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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Black cohosh and red clover did not significantly reduce the frequency of menopausal vasomotor symptoms as compared with placebo.
Geller 2009
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Meta-analysis of fifteen placebo-controlled treatment groups with baseline and ending measures suggest that neither soy foods nor isoflavone supplements of red clover or soy alter measures of reproductive hormone concentrations in men.
Hamilton-Reeves 2009
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The effects of red clover, black cohosh, and combined hormone therapy on cognitive function in comparison to placebo in women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms was characterized.
Maki 2009
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Dietary supplements including soy cotyledon, soy germ, and red clover which contain genistein-like isoflavones demonstrated a significant but modest ability to suppress net bone resorption in post-menopausal women in the study over a 50-d intervention period.
Weaver 2009
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Trifolium pratense isoflavone supplementation had a positive effect on the lipid profile of women with increased body mass index, evidenced by a significant decrease in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein A levels.
Chedraui 2008
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[Reply to editorial comment, Re: Engelhardt PF and Riedl CR, Effects of one-year treatment with isoflavone extract from red clover on prostate, liver function, sexual function, and quality of life in men with elevated PSA levels and negative prostate biopsy findings. Urology 71: 190, 2008.]
Engelhardt 2008
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The effect of an isoflavonoid extract from red clover on the prostate, liver function, quality of life, and sexual function in men with an initial elevated prostate-specific antigen level and negative prostate biopsy findings during a 1-year treatment period was assessed.
Engelhardt 2008
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It is indicated that isoflavones enriched fraction of Trifolium pretense has a neuroprotective effect in human cortical neurons.
Occhiuto 2008
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Three year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial study supports the growing body of evidence that treatment with red clover isoflavones is safe and well tolerated in healthy women aged 35-70 years with at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer.
Powles 2008
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A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial across four hospitals in Netherlands suggests isoflavones (8-week 84 mg/d red clover-derived isoflavones) do not significantly affect circulating levels of IGF system components on serum IGF-I concentrations.
Vrieling 2008
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Systematic review and meta-analysis found evidence of a marginally significant effect of Trifolium pratense isoflavones for treating hot flushes in menopausal women.
Coon 2007
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Of the five trials with data suitable for pooling that assessed daily frequency of hot flushes, there was no significant difference overall in the frequency of hot flushes between Promensil (a red clover extract) and placebo.
Lethaby 2007
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The efficacy & safety of herbal formula Phyto-Female Complex which includes red clover, for relief of menopausal symptoms was studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 50 healthy women which showed relief of hot flushes & sleep disturbances in pre- & postmenopausal women.
Rotem 2007
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[Feminorm and feminorm duo--reasonable alternative for hormone replacement therapy in menopause women] [Article in Bulgarian]
[No authors listed] 2006
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Review on nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause shows black cohosh and red clover also have had inconsistent results, with some trials showing benefit and some no difference compared with placebo.
Carroll 2006
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A literature search with well-defined inclusion or exclusion criteria showed that for menopausal symptoms there is limited evidence that soyabean foods or red-clover (Trifolium pratense L.) extract are effective but soyabean isoflavone extracts may be effective in reducing hot flushes.
Cassidy 2006
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Some studies on exogenous estrogenic substances of botanical origin (phytoestrogens), such as standardized formulations of plant extracts with in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity from soy and red clover, suggest clinical efficacy.
Chadwick 2006
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[Red clover extract (MF11RCE) supplementation and postmenopausal vaginal and sexual health.]
Chedraui 2006
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Research including randomized, controlled trials on peri- or post-menopausal women suggests that isoflavones found in soy foods and red clover have a small but positive health effect on plasma lipid concentrations, bone mass density, and cognitive abilities in mid-life & aging.
Geller 2006
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Effects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in 109 postmenopausal women revealed that non-prescription MF11RCE exerts a moderate effect on testosterone levels in postmenopausal women, while estradiol levels remained unchanged.
Imhof 2006
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Frequency of daily hot flashes was not reduced in meta-analysis of trials of red clover isoflavone extracts and results were mixed for soy isoflavone extracts.
Nelson 2006
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Study of antioxidant activity of 6 naturally occurring isoflavones and their major metabolites using different in vitro assays found the isoflavones are effective antioxidants at concentrations well within the range found in the plasma of subjects consuming soy products.
R?006
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The endometrium of 32 menopausal women was evaluated before and after 6 months use of total isoflavone obtained from Trifolium pratense. Three women presented endometrial activity at end of study. [Article in Portuguese]
Wolff 2006
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Supplementation with purified isoflavones of red clover, results in an increase in urinary isoflavonoid excretion which is inversely associated with the ratio of protein to dietary fiber intake in young women.
Blakesmith 2005
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 60 postmenopausal women showed that compared with placebo, red clover isoflavone supplementation in postmenopausal women significantly decreased menopausal symptoms and had a positive effect on vaginal cytology and triglyceride levels.
Hidalgo 2005
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It is indicated that no final verdict on the efficacy of soy or red clover based pharmaceutical preparations has been reached despite numerous clinical studies with menopausal women.
H?2005
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A meta-analysis of 19 studies found that the largest study showed no benefit for reducing symptoms associated with menopause for 2 different red clover isoflavone products compared with placebo. Semipurified isoflavone red clover leaf extracts have minimal to no effect in reducing symptoms.
Low Dog 2005
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The results of the pilot trial in 25 menopausal women suggest that the combination isoflavone from kudzu and red clover, supplement may significantly relieve the most troubling symptoms of menopause, as well as confer some chemopreventive and cardioprotective benefits.
Lukaczer 2005
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Review on integrative therapies for menopause shows botanicals such as black cohosh and red clover have been shown in some studies to decrease severity and frequency of hot flashes.
McKee 2005
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The modest protective effects of 43.5 mg red clover-derived isoflavones/day on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 177 perimenopausal women was studied.
Atkinson 2004
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Through attenuation of bone loss, isoflavones of red clover-derived isoflavone supplement that provided a daily dose of 26 mg biochanin A, 16 mg formononetin, 1 mg genistein, and 0.5 mg daidzein for 1 y, have a potentially protective effect on the lumbar spine in women aged between 49-65 years.
Atkinson 2004
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In contrast to studies showing that conventional hormone replacement therapies increase mammographic breast density, in this study the isoflavone supplement did not increase mammographic breast density in 205 women (age range 49-65 years).
Atkinson 2004
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Preparations containing red clover, soy, and combinations of various herbal ingredients may induce cell proliferation and should be used with caution in the treatment of menopause symptoms in women at risk for, or with a history of, estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.
Bodinet 2004
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One month supplementation with red clover isoflavones in 16 premenopausal and 7 postmenopausal women showed a positive effect on HDL cholesterol, but at most a small effect on insulin-like growth factor status in premenopausal and no effect in postmenopausal subjects.
Campbell 2004
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Dietary isoflavone supplementation with an extract from red clover does not appear to have major short-term effects on cognitive function in postmenopausal women.
Howes 2004
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[Dietary supplements containing red clover extracts were no better than placebo for hot flashes in menopause.]
Johnson 2004
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A systematic review on phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms revealed that phytoestrogens available as soy foods, soy extracts, and red clover extracts do not improve hot flushes or other menopausal symptoms in women.
Krebs 2004
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A trial conducted on 46 middle-aged men and 34 postmenopausal women revealed that isolated isoflavones from red clover enriched in biochanin (genistein precursor) but not in formononetin (daidzein precursor), lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men.
Nestel 2004
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A chemical & biological characterization and clinical evaluation of botanical dietary supplements carried out using a phase I red clover extract advises that clinical investigators must appreciate complexity of multi-component phytomedicines & adjust trial protocols accordingly.
Piersen 2004
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Comparision to placebo of two dietary supplements from red clover on lipids and bone turnover markers shows both supplements containing isoflavones decrease levels of triglycerides in symptomatic menopausal women.
Schult 2004
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A double-blind, randomized, parallel study indicated that purified isoflavones derived from red clover have no effect on cholesterol homeostasis or insulin resistance in twenty-five premenopausal women, a group which is at low risk of CHD.
Blakesmith 2003
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Serum obtained from postmenopausal women treated with isoflavones derived from soy and red clover, stimulates the capacity to produce prostacyclin by human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture, an effect that could contribute to a beneficial cardiovascular effect of phytoestrogens.
Garc?Mart?z 2003
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Isoflavone supplementation from red clover may favorably influence blood pressure and endothelial function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetic women.
Howes 2003
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A placebo-controlled study in 80 healthy subjects 46 men and 34 postmenopausal women showed that red clover isoflavones enriched in formononetin reduced arterial stiffness and total vascular resistance but had no effect on blood pressure.
