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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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The therapeutic efficacy of marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract ointment on the epithelialization of lower leg venous ulcers in 34 patients was determined.
Duran 2005
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The protective action of cream preparations containing seven different types of marigold and rosemary extracts in vivo in healthy volunteers with experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis was evaluated and confirmed.
Fuchs 2005
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Testing of a novel mouthrinse (IND 61,164) containing essential oils and extracts from four plant species including Calendula officinalis and Camellia sinensis on 32 subjects showed no abnormal oral lesions, altered vital signs, changes in liver, kidney, or bone marrow function.
Lauten 2005
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Differences between gingival index, plaque index or abundance of bacterial species were not statistically significant when comparing mouthrinse containing essential oils & extracts from Melaleuca alternifolia, Leptospermum scoparium, Calendula officinalis & Camellia sinensis against placebo.
Lauten 2005
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A double-blind, randomized, homeopathic pathogenetic trial with healthy persons was carried out to compare two high potencies of Calendula officinalis, & Ferrum muriaticum which showed that both remedies 'produced' significantly more symptoms than placebo.
Mollinger 2004
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The use of traditional and modern methods of periodontal diseases treatment in clinical results showed that calendula immobilized on polysorb in the nearest period after treatment and later [Article in Russian].
Krazhan 2001
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Tissue regenerating action of a mixture of oily extracts of Hypericum perforatum and Calendula arvensis on surgical wounds from caesarean section during child birth were evaluated.
Lavagna 2001
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443 Consecutive patients were tested with compositae mix including marigold. Among them 4 out of 9 reacted to marigold. Sensitization to arnica and marigold was often accompanied by reactions with many other agents.
Reider 2001
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Evaluation of the effect of three different infant dentifrices including extract of calendula were studied on twenty infants. They were tested on biofilms formed in vitro from saliva and dental plaque of infants using various reference strains.
Modesto 2000
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52 patients suffering of herpetic keratitis were studied for the associated effect of acyclovir and extract of Calendula officinalis which showed better results in resolving complains and faster healing of ulceration [Article in Romanian].
Corina 1999
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[Use of calendula for therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases of eyelids and conjunctiva].
Marinchev 1971
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Review of evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy shows that the use of calendula cream may reduce the incidence of grade 2 and 3 reactions in women with breast cancer.
McQuestion 2006
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Treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis with polysorb-immobilized calendula showed positive effect.
Krazhan 2001
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[The use of Calendula officinalis in the treatment of periodontopathies].
Gasiorowska 1983
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Duodenal ulcers and gastroduodenitis complaints faded earlier when Calendula and Symphytum added to antacid treatment
Chakurski 1981
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Chronic colitis pains along the large intestine disappeared in 96% of 24 patients by the 15th day with a combination of Taraxacum, Hypericum, Melissa, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum
Chakurski 1981
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19 patients with duodenal ulcer and 19 with gastroduodenitis treated with C. officinalis Symphitum and a laxative mixture of Rhamnus, Citrus and Carum carvi
Matev 1981
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Among 128 plants used for ruminant health and diets in British Columbia, Calendula officinalis is used for wounds, injuries, diarrhea and scours.
Lans 2007
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An evidence-based systematic review on marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) was presented by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.
Basch 2006
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[Calendula and thermal baths for treating a high-grade iatrogenic disability.]
Ciardullo 2005
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Homeopathic Calendula cream, for grazes and scalds, in the family medicine chest
Kaplan 1994
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Marigold (Calendula officinalis) in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
Botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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The hydroalcohol extract (HAE) of Calendula officinalis was evaluated for acute toxicity by oral route in rats & mice and for subacute effect on hematological, biochemical and morphologic parameters in rats & it was shown that HAE up to 1.0 g/kg did not induce any hematological alterations.
Silva 2007
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Acute toxicity studies of calendula officinalis extract and calendula officinalis in rats and mice showed that it is non toxic with minimal skin irritation and no sensitization or phototoxicity and not mutagenic in Ames test and not genotoxic in Drosophila melanogaster.
