anthraquinone bases. XIV. Isolation of a new heteroside from Senna leaves: diglucoside of aloe emodin dianthrone] [Article in French]. Lemli 1967