Teede 2003
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The efficacy and safety of 2 dietary supplements derived from red clover with placebo in symptomatic menopausal women was compared and showed that neither supplement had a clinically important effect on hot flashes or other symptoms of menopause.
Tice 2003
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Red clover-derived dietary isoflavones may halt the progression of prostate cancer by inducing apoptosis in low to moderate-grade tumors, potentially contributing to the lower incidence of clinically significant disease in Asian men.
Jarred 2002
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A review of 29 randomized, controlled clinical trials of complementary and alternative medicine therapies for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms revealed that two trials have shown that red clover has no benefit for treating hot flashes.
Kronenberg 2002
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Treatment with 80 mg isoflavones of red clover (Promensil) per day in postmenopausal women resulted in a significant reduction in hot flushes from baseline.
van de Weijer 2002
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Administration of isoflavones extracted from red clover was associated with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a fall in apo-lipoprotein B, & an increase in the cortical bone of the proximal radius & ulna after 6 months of treatment when given to 46 postmenopausal women.
Clifton-Bligh 2001
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Two double-blind placebo-controlled trials found no beneficial effects of red clover extracts on hot flashes or other menopausal symptoms. Three of four trials examining the effect of red clover on lipids found no benefit; the fourth trial contains too little data to interpret.
Fugh-Berman 2001
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In a small pilot study, using immunohistochemical quantification of the Ki-67 antigen, red clover isoflavones were not found to have an antiproliferative effect in the endometrium.
Hale 2001
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Isoflavone phytoestrogens from red clover in the proportions and quantities studied do not significantly alter plasma lipids in in 66 post menopausal women with moderately elevated plasma cholesterol levels.
Howes 2000
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A study conducted in 17 menopausal women revealed that an important cardiovascular risk factor, arterial compliance, which diminishes with menopause, was significantly improved with red clover isoflavones but not plasma lipids.
Nestel 1999
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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There is evidence that clonidine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, gabapentin and black cohosh may be beneficial in treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms in some women. Current evidence does not support use of fluoxetine, red clover, phytoestrogens, Ginseng, evening primrose, dong quai & vitamin E.
Cheema 2007
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A 53-year-old woman with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the use of an herbal supplement containing red clover, dong quai, and Siberian ginseng was reported.
Friedman 2007
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[Escharotic and other botanical agents for the treatment of skin cancer: a review.]
Jellinek 2005
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A series of cases in which Trifolium pratense was used in breast disease with hyperoestrogenic symptoms is reported. Several patients with cystic mastosis and breast cancer appeared to do well.
Parvu 2004
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Both red clover extracts and placebo were found equally to reduce the frequency of hot flushes.
Gordon 2003
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[Treating hot flushes without hormone replacement therapy.]
Seibel 2003
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Soy and red clover derived isoflavones are advocated as selective estrogen receptor modulators with only desired and no undesired estrogenic effects. Majority of studies indicate an antiosteoporotic effect of isoflavones.
Wuttke 2002
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Vascular reactivity improved by supplementation with isolated soy protein or isoflavones isolated from red clover.
van der Schouw 2000
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It is demonstrated that many of the commonly consumed foods, herbs, and spices including soy, licorice, red clover, thyme, & tumeric, contain phytoestrogens and phytoprogestins that act as agonists and antagonists in vivo.
Zava 1998
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Trifolium pratense has gained popularity due to research into its use for the treatment for menopausal symptoms.
Sabudak 2009
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Soy and red-clover isoflavones are thought to protect against heart diseases as well as breast and other types of cancer and are structurally similar to estrogens.
Tomar 2008
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Soy isoflavones, red clover isoflavones, black cohosh, and vitamin E are commonly used to treat vasomotor symptoms and may be considered in women with mild menopausal symptoms that are not controlled by lifestyle changes alone.
Umland 2008
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Preparations containing isoflavones in variable doses, such as soy extract and red clover, or extracts from evening primrose, Cimifuga racemosa, ginseng and black cohosh are often used for treating the climacteric syndrome.
Albertazzi 2007
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Use of hormone-related supplements for breast cancer varied significantly by race, with African American women being more likely than European American women to use any herbal preparation (19.2% vs. 14.7%,) as well as specific preparations including red clover (4.7% vs. 0.6%).
Rebbeck 2007
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Preparations containing isoflavones, such as soy extract and red clover or extracts from evening primrose or cimicifuga (black cohosh, Actaea racemosa, syn. Cimicifuga racemosa), in variable doses are very popular for the treatment of hot flashes.
Albertazzi 2006
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The literature review covers red clover botanical dietary supplement clinical studies having a possible impact on the health care of mature and menopausal women, and provides historical perspective regarding the traditional uses of red clover.
Booth 2006
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Red clover dietary supplements are currently used to treat menopausal symptoms because of their high content of the mildly estrogenic isoflavones daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A.
Booth 2006
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Review on pharmacological & herbal options for hot flashes management includes use of progesterone, alpha adrenergic agonists, anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, soy products, black cohosh, red clover, dong quai, ginseng root, evening primrose oil, vitamin E & wild yam.
Haimov-Kochman 2005
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Hormone replacement therapy is an effective therapy and concerns about side effects and breast cancer risk have stimulated interest into alternative therapies such as phytoestrogens of soy and red clover.
Barentsen 2004
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Nonprescription therapies for efficacy and safety in postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms include black cohosh, dong quai, evening primrose oil, physical activity, phytoestrogens, and red clover.
Fugate 2004
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The most commonly used herbal medicine for menopause is probably black cohosh; other preparations used include red clover, dong quai and evening primrose.
Huntley 2004
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In women who need relief for mild vasomotor symptoms, North American Menopause Society recommends first considering lifestyle changes, either alone or combined with a nonprescription remedy, such as dietary isoflavones from either soy or red clover, black cohosh, or vitamin E.
North American Menopause Society 2004
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Phytoestrogens such as those derived from red clover may help with hot flushes, which are a common menopausal complaint. Red clover isoflavones have more evidence base than most herbal medicinal products.
Pitkin 2004
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Plant extracts such as red clover, which contain high levels of isoflavanoids, have been used to reduce menopausal symptoms and have been shown to reduce bone loss in healthy women. These phytoestrogens do not cause any oestrogenic increase in breast density.
Powles 2004
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Study on the evaluation of the benefit of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms suggests red clover may be of benefit for more severe menopausal symptoms.
Huntley 2003
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Determination of the use of botanical dietary supplements in women between the ages of 40 and 60 years show black cohosh, garlic, red clover, kava, valerian, evening primrose, and ephedra were used by less than 15% of respondents.
Mahady 2003
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The review focus on 5 popular botanical dietary supplements including Trifolium pratense (red clover), which address their mechanisms of action, clinical evidence bases, and implications for use in cancer.
Piersen 2003
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Plant-derived preparations including black cohosh, dong quai, evening primrose, and red clover are used by patients experiencing hot flashes due to premature menopause despite a paucity of clinical trial data demonstrating either safety or efficacy.
Rock 2003
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[Phytoestrogens and menopause. Published evidence supports a role for phytoestrogens in menopause.]
Husband 2002
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Several phytotherapies, including saw palmetto, Pygeum africanum, curbicin, and isoflavone-containing supplements (red clover [Trifoleum pratense] and soy), are widely used in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Katz 2002
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Research with vitamin E, soy, black cohosh, red clover, and numerous other alternative treatments in women may provide some indirect but valuable insight on their potential effectiveness in men.
Moyad 2002
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[Selected herbal dietary supplements used to manage climacteric (menopausal-type) symptoms.]
Newton 2002
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[By the way, Doctor. I've seen advertisements for red clover as a treatment for menopausal symptoms. Is it an effective alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?]
Robb-Nicholson 2001
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Review on complementary and alternative medicine use in the Amish indicates ten pregnant women reported using echinacea, St. John's Wort, red clover, garlic and ginseng.
von Gruenigen 2001
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Monograph in German on Henriette's Herbal website.
Madaus 1938
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Monograph on Henriette's Herbal website
Sayre 1917
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See citation on p. 406 on David Winston's Herbal Therapeutics website
Fyfe 1909
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Recommendation for Trifolium as brain nutrition from an eclectic journal on Henriette's Herbal website
Ellingwood 1908
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Indications for homeopathic tincture on Henriette's Herbal website.
Boericke 1901
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Physiomedicalist Materia Medica; See citation on p.180 on D Winston's Herbal Therapeutics website.
Lyle 1897
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Monograph on Henriette's Herbal website.
Cook 1869
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See citation on p. 13 on D Winston's Herbal Therapeutics website.
Williams 1849
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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The study evaluates Phytotoxkittrade mark as a tool for measuring the toxicity of municipal sewage sludges using 10 plants including red clover applying germination index & median effective concentration value, the trace metal & polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content.