[No authors listed ] 2001
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Fluid extract had dose-dependent (0.1-1 mg/ml) toxicity and genotoxicity (mitotic crossing-over and chromosome malsegregation) to Aspergillus whereas it was negative in Salmonella assays (50-5000 mcg/plate) and bone marrow test
Ramos 1998
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[Anaphylactic shock after gargling with an infusion of Calendula].
Gol'dman 1974
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Animal Studies
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Calendula officinalis flower extract showed a dual and opposite effect of chemoprotector and promoter in a rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. There was protecting activity of C. officinalis at low doses and increased altered hepatocyte foci at doses above 10 mg/kg.
Barajas-Farias 2006
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The effect of ten phytotherapeutic products including Chrysanthemum balsamita, Echinacea pallida, Calendula officinalis and Corylus avelana on CCl(4) intoxicated liver in albino male Wistar rats was investigated and showed reduction of hepatocytolysis and steatosis.
Rusu 2005
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Calendula officinalis had an immunomodulation effect against three different live viruses in broiler chickens.
Barbour 2004
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Calendula tabular flowers shares with other Compositae in helianol being a major part of the triterpene alcohol fraction and it being anti-inflammatory activity against TPA induced inflammation
Akihisa 1996
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Calendula flower extract stimulates regeneration and epithelialization of skin wounds
Klouchek-Popova 1982
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Anti-inflammatory effect, to injection of carageenan and prostaglandin E1, found with Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Calendula officinalis and Plantago lanceolata
Shipochliev 1981
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Calenduloside B--trioside of oleanolic acid, a triterpene glycoside from C. officinalis roots, orally at 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg, reduced ulcers in 3 animal models with insignificant toxicity
Iatsyno 1978
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Pharmacodynamics
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The crude extract of Calendula officinalis flowers contains both spasmolytic and spasmogenic constituents, exhibiting the effects through calcium channel blocking and cholinergic activities.
Bashir 2006
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Laser activated Calendula aqueous extract has two complementary activities in vitro with potential anti-tumor therapeutic effect: cytotoxic tumor cell activity and lymphocyte activation.
Jimenez-Medina 2006
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The effects of natural dietary carotenoid supplementation of the maternal diet (tomato powder and marigold extract) on transfer to the egg yolk and on the development of the antioxidant system of the young quail liver in early postnatal life were investigated.
Karadas 2006
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The flower extract of Melampodium divaricatum, a substitute for Calendula officinalis was not mutagenic in the strains TA100, TA98, TA97a and TA102 and decreased the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene and daunomycin.
Nogueira 2006
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Bioassay suggests that echinacea, propolis, elder, mastic gum, marigold, sage, lavender, thyme, and chamomile may inhibit halitosis.
Sterer 2006
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Five different oils extracted from 5 medicinal plants including Calendula officinalis were tested for genotoxic effects using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which showed Clear cytotoxic effects in the diploid yeast strain D7.
Bakkali 2005
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Research of enzymatic activities of fresh juice and water infusions from dry herbs shows that the highest enzymatic activity of fresh juice was found in Lamii albi flos and Calendulae officinalis flos.
Chudnicka 2005
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The ethyl acetate but not the heptane and methanol extracts of Calendula officinalis in concentrations above 25 microg/mL, can stimulate cell proliferation and cellular metabolism by increase of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity.
Matysik 2005
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A mixture of sub-lethal concentrations of Calendula micrantha against Biomphalaria alexandrina and of Niclosamide or CuSO4 caused mortalities of Oreochromis niloticus between 0.0 & 33.3% and between 5% & 35% of Gambusia affinis.
Mosta-Fa 2005
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To gain a better insight into long-term salt-induced oxidative stress, some physiological parameters in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl were investigated.
Chaparzadeh 2004
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A study was carried out to investigate if standardized hydroalcoholic plant extracts such as Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza glabra can suppress in cell-free systems the activities of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2.