Oleszczuk 2009
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Toxicity tests were performed to assess the effect of tannery waste water with different treatment levels on two wetland plants, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia. Trifolium pratense, generally used as an indicator in toxicity tests, was used as a control.
Calheiros 2008
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The potential toxic effects of stabilized sewage sludge that are currently applied to agricultural soils, three types of municipal sewage sludge and one pig slurry were subjected to phytotoxicity assays using three plants including Trifolium pretense.
Ram?z 2008
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To evaluate the ability of three types of extracts to explain the ecotoxicological risk of treated municipal sewage sludges, the OECD 208A germination test was applied using three plants including Trifolium pretense.
Ram?z 2008
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Three of the most commonly used flame retardants were tested for sub-lethal toxicity towards soil nitrifying bacteria, a terrestrial plant (seed emergence and growth of the red clover, Trifolium pratense), and a soil invertebrate and the results compared.
Sverdrup 2006
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Bismuthines containing aromatic heterocycles showed toxicity against Artemia salina and herbicidal activity on Lactuca sativa, Trifolium pratense, and Lolium multiflorum.
C?edes 2003
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A biotest with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) indicated a greater phytotoxic effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid than ethylenediaminedissuccinate addition. Chelate addition did not prevent the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza on red clover.
Grcman 2003
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Investigation on effects of aging, on copper partitioning & ecotoxicity indicates acute toxicity to Enchytraeus albidus & chronic toxicity to Trifolium pratense and a dose-response relationship between copper toxicity & pore-water copper concentration or the CaCl2-extracted copper fraction.
Lock 2003
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Toxicosis of horses often occurs from fumonisins or aflatoxin in grains, from the tremorgenic mycotoxins in dallis grass, or from slaframine in red clover.
Osweiler 2001
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Five samples from the windrow having intermediate oil concentrations were tested with toxicity tests based on microbes, enzyme inhibition, plants (duckweed growth inhibition and red clover seed germination), and soil animals.
Juvonen 2000
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The most informative allergenic extracts for the detection of patients who exhibited a positive reaction to any extract were from red fescue-grass pollens, mesquite, short ragweed, red clover, and timothy-grass pollens.
Lucas 1989
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Examination of the pollen content of the atmosphere of Montpellier, southern France, indicates that by contrast, some patients had positive skin tests to alfalfa, red clover, acacia and lime tree pollens though these pollens were almost absent from the counts.
Bousquet 1984
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In one serious outbreak of the slobber syndrome in horses, the red clover forage involved was carefully examined and found to contain R. leguminicola and slaframine.
Broquist 1984
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Investigation on an outbreak of salivary syndrome in horses in North Carolina revealed the presence of Slaframine (1-acetoxy-6-amino-octahydroindolizine) in purified extracts of toxic red clover hay by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after preparative thin-layer chromatography.
Hagler 1981
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[Reproductive disturbances of Romney ewe lambs grazed on red clover (Trifolium pratense) pastures.]
CH'ANG 1958
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Interactions
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, interact with herbal supplements which possess antiplatelet activity and those containing coumarin (chamomile, motherworth, horse chestnut, fenugreek & red clover) & tamarind, increase the risk of bleeding.
Abebe 2002
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Ganoderma Japonicum, Papaw, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginseng, Devil's claw, Garlic, Quinine, Ginkgo, Ginger, Red Clover and Horse-Chestnut reinforce warfarin action by heterogeneous mechanisms and should not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy. [Article in Italian]
Argento 2000
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Herbal products that may potentially increase the risk of bleeding or potentiate the effects of warfarin therapy includes 29 drugs including red clover, rue & sweet clover.
Heck 2000
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Animal Studies
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The combined effect of a quality-controlled red clover extract standardized to contain 40% isoflavones by weight together with a modified alkaline supplementation on bone metabolic and biomechanical parameters in an experimental model of surgically-induced menopause was tested using SD rats.
Kawakita 2009
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Study shows polyphenol oxidase trait could show more benefit to ruminants if red clover was fed in combination with lesser N-containing forages or if red clover was bred to contain less N.
Lee 2009
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The prepubertal exposure to biochanin A, an isoflavinoid in red clover, modulated the regulatory processes and in turn enhanced the differentiation and development of mammary glands in female rats.
Mishra 2009
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Isoflavone rich red clover extract mediates numerous genomic and non-genomic effects which, besides lipid metabolism, influence a broad range of cellular functions, including metabolic actions, cell cycle regulation and antioxidant activity in liver of ovariectomized rats.
Pakalapati 2009
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A negative influence of drought-stress on phytoestrogenic potency of clover was revealed also that red clover in the diet can inhibit avian growth and development independent of irrigation state in Japanese quail chicks.
Rochester 2009
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A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion has been developed for the determination of 12 isoflavones in Trifolium pratense.
Visnevschi-Necrasov 2009
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Supplementing isoflavones for menopause leads to significant improvements in bone density, tissue integrity, and vaginal blood flow with minimal effect on uterine weight in rabbit model and may be a viable alternative to conventional regimens using synthetic estrogens.
Adaikan 2008
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The effects of Trifolium pratense & Cimicifuga racemosa upon the endometrium of castrated female Wistar rats were compared with placebo & estradiol valerate and revealed that T. pratense presented alpha-estrogen receptor stimulation in the endometrium without increasing cell proliferation.
Alves 2008
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The effect of dietary Avlimil including black cohosh, licorice, red raspberry, red clover and kudzu) at dosages approximating human intake was evaluated using ovariectomized mice implanted with MCF-7 cells.
Ju 2008
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A study on ovariectomized uterotrophic rat model revealed that both the Humulus lupulus & Trifolium pratense extracts have no effect on rat uterus; 8-prenylnaringenin at equivalent doses to those used in humans did have an effect & may have a deleterious effect in women.
Overk 2008
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The effects of dietary equol, a metabolite of soy-derived daidzein or formononetin present in red clover, on the mammary gland of ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated.
Racho?08
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Randomized rabbit study suggests dietary red clover may reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
Asgary 2007
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Pre-treatment of plant extracts rich in polymethoxylated flavones, procyanidins and isoflavones but not catechins protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the rat model of Parkinsons Disease.
Datla 2007
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The effects of red clover isoflavones on bone loss progression induced by estrogen deficiency (ovariectomy) in rats was evaluated and showed that RCIF are effective in reducing bone loss induced by ovariectomy by reducing bone turnover via inhibition of bone resorption.
Occhiuto 2007
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Long-term high-dose dietary equol administration to ovariectomized rats exerts uterotropic effects at the cellular and molecular level so questioning the safety of uncontrolled and unlimited consumption of soy or red clover supplements by postmenopausal women with intact uteri.
Racho?07
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17beta-estradiol and the isoflavone genistein in soy and red clover share many effects in the studied organs, particularly in the vagina, uterus, and mammary gland but not in the hypothalamo/pituitary unit of ovariectomized rats.
Rimoldi 2007
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Red clover isoflavones are found to be effective in reducing skin aging induced by estrogen deprivation in rats.
Circosta 2006
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Comparison between phytoestrogens including Trifolium pretense (red clover) and estradiol in the prevention of atheroma in ovariectomized cholesterol-fed rabbits showed only estradiol had a significant protective effect against atheroma formation.
Haines 2006
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Red clover-derived isoflavones have a significant effect on prostatic growth, and are capable of reducing the enlarged non-malignant prostate phenotype of the adult aromatase knock-out mouse, by acting as anti-androgenic agents rather than weak estrogenic substances.
Jarred 2003
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Five herbal supplements which contain different combinations of various herbs including licorice & red clover blossoms extract were tested and shown to possess antitumor activity in severely combined immunodeficient mice bearing CWR22R and PC3 prostate cancer xenografts.
Ng 2003
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Studies conducted using an ovariectomized rat model to determine the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extracts, suggest that red clover extract is weakly estrogenic in the ovariectomized rat model.
Burdette 2002
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Dietary isoflavones from red clover in mice, represent a non-toxic dietary treatment for prostatic hyperplasia and a reduction in the potential for neoplastic transformation.
Slater 2002
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It is demonstrated that prostate, but not testis, size was significantly reduced over 28 days of a red clover isoflavone supplemented diet in adult male mice.
Risbridger 2001
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The potential of a number of isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense) and some metabolically related compounds to offer protection from UV irradiation in hairless mice by topical application after UV exposure was examined and confirmed.
Widyarini 2001
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Novel photoprotective effects of one isoflavone derivative from red clover, following its application topically in Skh:HR-1 hairless mice was described.
Widyarini 2000
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Total flavonoids from clover red & nut, containing isoflavones decreased cholesterol & triglycerides in intact rats, inhibited the development of hyperlipidemia, caused by Triton WR-1339, prevented accumulation of ethanol inducedtriglycerides in rat liver & blood. [Article in Russian]
Leont'eva 1979
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[Isoflavones in some white and red clover varieties and their oestrogenic effect in juvenile mice] [Article in German]
Grunert 1967
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Pharmacodynamics
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The study of targeting cancer with 'smart bombs' shows the loading of chemotherapeutic cargo is discussed, with specific reference to the advantage of reversible transitions of the capsid of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus.
Franzen 2009
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Red clover isoflavone treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in prostate-specific antigen protein and gene expression and testosterone metabolism induced by TGFbeta1 + DHEA in prostate LAPC-4/6S co-cultures.
Gray 2009
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The comet assay of endosulfan was conducted in earthworm and white clover, which are sensitive organisms suitable for acting as a bioindicator for agricultural ecosystems.
Liu 2009
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It has been found that formononetin from Trifolium pratense (red clover) had obvious antioxidant effects and estrogenic effect, and the estrogenic effect was not dosage-related.
Mu 2009
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The neuroprotective efficacy of phytoestrogenic isoflavones (genistein, daidzein,) from Trifolium pratense L. (Red clover) was investigated against oxidative stress-induced cell death in human cortical cell line HCN 1-A maintained in culture.
Occhiuto 2009
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The isoflavone content of 19 different isoflavone-containing preparations of red clover and soy were quantified and found bound to and transactivated both the estrogen receptors and the other receptors.
Reiter 2009
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The effect of red clover polyphenol oxidase activity on protein-bound phenols and measured lipase activity in vitro, activation, and the effect on measured lipase activity and lipolysis was studied.
Van Ranst 2009
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All the five isoflavones from Trifolium pretense including formononetin & daidzein protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced injury through inhibition of microglia activation and proinflammatory factors generation.
Chen 2008
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Investigation of the antioxidant capacity of nine Fabaceae species collected on the mountains of Serbia and Montenegro shows that three of these, including Trifolium pannonicum, and Anthyllis aurea were found to be the most active.
Godevac 2008
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Isoflavones used to ameliorate menopausal complaints were tested for their potential in transactivating aryl hydrocarbon receptor in order to investigate the biological function of red clover isoflavones.
Medjakovic 2008
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The study shows that red clover extracts, the major compounds, and especially several main metabolites exert significant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma binding and transactivational activity.
Mueller 2008
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The receptor binding and transactivation activities of red clover isoflavones including biochanin A, formononetin, genistein and their metabolites were studied.
Pfitscher 2008
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The three red clover (Trifolium pratense) polyphenol oxidases undergo structural and kinetic changes during activation and provide new insights to their effects in postharvest physiology and they have been shown to differ in enzymatic activities and activation properties.
Schmitz 2008
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Red clover extracts act as anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic agents on human endothelial cells by reducing the expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
Simoncini 2008
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The effect of biochanin A, an isoflavone isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense), on the gene regulation and enzyme activity of aromatase was investigated.
Wang 2008
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It is suggested that red clover extract might exhibit anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of mouse lymphocytes and the nitric oxide secretion of mouse macrophages.
Yang 2008
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The affinity of Trifolium pretense, one of the most common herbs for the relief of menopausal symptoms was investigated at the mu- and delta-opiate receptors.
Nissan 2007
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The action of biochanin A, from red clover, with the carcinogen activation pathway that is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells was examined which showed that the biochanin A competitively inhibited the metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.
Han 2006
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The eosinophil and lymphocyte levels of rats fed with pollen of Trifolium spp., Raphanus spp., and Cistus spp. were observed to have increased blood cell counts, while neutrophil and monocyte levels decreased.
Kolankaya 2006
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[Effect of components in red clover on plant lipase activity with possible consequences on PUFA-content of dairy products.]
Van Ranst 2006
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Experimental and clinical evidences suggest that soy/red clover and their isoflavones do not fulfill the criteria of an ideal selective estrogen receptor modulators. They appear to have mild osteoprotective effects but do not improve climacteric complaints.
Wuttke 2006
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The higher affinity to estrogen receptor (ER) beta compared to ERalpha has been used as an explanation why red clover extracts function as food additives to treat menopausal disorders and may reduce risk of breast cancer.
Beck 2005
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Phytoestrogen extracts, including soy foods and red clover, appear to have at best only minimal effect on menopausal symptoms but have positive health effects on plasma lipid concentrations and may reduce heart disease.
Geller 2005
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An acidic plant extract from the Trifolium species Secomet-V, with an anecdotal indication in humans for promise as an anti-HIV treatment, was investigated.
Kotwal 2005
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[Differences in extent of lipolysis in red or white clover and ryegrass silages in relation to polyphenol oxidase activity.]
Louren?2005
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Extracts of hops and red clover and their individual constituents including 8-PN, 6-prenylnaringenin, isoxanthohumol, and xanthohumol from hops and daidzein, formononetin, biochanin A, and genistein from red clover were compared using a variety of in vitro estrogenic assays.
Overk 2005
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It is shown that that red clover extracts activate nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in endothelial cells by recruiting transcriptional pathways but are not capable of inducing rapid NO synthesis through nongenomic mechanisms.
Simoncini 2005
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The relative oestrogenic activities of 0.1 g each of extracts of phytosterol, soy isoflavone, red clover, kudzu and soybean extracts were determined using in vitro trout hepatocyte cultures and found to be equivalent to 212, 1, 3.2, 132 and 1025 nM of 17beta-estradiol, respectively.
Bennetau-Pelissero 2004
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The dynamics of red clover or grass silage fermentations in response to various inoculants incorporating lactic acid bacteria was studied.
Johnson 2004
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Using 2 separate cell assays on the effect of red clover isoflavones on cox-2 activity in murine and human monocyte / macrophage cells, study revealed that these isoflavones inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity in both the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 & human monocytes.
Lam 2004
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The red clover-derived isoflavone metabolite cis-tetrahydrodaidzein inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced ERK-1 activation and cell proliferation in human vascular smooth muscle cell, suggesting a potential beneficial effect in cardiovascular protection.
Ling 2004
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Biochanin A and/or formononetin of red clover may exert anticarcinogenic effects directly by acting as competitive substrates for CYP1B1 or indirectly through their metabolites daidzein and genistein, which inhibit CYP1B1.
Roberts 2004
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Popular herbal remedies including red clover blossom could be identified as inhibitors of the applied cytochrome P450 enzymes with IC(50) values between 20 and 1000 microg/mL.
Unger 2004
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Different extracts from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were tested for their ability to stimulate the activity of osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells (HOS58).
Wende 2004
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The main polycyclic phenolic compounds of soy and red clover showed clear estrogenic activity through estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta and affinity to progesterone receptor and androgen receptor, whereas the compounds from black cohosh did not.
Beck 2003
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Seven legume extracts including red clover blossom and red clover sprout (Trifolium pretense) were analyzed for estrogenic activity using an estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation assay.
Bou?003
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It has been illustrated that the red clover isoflavone could protect against polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced DNA damage in MCF-7 cell system by modulating the biotransformation pathways of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.
Chan 2003
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The rumen fermentability of grass, red clover, white clover, and grass/red clover silages was evaluated in a nylon bag study.
Dewhurst 2003
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The antioxidant action of different flavonoids (quercetin, glabridin, red clover, and Isoflavin Beta, an isoflavones mixture) was investigated in order to determine if they could be added to a topical formulation used to treat damage caused by free radicals.
Georgetti 2003
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The hypothesis that the consumption of the forages including red clover does not affect the hatching and development of helminth eggs in the faeces subsequently produced by the host animal was tested.
Marley 2003
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A recombinant cell bioassay was adapted to measure estrogen bioactivity in herbs of red clover, dong quai, black cohosh, soy, licorice, chaste tree berry, fo-ti, and hops.
Oerter Klein 2003
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A combination of naturally occurring agents, including citrus flavonoids, chokeberry extract, red grape seed extract, lycopene, selenium and red clover extract was used which can either trigger apoptosis or affect the pathways underlying diffuse invasion.
Rooprai 2003
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Biochanin A, a major isoflavone present in red clover, inhibits prostate cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Rice 2002
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Rearing experiments revealed an unexpectedly large gradient in flavonoid richness, ranging from individuals with high flavonoid loads (reared on inflorescences of Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens, T. pratense) to butterflies which contained almost no such pigments.
Burghardt 2001
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It is suggested that coumestrol, a phytoestrogen found in high levels in alfalfa and red clover, exhibits both mutagenic and clastogenic properties in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells.
Domon 2001
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An estrogenic activity corresponding to a transactivational capacity of ca. 18 microg 17 beta-estradiol per g red clover extract for estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and ca. 78 microg 17 beta-estradiol per g red clover for ER beta was obtained.