Herold 2003
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Using reactive oxygen species-generating systems, Calendula officinalis and Hypericum perforatum extracts showed strong reactive oxygen species scavenging property, Hypericum perforatum extract exhibing the highest scavenging activity.
Herold 2003
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Hamamelis virginiana, Arnica Montana, and Althaea officinalis had a higher inhibiting activity (MIC < or = 2048 mg/L) against many anaerobic &aerobic periodental bacteria where as the extract of calendula officinalis L. flowers had comparatively a lower inhibiting activity (MIC> or = 2048/L).
Iauk 2003
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Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by Fe (2+) ascorbate was 100% inhibited by 0.5 mg/ml of butanolic fraction (IC(50)=0.15mg/ml) of calendula officinalis L. and its total antioxidant reactivity was calculated to be 249.19+/-14.5 microM.
Cordova 2002
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Evaluation of fifteen crude drugs including calendula officinalis L.(compositae) for anti-hepatoma activity on five human liver-cancer cell lines showed that the effect of crude drugs on hepatitis B virus genome containing cell lines were different from non hepatitis B virus.
Lin 2002
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15 species of compositae family including marigold (calendula officinalis) have been suspected of sensitization or elicitation of compositae dermatitis. Sesquiterpene lactones are the most important allergens implicated and in a few cases the sensitization were due to coumarin.
Paulsen 2002
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Mitogenic activity of Calendula officinalis on human peripheral blood lymphocytes and thymocytes showed a complete inhibitory effect on the proliferation of lymphocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin.
Amirghofran 2000
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Calendula officinalis L. normalizes the increased level of acid and neutral proteinases in liver and coefficients of the liver weights in Heren's carcinoma during tumor growth in rats. [Article in Ukrainian].
Marchenko 2000
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A dentifrice containing a calendula extract did not show significant antimicrobial effect on biofilms formed in vitro from saliva and dental plaque of infants when compared with the control.
Modesto 2000
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Polysaccharides of Calendula officinalis and Fucus vesiculosus showed concentration-dependent strong adhesive effects on mucus membranes. This effect may account for their therapeutic use in the treatment of irritated buccal membranes.
Schmidgall 2000
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Ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of calendula micrantha officinalis showed molluscidal activity against Lymnaea cailliaudi snails. Flowers extract possess a more molluscicidal activity than leaves extract (LC50 was 35 and 52.17 ppm respectively).
Abd-EI-Megeed 1999
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Study on the influence of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphate on the transport of oleanolic acid monoglucoside and monoglucuronide in to vacuoles isolated from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts reveals that transport of both monoglycosides is carrier-mediated.
Szakiel 1998
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Organic extract of dried Calendula flowers inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase while aqueous extract doesn't
Kalvatchev 1997
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C. micrantha officinalis crude extracts had marked potency in killing the snail vectors of schistosomiasis
Rawi 1996
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Growth and chlorophyll of Synechococcus cyanobacterium unaffected by low concentrations but drastically reduced by high concentrations of Calendula micrantha extract
Hammouda 1995
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Bioassay guided CO2 fractions of flowers shows anti-inflammatory activity is in the triterpenoids especially faradiol monoester. The unesterified faradiol equals indomethacin whereas the monools (taraxasterol, lupeol, amyrin) are less active
Della Loggia 1994
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Aerosol wound dressings with three hemostatics (zinc acetate, methyl cellulose and Calendula tincture) performed satisfactorily
Garg 1992
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Chlorophyllin and 4 saponins from C. arvensis inhibited the mutagenic activity of benzo-[a]pyrene, in the Salmonella assay, in a dose-dependent manner
Elias 1990
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[Snail control by Calendula micrantha officinalis.]
el-Emam 1986
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Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from Echinacea, Eupatorium, Chamomilla, Calendula, Baptisia, Achyrocline, Sabal and Eleutherococcus
Wagner 1985
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Polysaccharides with molecular weights in the range of 25, 000 to 5,00 ,000 from water or alkaline-water extracts of Calendula officinalis L & other herbs showed significant immunostimulating activitity according to granulocytes& carbon clearance tests [Article in German].