Dornstauder 2001
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No GSH adducts of reactive metabolites were found in extracts of Trifolium pratense L. (red clover), which are under investigation as botanical dietary supplements for the management of menopause.
Johnson 2001
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Bioassay-guided isolation utilizing estrogen receptors competitive binding as a monitor and screening using ultrafiltration LC-MS revealed that genistein was the most active component of red clover.
Liu 2001
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Analysis of commercial extracts for their in vitro cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitory capability via a fluorometric microtitre plate assay shows Echinacea angustifolia roots, Trifolium pratense, Matricaria chamomilla and Glycyrrhiza glabra, had IC50 values ranging from 1%-2% of full strength.
Budzinski 2000
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An analysis of a mixture of herbs in Essiac, an alternative-medicine anti-cancer therapy, has shown it contains a variety of compounds which have antioxidant activity as well as the ability to block cell growth. [Article in English, French]
[No authors listed] 1998
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Summary of Finnish investigations of the phytoestrogen content of 4 legume plants including red clover, was studied by applying uterine weight of immature rats as an indicator of the estrogenic effect of the fodder used. All red clover varieties studied contained estrogenic isoflavones.
Saloniemi 1995
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When offered dung from herbage diets, face flies deposited 38.3% of their eggs on dung derived from endophyte-free tall fescue diets, 9.9% on dung from endophyte-infected tall fescue diets, 7.4% on dung from red clover diets and 22.8% on dung from alfalfa-bromegrass diets.
Dougherty 1994
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ELISA was found to be a more suitable method of serotype identification of red clover necrotic mosaic virus isolates than the double diffusion agar gel test for its higher sensitivity and greater selectivity.
Gallo 1994
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Isolation of habitat fragments resulted in decreased numbers of species as well as reduced effects of natural enemies. Manually established islands of red clover were colonized by most available herbivore species but few parasitoid species.
Kruess 1994
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Study of preparation and specificity of antibodies against coat proteins of broad bean stain virus shows Anti-S antibodies did not react with the related red clover mottle comovirus (RCMV), but Anti-L and Anti-BBSV antibodies reacted with RCMV similarly to BBSV.
Subr 1994
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The influence of selected plant species including red clover, alfalfa, hairy vetch, field corn, sweet corn, on egg hatch and subsequent development of Heterodera glycines race 3 was investigated.
Schmitt 1991
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The studies demonstrate that the hydrocarbon metabolism assay can detect and guide the fractionation of potential anticarcinogens from plants of Trifolium pratense L. Leguminosae, red clover.
Cassady 1988
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[Actions of various antibiotics on symbiosis of the red clover (Trifolium pratense l.)] [Article in French]
Visona 1963
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[The oestrogenic activity of red clover isoflavones and some of their degradation products.]
Wong 1962
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Analytical Chemistry
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Analytical methods were developed to undertake detailed phytochemical analyses of FE, a herbal mixture and its eight contributing herbs, including red clover.
Saleem 2009
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Detailed chemotaxonomic studies were perfomed to establish the qualitative profile and real amounts of pharmacologically active isoflavone aglycones genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in aerial parts of thirteen Trifolium L. (clover) species, native to Poland.
Zg? 2009
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Pressurized liquid extraction, with reversed-phase liquid chromatography and photodiode-array detection were used for the isolation and determination of phytoestrogenic isoflavones in hydrolyzed extracts obtained from aerial parts of five clover species.
Zg? 2009
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The estrogens genistein and daidzein were identified in the red clover extract, and the estrogen 8-prenylnaringenin was identified in the hop extract by using screening assay based on magnetic microparticles and LC-MS.
Choi 2008
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Established extraction procedures & updated isotope dilution MSLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection have been used to accurately quantify the concentrations of ten common isoflavones in 35 dietary supplement samples including red clover isoflavones.
Clarke 2008
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U-HPLC technique was used for separation of isoflavones and phenolic acids in samples of plant materials (Trifolium pratense, Glycine max, Pisum sativum and Ononis spinosa) after acid hydrolysis of the samples and modified Soxhlet extraction.
Klejdus 2008
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Specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization in positive mode-MS/MS fragmentation reactions with a special focus on the analysis of isoflavones, whereby this technique was also found to be extendable to determine further polyphenols.
Maul 2008
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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in leaf extracts of wild type red clover and a mutant line expressing greatly reduced levels of PPO has been characterized.
Winters 2008
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Alectrol, a germination stimulant for root parasitic plants, was purified from root exudates of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and identified as a strigolactone, (+)-orobanchyl acetate, by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and ESI- and EI-MS spectrometry.
Xie 2008
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The validated accurate, precise, and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS analytical method was applied in investigating the emission of phytoestrogens via drainage water from a pasture containing 43% red clover (Trifolium pratense) and in monitoring their occurrence in Swiss surface waters.
Erbs 2007
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A rapid-resolution HPLC/UV-VIS DAD separation method for the determination and identification of isoflavones was verified using samples of bits of soy and methanolic extracts from Trifolium pratense, Iresine herbstii and Ononis spinosa plants.
Klejdus 2007
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The isoflavone contents of Trifolium heldreichianum, T. scabrum, & T. subterraneum were reaching 7-9% of dry matter, & the concentration in a number of other species was higher or comparable to the amounts occurring in T. pratense, a major isoflavone source of the nutraceutical industry.
Oleszek 2007
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A simple HPLC-UV-MS method has been developed for identification of phenolic compounds in three different species of Trifolium including Trifolium pretense.
Polasek 2007
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Chemical analysis identified several flavonoids such as quercetin in all Trifolium spp & Medicago sativa, taxifolin in T. pratense & T. alexandrinum, myricetin in T. repens, kaempferol in Phaseolus vulgaris & T. repens & luteolin in M. sativa & T. alexandrinum.
Prati 2007
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Twenty-one nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements commonly consumed by women in Canada were analyzed for isoflavones (genistein, glycitein), lignans (pinoresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol), and coumestrol.
Thompson 2007
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A high performance liquid chromatography method with spectrofluorescence detector was established for the quantitative analysis of benzopyrene in red clover extract. [Article in Chinese]
Yan 2007
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A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method was developed for determination of the four isoflavones, i.e. biochanin A, formononetin, genstein and daidzein in red clover (Trifolium Pratense L.). The effect of running buffer pH and concentration was investigated.
Zhang 2007
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A new viable method was established to determine the formononetin content in Trifoblium pretense which could be used in both scientific research and industrial production. [Article in Chinese]
Zhou 2007
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The major and minor chemical and active estrogenic components of a preformulated phase II red clover clinical extract were identified, quantitatively measured, and the final capsule doses were calculated.
Booth 2006
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A method was developed for the analysis of isoflavones in dietary supplements like red clover regardless of their botanical composition, using HPLC-PDA because of its applicability to routine analysis.
Delmonte 2006
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Red clover contains primarily the isoflavones, formononetin and biochanin A, and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to the identification of isoflavone derivatives based on the fragmentation pattern of the parent ion.
Delmonte 2006
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Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection was employed to analyze isoflavones like daidzein, genistein and biochanin A in red clover (Trifolium pratense).
Peng 2006
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The isoflavone compositions and concentrations in the leaf, flower, petiole, and stem of 13 red clover cultivars were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array and a mass spectrometric detector with negative electrospray ionization.
Tsao 2006
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Both soil and plant samples of nine different plant species including Trifolium pretense, grown in soils from southeastern China contaminated with uranium mine tailings were analyzed for the plant uptake and translocation of 238U, 226Ra and 232Th.
Chen 2005
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A newly elaborated supercritical fluid extraction procedure allowed more accurate (< 5%) and precise (< 4-7%) determination of isoflavones in biological materials.
Klejdus 2005
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The heavy metals content of Zoysia japonica & Trifolium pratense correlated positively with the contents of their exchangeable & organic forms in soils, a significantly negative correlation with the forms of Fe-Mn oxides & carbonate, & no correlation with residual form. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2005
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Study of modification of the Lowry assay to measure proteins and phenols in covalently bound complexes shows the ortho-diphenols were caffeic acid and phaselic acid, which were bound to bovine serum albumin and red clover protein either chemically or enzymatically.
Winters 2005
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Liquid chromatography coupled on-line to a continuous-flow enzymatic assay using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was successfully applied for the screening of complex samples, such as red clover extract, and detection limits of 0.3-0.8 micromol/L were obtained.
de Boer 2004
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Since LC-MS did not provide sufficient information to distinguish the glucoside malonate isomers of the isoflavones in Trifolium pratense, LC-NMR and off-line two-dimensional NMR were used to obtain further structural information.
de Rijke 2004
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Changes in the chemical composition of fulvic acids in used oil-contaminated soils treated with different plant species including Trifolium pratense and fertilization were analyzed by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy.