Wagner 1984
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Uterine tonus enhancing (in vitro): Matricaria chamomilla > Calendula officinalis > Celosia cristata > Plantago lanceolata > Symphytum officinale > Capsella bursa pastoris > Hypericum perforatum
Shipochliev 1981
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[Evaluation of antibacterial properties of marigold flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) and mother homeopathic tinctures of C. officinalis L. and C. arvensis L].
Dumenil 1980
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[Evaluation of the effect of Calendula officinalis and Echinacea angustifolia extracts of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro].
Samochowiec 1979
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Acyl composition and biosynthesis of acylated steryl glucosides in Calendula officinalis
Zdzislaw 1975
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[Metabolism of a new series of oleanolic acid glycosides in Calendula officinalis shoots].
Kasprzyk 1973
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[Study of antiviral properties of Calendula officinalis].
Bogdanova 1970
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[On the sedative and hypotensive effect of preparations from the plant Calendula officinalis].
Bojadjiev 1964
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[Studies on antibacterial effect of Calendula officinalis] [Article in Ukrainian].
Zelepukha 1955
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Analytical Chemistry
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Qualitative and quantitative evaluation revealed that triterpene aglycones of saponins isolated from tested Silphium species and Calendula officinalis were oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.
Kowalski 2007
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Expression of Delta(12)-oleic acid desaturase-related fatty acid conjugases from four plants including Calendula officinalis, was accompanied by accumulation of conjugated fatty acids calendic acid or alpha-eleostearic acid to amounts as high as 20% of the total fatty acids.
Cahoon 2006
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A high-speed counter-current chromatography method using a two-phase solvent system consisting of hexane-ethanol-water (6:4.5:1.5, v/v/v) was developed for the purification of lutein from the saponification mixture of marigold flower extract with a purity of 97%.
Tsao 2006
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Among 10 oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, four new compounds including, calendulaglycoside A 6'-O-methyl ester & five known flavonol glycosides, were isolated from the flowers of marigold (Calendula officinalis).
Ukiya 2006
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A sensitive, rapid, easy, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for stability studies of bifonazole formulated with tinctures of calendula flower was developed and validated.
Ferreyra 2005
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Nineteen carotenoids were identified in extracts of petals of orange- and yellow-flowered cultivars of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). Ten carotenoids were unique to orange-flowered cultivars.
Kishimoto 2005
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The effects of pressure and co-solvent on the extraction of anti-inflammatory faradiol esters in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) were investigated by supercritical fluid extraction at laboratory and pilot scales.
Baumann 2004
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Effect of supercritical fluid extraction of different polarity under very high pressure when tested on Calendula officinalis revealed the extractability of lipophilic compounds increased at pressures above 300 bar,and the yields of polyphenolic and glycosidic compounds was low even at 689 bar.
Hamburger 2004
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The possibilities and limitations of supercritical fluid extraction of natural products of low, medium and high polarity under very high pressure and with polar modifiers has been investigated using marigold, hawthorn and chamomile as models.
Hamburger 2004
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Dried flowers of Calendula officinalis contain eight known bioactive triterpendiol monoesters and these pentacyclic terpenoids have been quantified simultaneously using reversed-phase HPLC with isocratic elution and internal standardisation.
Neukirch 2004
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Purification of faradiol 3-o-laurate, palmitate and myristate which are the major anti-inflammatory triterpenoid esters in the flower heads of Calendula officinalis by supercritical fluid extraction and column chromatography was carried out.
Hamburger 2003
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The HPLC investigation of carotenoid composition of the petals, pollens, stem and leaves of Calendula officinalis L. revealed that the petals and pollens contained flavoxanthin and auroxanthin but the stem and leaves contained lutein and beta carotene.
Bako 2002
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Investigation on the stability of 40 and 60% v/v tinctures of Calendula flower showed a very low thermal stability from accelerated and long term testing determined by HPLC-DAD and MS analysis.
Bilia 2002
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The mechanism by which the fatty acid (1,4)-desaturase of calendula officinalis produces calendic acid from linoleic acid has been probed through the use of kinetic isotope effect measurements.
Reed 2002
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Calendic acid the major component of the seed oil of Calendula officinalis report a class of FAD2-related enzymes that modifies a double bond to produce conjugated trans delta8, trans delta10-double bonds.
Cahoon 2001
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Calendasaponins A,B,C and D, two new ionone glucosides (officinosides A & B) and two sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (officinosides C&D) from the flowers of Egyptian Calendula officinalis were Isolated and their structural elucidation carried out.
Marukami 2001
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Methanolic and 1-butanol-soluble fraction of Calendula officinalis showed hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory and gastroprotective effect. Four new triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D from 1-butanol-soluble fraction were isolated.
Yoshikawa 2001
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Internal standardization in different parts of Calendula officinalis plants by means of reversed phase HPLC showed the highest amount of esters in ray florets.
Zitteri-Eglseer 2001
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The specificity of two tonoplast permeases transporting oleanolic acid glycosides in vacuoles from Calendula leaf protoplasts
Szakiel 1997
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Faradiol-3-myristic and 3-palmitic acid esters from Calendula flower heads have dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity against croton induced edema
Zitterl-Eglseer 1997
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[Inhibitory activity of isorhamnetin glycosides from Calendula officinalis L. on the activity of lipoxygenase.]
Bezakova 1996
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In leaf cells, oleanolic acid glycosides formed in cytosol are secreted extracellularly as pentaglucoside VI (44%) or to cell walls (24%) whereas glucuronides derived from oleanolic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (29%) were transported into the cell walls
Szakiel 1995
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Four new sesquiterpene glycosides from Calendula arvensis aerial parts
Ahmed 1993
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[The kinetics of transport of oleanolic acid monoglycosides into vacuoles isolated from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts.]
Szakiel 1993
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[Phytochemical overview of the components of Calendula officinalis L. and their therapeutic evaluation].
Masterova 1992
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Separation of flavonol-2-O-glycosides from Calendula officinalis by RP-HPLC eluted with 2-propanol and tetrahydrofuran on C8 Aquapore RP 300 columns
Pietta 1992
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Oleanolic acid glycoside 5 = 3-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----3) [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) oleanolic acid (28----1)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester. Vesicular stomatitis virus inhibition seen
De Tommasi 1991
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Sesquiterpene glycosides from Calendula arvensis inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus infection while only one reduced rhinovirus multiplication
De Tommasi 1990
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Oleanolic acid distribution: 0.6% free (in vacuoles), 31% glucuronides (21% in vacuoles, 10% in cell walls), 5% glucosides (2.6% in vacuoles, 2.7% in cell walls)
Szakiel 1989
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The level of sterols, beta-amyrin and oleanolic acid was similar in shoots, isolated cells and protoplasts but the level of polyprenols was the highest in shoots, lower in cells and the lowest in protoplasts
Auguscinska 1982
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Tocopherol distribution and biosynthesis in C. officinalis leaves indicates gamma-tocopherol originates from 7-MeT rather than from 8-MeT and is partly methylated to alpha-tocopherol
Janiszowska 1982
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[Study of the process of extracting substances from calendula inflorescens].
Biriuk 1975
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UDPG: sterol glucosyltransferase is localized in the 2-week-old Calendula officinalis seedling in the membrane structures consisting fragments of the Golgi apparatus.
Wojciechowski 1975
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[The variations of triterpenoids in germinating seeds of Calendula officinalis].
Kasprzyk 1970
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[Examination of active agents of petals of marigold (Calendula officinalis L)][Article in Hungarian].
Gracza 1968
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[The variations of free and bound sterols in Calendula officinalis during vegetation.]
Kasprzyk 1968
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[Calendic acid in seed oils of the genus Calendula.]