Dominguez-Rosado 2004
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A comparative study of nutrients and antioxidant molecules in yellow plums from conventional and organic production indicates that the highest phenolic acids content was found in plums grown on soil covered with trifolium.
Lombardi-Boccia 2004
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Isoflavones were measured in subterranean and red clovers, grown in a mountain environment, and in the milk of two goats fed a fresh mixture of the four subterranean clovers gathered at flowering stage.
Sakakibara 2004
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The chemical characteristics of purified procyanidin polymers of flowers of the forage legume red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were studied by (13)C NMR, acid-catalyzed degradation with benzyl mercaptan, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Sivakumaran 2004
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The concentration of carbohydrates of four plant species including red clover which contrast in their resistance to oxygen deficiency was compared.
Bertrand 2003
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Some N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)-L-tyrosine and L-DOPA alkyl esters were synthesized and evaluated as a variation of the clovamide (N-caffeoyl-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) structure, a known antioxidant found in red clover.
Ley 2003
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By a simple and rapid analytical method for strigolactones by high-performance liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry, it was found that red clover produces orobanchol and alectrol but not strigol.
Sato 2003
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High-performance liquid chromatography-UV-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric detector method for simultaneous quantitation of 10 isoflavone aglycones in red clover and related species has been developed.
Wu 2003
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An RP-HPLC method for the determination of daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was developed and validated & the method was applied to the analysis of different red clover cultivars.
Krenn 2002
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Alfalfa and red clover dietary supplements were characterised and identified using a PCR-based method.
LeRoy 2002
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Seeds of 57 species of the genus Trifolium were studied for the occurrence and concentration of soyasapogenol B glycosides and flavonoids.
Oleszek 2002
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Isoflavones, their glucosides and their glucoside malonates were determined in red clover leaf extracts using reversed-phase LC coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, UV and fluorescence detectors & the stability of malonates was investigated.
De Rijke 2001
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High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the flavonoids and their glycoside malonates of the flowers and leaves of red clover.
Lin 2000
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A valid, alternative radioimmunoassay method was compared with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method by determining concentrations of formononetin in ethanol extracts of red clover.
Wang 1998
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Lignin samples from wheat straw, orchard grass, red clover and a synthetic lignin were subjected to pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using both quadrupole and ion-trap detector.
Galletti 1993
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In laboratory silages made from orchardgrass, red clover and oats, significant levels of toxic biogenic amines were found.
Kr?k 1993
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When analysing a series of laboratory silages made from orchardgrass, red clover and oats, the fluctuating dynamics of biogenic amines were observed.
Kr?k 1993
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Activity-directed fractionation of Trifolium pratense resulted in isolation of the isoflavone biochanin A, a potent inhibitor of metabolic activation of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in cells in culture and the structural features were determined.
Chae 1991
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Study of characterization by Fast Atom Bombardment and Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry shows that Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) lacked prolinebetaine, pipecolatebetaine, and hydroxyprolinebetaine, but contained both glycinebetaine and trigonelline.
Wood 1991
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[Variations in the content of plant oestrogens in red clover-timothy-grass during the growing season.]
Kallela 1987
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Leaf proteins of alfalfa, red clover, Italian ryegrass and oats obtained by coagulation at different pH were examined for their chemical composition and nutritional quality.
Horigome 1983
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[Determination of oestrogenic isoflavones and coumestrol in clover (trifolium pratense l. and trifolium repens l) (author's transl)] [Article in German]
Sachse 1974
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[Separation and determination of isoflavones in the protein concentrate from red clover leaves.]
Glencross 1972
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[Starch--gel electrophoresis of alfalfa and red clover seed proteins.]
Kleczkowska 1969
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[Starch--gel electrophoresis of alfalfa and red clover seed proteins.]
Kleczkowska 1969
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About the content of estrogenic isoflavones in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivated in water-sand with different mineral supply] [Article in German]
Schultz 1967
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It is indicated that the activity of malate synthetase was barely detectable in rhizobia from alfalfa, red clover and pea nodules.
Johnson 1966
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[Estrogen-effective isoflavones in Trifolium pratense (red clover). Distribution in superterranean parts of plants and occurrence as "bound" isoflavones] [Article in German]
Schultz 1965
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[Isoflavone glucoside formononetin-7-glucoside and biochanin A-7-glucoside in Trifolium pratense L.] [Article in German]
Schultz 1965
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[Lipids of the acetone-insoluble fraction from red-clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves.]
Weenink 1964
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[The isolation of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid from the lipids of red-clover (trifolium pratense) leaves.]
Weenink 1964
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[Minor constituents of the acetone-soluble lipids of red-clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves.]
Weenink 1962
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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Absorption, distribution and elimination of 14C-labelled isoflavone-containing extracts from kudzu (Pueraria lobata) root culture and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cell culture were investigated in an in vivo rat model.
Mun 2009
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Study of tissue distribution of isoflavones in ewes after consumption of red clover silage for one month found distribution is unequal and may reflect specific impact in some target tissues.
Urpi-Sarda 2008
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The isoflavone content of red clover products was highly variable & the product matrix affected intestinal disposition of red clover isoflavones by altering their absorption rates, permeabilities, biochanin A glucuronide excretion rates, & the polarity of biochanin A glucuronide excretion.
Wang 2008
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The bioavailability was determined through two indicator plants grown in greenhouse: ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense).
Guerra 2007
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The dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Biochanin A was evaluated in rats.
Moon 2006
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A study on thermal sensitivities of biochanin A, daidzein, formo-nonetin, flavone, genistein, glycitein, isoflavone & resultant curve fitting data revealed first-order degradation kinetics for flavone glycitein from soy & red clover, while other aglycones exhibited sigmoidal pattern.
Stintzing 2006
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The metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the principal isoflavones of red clover, was studied in human subjects and their urinary metabolites identified.
Heinonen 2004
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Efficiency of enzyme-transporter coupling controls the amounts of metabolites excreted by the intestine and liver and determines the relative contribution of enteric and enterohepatic recycling to the in vivo disposition of isoflavones of red clover.
Jia 2004
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Isoflavones from red clover, have pharmacokinetic characteristics that suggest that once-daily administration is adequate when they are administered long-term as dietary supplements.
Howes 2002
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Absorption of isoflavones from soy and red clover studied in 14 subjects in a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial showed they were similar in absorption.
Tsunoda 2002
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Eight forages including alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover etc. at three maturities were evaluated for ruminal DM, CP, and NDF degradation kinetics which showed existence of extensive differences in ruminal degradation kinetics.
Hoffman 1993
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[Absorption and distribution of 137 Cs by Trifolium pratense.]
Bergamini 1970
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Red clover necrotic mosaic virus origin of assembly is delimited to the RNA-2 trans-activator.
Basnayake 2009
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The ultrastructural changes of the egg apparatus associated with fertilisation of the natural tetraploid Trifolium pretense was described.
Buyukkartal 2009
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A consensus genetic linkage map for red clover was constructed based on six mapping populations; locus order on the consensus map was highly conserved among linkage maps & sufficiently reliable for use as a reference for genetic analysis of random red clover germplasms.
Isobe 2009
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The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of red clover vein mosaic virus (genus Carlavirus).
Larsen 2009
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A novel red clover (Trifolium pratense) hydroxycinnamoyl transferase was found to have enzymatic activities which is consistent with a role in phaselic acid biosynthesis.
Sullivan 2009
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A polyphenol oxidase gene family in red clover resides as a cluster of at least 6 genes. Three of these genes have high homology, suggesting a more recent evolutionary event.
Winters 2009
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Trifolium has 19.5 kb of unique DNA distributed among 160 fragments ranging in size from 30 to 494 bp, greatly surpassing the other five sequenced legume plastid genomes in novel DNA content.
Cai 2008
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A small viral noncoding RNA (0.4 kb), named SR1f was found, accumulated in Red clover necrotic mosaic virus-infected plants and protoplasts and packaged into virions.
Iwakawa 2008
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It is investigated how p27 and p88, the N-terminally overlapping replication proteins, were engaged in the replication of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus genomic RNAs by using DNA vectors or in vitro transcribed RNAs in protoplasts and in a cell-free extract of evacuolated BY-2 protoplasts.
Okamoto 2008
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A newly developed viral-based assay for the identification of silencing suppression activity was used to provide a mechanistically distinct method of silencing suppression provided for by the Red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein.
Powers 2008
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Using a three-pronged approach, the hypothesis that intraspecific taxa Orobanche minor var. minor and O. minor ssp. maritima parasitizing either clover (Trifolium pratense) or sea carrot (Daucus carota ssp.gummifer), respectively, are in allopatric isolation was tested.
Thorogood 2008
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The effect of biochanin A, an isoflavone of red clover (Trifolium pratense), on the mRNA expression of ApoA-1 in the hepatic cell line HepG2 was investigated.
Chan 2007
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The carbohydrate-binding sequences (CBS) in the lectin genes of Trifolium repens, T. pratense, and T. tri-chocephalum were sequenced. The gene regions encoding lectin CBS of T. pratense and T. repens displayed a considerable similarity. [Article in Russian]
Gubaĭdullin 2007
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The chromosome maps of legumes soybean, Lotus, and red clover are reviewed.
Ohmido 2007
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Review on landmark research in legumes indicates 3 forage crops, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Trifolium pratense, are model legumes for phylogenetic studies and genome sequencing.
Singh 2007
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Red clover necrotic mosaic virus virions consist of two distinct populations: (i) virions containing both genomic RNAs; and (ii) virions with multiple copies of RNA-2.
Basnayake 2006
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The genetic structure of French sympatric pea aphid populations collected on perennial (pea and faba bean) and annual (alfalfa and red clover) hosts using 14 microsatellite loci was studied.
Frantz 2006
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Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) exclusively packages two genomic ssRNAs initiated by a specific protein:RNA interaction between the RCNMV coat protein and the viral RNA origin of assembly element.
Loo 2006
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The genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus in the genus Dianthovirus is divided into two RNA molecules of RNA1 and RNA2, which have no cap structure at the 5' end and no poly(A) tail at the 3' end.
Mizumoto 2006
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Divalent cations play a central role in capsid dynamics of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus and suggest a mechanism for the release of viral RNA in low-divalent-cation environments such as those found within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Sherman 2006
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Genetic modification of red clover by the insertion of transgenes with a high potential for regeneration in tissue culture has been developed.
Sullivan 2006
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When isoflavone synthase gene from red clover was co-expressed with rice P450 reductase (RCPR) in yeast, the production of genistein from naringein increased about 4.3-fold, indicating that the RCPR efficiently interacts with cytochrome P450 to transfer electrons from NADPH.
Kim 2005
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The alignment of available amino acid sequences of RNA polymerase genes of comoviruses revealed a closest (55%) identity of Radish mosaic virus to Red clover mottle virus.
Petrzik 2005
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The genome structure of red clover Trifolium pratense L. was investigated by a combination of cytological, genomic and genetic approaches.
Sato 2005
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A novel mechanism of RNAi suppression by a plant virus Red clover necrotic mosaic virus was shown.
Takeda 2005
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Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the bacterial strain PETP02(T), isolated from nodules of Trifolium pretense represents a member of the genus Phyllobacterium.
Valverde 2005
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The expressed red clover polyphenol oxidase (PPO) proteins were active in alfalfa extracts as evidenced by o-diphenol-dependant extract browning and quantitative assays of PPO activity.
Sullivan 2004
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Red clover necrotic mosaic virus encodes N-terminally overlapping proteins of 27 and 88 kDa (p27 and p88) known to be required for replication.
Turner 2004
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A genetic linkage map of red clover (Trifolium pratense L., 2n=2 x=14) using RFLP markers from cDNA probes of a backcrossed mapping population was constructed and investigated the transferability of the markers to other red clover germplasm.
Isobe 2003
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An isoflavone synthase gene (IFS-Tp) was cloned from Trifolium pratense that encodes a predicted 525 amino acids protein, molecular weight 59 kDa, with strong homology to IFS's from other legumes.
Kim 2003
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Genetic variability within & among 19 landraces and cultivars of red clover was investigated by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis in order to assess the potential value of Swiss Mattenklee landraces as genetic resources for plant breeding and the preservation of biodiversity.
K?ker 2003
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It is suggested that cap-independent translational activity is required for red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA1 replication in protoplasts.
Mizumoto 2003
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA genetic markers were used to address the genetic diversity and distribution of variation in 20 breeding populations and cultivars of red clover from Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Switzerland.
Ulloa 2003
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Molecular polymorphism of 6 species of Thysanoptera of both sexes, from different locations & host plants in Hungary was studied using RAPD-PCR technique & specimens were classified according to sampling sites, host plants including red clover, sexes & larvae in case of Aeolothrips intermedius.
Bayar 2002
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Phylogenetic analyses employing neighbour-joining method & sister-scanning analysis indicate that the region surrounding frameshift at junction between open reading frames 1 & 2 also contained sequences similar to those of Bean leafroll virus-PAV & a Dianthovirus, Red clover necrotic mosaic virus.
Domier 2002
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Mutants affected in the PssP protein which involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, carrying a stable plasmid with a constitutively expressed gusA gene induced nodules on red clover that were not fully occupied by bacteria.
Mazur 2002
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The temperature sensitivity of red clover necrotic mosaic virus Canadian strain was investigated in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and protoplasts using infectious transcripts of genomic RNAs 1 and 2.
Mizumoto 2002
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The origin of Russian cultivars of red clover and their genetic relationships to wild populations in the Urals was studied.
Semerikov 2002
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses were performed on a number of botanicals including Trifolium pratense currently used for women's health.
Xu 2002
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Two soybean genes encoding isoflavone synthase were identified and used to isolate homologous genes from other leguminous species including red clover.
Jung 2000
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The X-ray structure of red clover mottle virus strain S, a member of the comoviruses, has been determined and refined to 2.4 A.
Lin 2000
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Upon the addition of full-length plus- or minus- strand potato virus X (PVX) transcripts, the corresponding-size products were detected. Synthesis was not observed when red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus RNA 2 templates were added, indicating template specificity for PVX transcripts.
Plante 2000
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Significant genetic variation in fitness traits was seen among F1 hybrid genotypes from both crosses between alfalfa and clover specialists.
Via 2000
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Twenty-nine parthenogenetic clones of three A. pisum biotypes, defined by their capacity to use the legume crops pea, alfalfa and red clover, respectively, were analyzed, and a total of 67 restriction sites was scored.
Birkle 1999
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Mutational analysis has been used to investigate cis-acting sequences in the 3'- and 5'-untranslated regions of red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 required for replication in the presence of wild-type RNA1.
Turner 1999
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Alfalfa roots contain greater beta-amylase transcript levels compared with roots of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.).
Gana 1998
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High levels of genetic diversity found within populations of T. pratense suggest that these are not newly established founder populations, & low levels of genetic divergence seen among populations are probably due to high rates of gene flow among populations as a result of seed & pollen movement.
Hagen 1998
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The microscopic analysis of the nodules, induced on Trifolium pratense by the pssD133 mutant, showed abnormally enlarged infection threads densely packed with bacteria, which were released from the infection threads in an unusual way.
Kr?998
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The red clover necrotic mosaic virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA components, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The viral capsid protein is translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that is transcribed from genomic RNA-1.
Sit 1998
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Amino acid sequence comparisons of the cucumber leaf spot virus (CLSV) coat protein (CP) and the CPs of several small spherical plant viruses suggest that CLSV is most closely related to melon necrotic spot carmovirus, red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus and cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV).
Miller 1997
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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, strain NA 30 nodulates both red (Trifolium pratense) and white (T. repens) clover and produces an acidic exopolysaccharide containing glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, acetate and ketalpyruvate residues in a 5:1:2:1:2 molar ratio.
Bossio 1996
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A sample of 912 Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii isolates were collected from naturalized red clover populations (Trifolium pratense) and analysed for 15 allozyme loci to determine the levels and distribution of genetic diversity.
Hagen 1996
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To investigate the specificity of comoviral 24 kDa ('24K') proteinases, a full-length cDNA copy of red clover mottle virus (RCMV) RNA 1 has been cloned downstream of a T7 promoter.
Shanks 1996
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The red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus capsid protein is expressed in vivo from a subgenomic RNA identical to the 3'-terminal 1.5 kb of RNA-1.
Zavriev 1996
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It is shown that the movement proteins of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus and red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus enlarge plasmodesmata size exclusion limits, transport RNA from cell to cell, and bind nucleic acids in vitro.
Giesman-Cookmeyer 1995
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There is evidenced that capsid protein, in the form of virions, is necessary for the long-distance movement of red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus.
Vaewhongs 1995
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The genomic RNA-1 of red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus (RCNMV) contains the heptanucleotide GGAUUUU that precedes the termination codon of the 5' proximal p27 open reading frame.
Kim 1994
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The gene organization of carnation ringspot virus (CRSV) RNA-1 is similar to those of red clover necrotic mosaic (RCNMV) and sweet clover necrotic mosaic (SCNMV) dianthoviruses with the exception that CRSV RNA-1 contains the additional 3'-terminal open reading frames.
Ryabov 1994
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Seven monoclonal antibodies against red clover mottle comovirus and/or broad bean stain comovirus were characterized and used for epitope comparison of both viruses.
Subr 1994
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The same genome organization and high similarity (80-92%) of both the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences between red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus (NMDV)and sweet clover NMDV suggest that they originate from a common progenitor, but have divergent evolution later.