Chisholm 1967
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[Studies on the isorhamnetin glycosides from the leaves of Calendula officinalis L.] [Article in German].
Friedrich 1962 a
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[On the occurrence of isorhamnetin glycosides in the flowers of calendula officinalis L.] [Article in German].
Friedrich 1962b
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[On distribution of oleanolic acid glycoside and on bitter principle in the marigold Calendula officinalis L.] [Article in German].
Gedeon 1954
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[Studies in carotenogenesis. 13. The carotenoids of the flower petals of Calendula officinalis].
Goodwin 1954
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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The aqueous ethanolic extract of calendula officinalis showed total protection against the Diethylnitrosamine in rat liver cell against the Diethylnitrosamine in rat cell culture which induces unscheduled DNA synthesis and this effect define its genotoxic or chemopreventive properties.
Perez-carreon 2002
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Isolation and analysis of two homologous cDNAs, CoFad2 and CoFac2 from Calendula officinalis developing seed by a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning strategy was carried out.
Qiu 2001
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Calendic acid producing (8,11)- linoleoyl desaturase was isolated by PCR-based cloning and analysis of calendic acid by RP-HPLC showed a gene encoding a new type of (1,4)-acyl lipid desaturase.
Fritsche 1999
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[Preliminary characterization of S-adenosylmethionine: tocopherol methyltransferase from chloroplasts of Calendula officinalis seedlings.]
Michalowski 1993
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Contemporary Formulas
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New plant oils containing fatty acids with new & interesting functionalities such as petroselinic acid from Coriandrum sativum, calendic acid from Calendula officinalis, santalbic acid from Santalum album & vernolic acid from Vernonia galamensis are becoming industrially available.
Metzger 2006
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Rings A, D and E of faradiol, and ring E of both arnidiol and calenduladiol have been subjected to various selective chemical manipulations to modify polarity, water affinity, H-bonding, sterics, and number of aromatic groups of these anti-inflammatory natural compounds.
Neukirch 2005
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The use of natural rubber as a binding matrix for Calendula officinalis extended its release rate of molluscicdal saponin to over 4 months.
Helaly 1999
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Homeopathic lotion mixture with Calendula and Fumaria tinctures
Verbuta 1996
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Treatment of chronic hyposecretory gastritis, chronic hepatocholecystitis and angiocholitis by a mix of Achillea, Urtica, Cichorium, Polygonum, Matricaria, Helichrysum, Calendula, corn stigmas and Humulus (3:3:1:1:2:1:1:2:1)
Krivenko 1989
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "calendula" or "marigold" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Topical pest repellent containing pennyroyal herb, tansy herb, calendula, citronella, pyrethrin and aloe
US Patent 5,776,477
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Oral rinse mixture: cayenne pepper, calendula, echinacea, goldenseal, propolis, vinegar, and water
US Patent 5,376,374
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Psoriasis mixture: Allium, Urtica, Chelidonium, Veronica, Calendula, Achillea, Fumaria
US Patent 5,165,932
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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Two-years field examination was carried out for the evaluation of the fungicide Zato 50 WG in protection of Calendula officinalis against Erysiphe cichoracearum.
Kurzawinska 2006
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Reversible tonoplast transport of oleanolic acid monoglycosides was investigated in vacuoles isolated from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts.
Szakiel 1997
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[Competition between oleanolic acid glycosides in their transport to isolated vacuoles from Calendula officinalis leaf protoplasts].
Szakiel 1992
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Glycosides of oleanolic acid from shoot to root in Calendula officinalis.
Janiszowska 1974
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[Ultrastructure of Calendula officinalis leaves infected by an anisometric virus] [Article in Spanish].
Vela 1970
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[The effect of vitamin E on flower initiation in Calendula officinalis L.grown in short day].
Baszynski 1967
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Cultivation of Calendula at University of California Coop Extension, Master Gardeners of Santa Clara County
(www.mastergardeners.org)
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
|
| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D. 1998 - 2000 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate June 2001 |
| REVISED BY: J.Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD May, 2007 |
|