Ge 1993
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Alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed on the red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) movement protein (MP), and 12 mutants were assayed in vitro for RNA binding characteristics and in vivo for their ability to potentiate RCNMV cell-to-cell movement.
Giesman-Cookmeyer 1993
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A putative location of the N-terminal proteolytic cleavage site of the 42 k coat protein (Q/N) was predicted by comparisons with the corresponding coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus, red clover mottle virus, and bean-pod mottle virus.
Hu 1993
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the degree of serological specificity of two serotypes of broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and their relationship to red clover mottle virus (RCMV).
Musil 1993
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Properties of coat proteins of red clover mottle virus and broad bean strain virus belonging to comoviruses were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS (SDS-PAGE), proteolytic cleavage.
Subr 1993
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The red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus 35-kDa movement protein is required for cell-to-cell movement, whereas the capsid protein is not and, depending on host genotype and environmental factors may or may not be required for long distance transport.
Xiong 1993
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It is proposed that the putative red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA polymerase is an 88-kDa polypeptide expressed by a ribosomal frameshifting mechanism similar to those utilized by retroviruses.
Xiong 1993
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Multiple alignments of the deduced cowpea severe mosaic comovirus polyprotein aa sequence with those of bean pod mottle comovirus, cowpea mosaic comovirus, and red clover mottle comovirus were consistent with a similar size for each of the three genes.
Chen 1992
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Amino acid sequence alignment of this polypeptide with the cell-to-cell movement proteins encoded by RNA-2 of red clover necrotic mosaic virus Australian (Aus) and Czechoslovakian (TpM-34) isolates indicates 59.6% and 55.7% sequence identity, respectively.
Kendall 1992
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The movement protein of red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus was produced in Escherichia coli using an expression vector. Gel retardation analysis and u.v. cross-linking studies showed that the movement protein bound cooperatively to ssRNA and ssDNA, but not to dsDNA.
Osman 1992
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cDNA clones specific for the two genomic RNAs of strain O of the comovirus red clover mottle virus (RCMV) were constructed. Using these clones, their pseudo-recombinants were identified and characterized.
Oxelfelt 1992
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The complete nucleotide sequence of the bottom component RNA (B RNA) of red clover mottle virus strain S has been determined.
Shanks 1992
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During double infection the mutant 30K protein may, in concert with the wild-type 30K protein, provide the transport function for red clover mottle comovirus.
Taliansky 1992
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The fates of mitochondrial and plastid nucleoids during pollen development in six angiosperm species including Trifolium pratense were examined using epifluorescence microscopy to stain DNA and with a potentiometric dye for visualization of metabolically active mitochondria.
Corriveau 1991
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The fates of mitochondrial and plastid nucleoids during pollen development in 6 angiosperm species including Trifolium pretense were examined using epifluorescence microscopy and with a potentiometric dye for visualization of metabolically active mitochondria.
Corriveau 1991
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The red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein was detected in a cell wall fraction obtained from infected Nicotiana clevelandii leaf tissue by immunoblotting using the movement protein antiserum.
Osman 1991
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Particles of hop trefoil cryptic virus 2, about 38 nm in diameter and with distinct morphological subunits, were serologically closely related to particles of similar morphology (RCCV2) present in a mixture of cryptic viruses (RCCV-M) from red clover (Trifolium pratense).
Luisoni 1987
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The effect of Mg2+ concentration on the in vitro translation of red clover mottle virus middle-component RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate was studied.
Pastorek 1987
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Determination of the primary structure of middle component RNA of red clover mottle virus (RCMV) shows the RNA is polyadenylated, has a small protein (VPg) covalently linked to its 5' terminus and consists of 3543 nucleotides.
Shanks 1986
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Both strains CR7098 and CR7099 nodulated white and red clover at a rate similar to that of strain 7012, but nodules formed by the mutant strains were white and ineffective.
Ronson 1981
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[About diamine oxidase, with special reference to enzymes of red clover.] [Article in German]
Hartung 1956
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[Incompatibility in Autotetraploid Trifolium Pratense.]
Pandey 1956
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[Mutations of Self-Incompatibility Alleles in Trifolium Pratense and T. Repens.]
Pandey 1956
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[Studies on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by a new strain of tetraploid red clover UO36.]
Nilsson 1954
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[Properties of proteinase in red clover and in clover silo.] [Article in Undetermined Language]
Borzhkovskii 1953
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[Some Factors Affecting Nectar Secretion in Red Clover.]
Shuel 1952
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[Some Factors Affecting Nectar Secretion in Red Clover.]
Shuel 1952
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[Two independent, recessive factors producing a pink flower color in Trifolium pratense.]
Nijdam 1951
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[Nuclear and cytoplasmic inheritance of resistance to infection by nodule bacteria in red clover.]
Nutman 1949
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[Chromosome Numbers in Nodules and Roots of Red Clover, Common Vetch and Garden Pea.]
Wipf 1938
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It is shown that the region between amino acids 181 and 225 of the red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus movement protein contains an ssRNA-binding domain.
Osman 1933
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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The Red clover necrotic mosaic virus capsid is utilized to package and release molecules through reversible depletion and re-addition of divalent cations.
Loo 2008
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The flexibility of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus capsid protein to encapsidate different materials, provided it is within encapsidation constraint, is a critical factor to be considered as a drug delivery and diagnostic vehicle in biomedical applications.
Loo 2007
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Juices of the legumes fodder galega, red clover, & alfalfa were subjected to lactic acid fermentation in 27 variants of experiment. Lactobacillus sp. RS 1, RS 2, RS 3, RS 4, and L. plantarum BS 933 were the most efficient for red clover juice. [Article in Russian]
Shurkhno 2006
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Pure isoflavones were isolated on a preparative scale, in order to obtain standards for biological tests and for the quantification of isoflavones in nutraceuticals and foods including soy and red clover.
St?006
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The utility of vacuum-packed polythene bags as a convenient, flexible and cost-effective alternative to fixed volume glass vessels for lab-scale silage studies was determined using perennial ryegrass or red clover forage.
Johnson 2005
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Isoflavone extracts of red clover Trifolium pratense L. with dissimilar glucoside conjugate profiles were obtained by employing different postharvest drying methods. Air drying produced a low level of the aglycones formononetin and biochanin A.
Swinny 2005
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A comparison of isoflavone profiles after extraction with & without Tris of different plant organs of red clover & several species of family Fabaceae suggests that amount and/or activity of degenerative beta-glucosidase enzymes vary for different plant parts of red clover & among species studied.
Toebes 2005
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The food industry is developing a wide variety of new foods containing soya to substantially increase isoflavone intake, as well as extracting isoflavones from soya and clover to use as additives to non-soya foods.
Barnes 2003
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The surface properties of chloroplasts in leaves of some leguminous plants including Trifolium paratense, were investigated, based on analysis of phase formation kinetics of the aqueous polymeric two-phase system dextrane-500/polyethyleneglycol-6000. [Article in Russian]
Petrov 2001
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Through a soap technique Malpighian cells of the seed coat of Sesbania punicea, mesophyll cells of Euphorbia peplus and of Trifolium pratense and cortical cells of the aerial roots of Monstera deliciosa have been separated.
Bevilacqua 1993
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The effects of pH on polyethylene glycol precipitation were studied on red clover mottle virus. The efficiency of precipitation increased with decreasing difference between pH of the solution and pI of the virus.
Pastorek 1989
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The estrogenic effect of the silage fodder made from the red clover of 1973 varied considerably; in some samples it was greater but in most it was smaller than the estrogen effect of the fresh red clover.
Kallela 1975
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[Influence of Extended Storage at Constant Low Temperature on Cold Resistance and Carbohydrate Reserves of Alfalfa and Medium Red Clover.]
Jung 1960
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[The Isolation of a Bacteriolytic Principle from the Root Nodules of Red Clover.]
Hitchner 1930
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Patents
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Health care product containing isoflavone aglycones and method of producing the same.
US patent 7,553,505
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Direct treatment of mucosal membranes utilizing naturally occurring phytoestrogens.
US patent 7,563,464
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Health supplement specifically enriched for isoflavones selected from genistein, daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A, or their natural glycoside form, or their analogues, in sufficient amounts to improve the health of a human.
US patent RE40792
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Method of preparing and using isoflavones for the treatment of female symptoms.
US patent 6,391,309
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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A field experiment involving four grassland species and cocksfoot & two legumes including red clover and white clover, grown in monocultures and mixtures in accordance with a simplex design, was carried out.
Frankow-Lindberg 2009
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A large collection of pea aphid lineages sampled on pea, broad bean, red clover and alfalfa was used to analyze their male production by inducing the sexual phase in Acyrthosiphon pisum.
Frantz 2009
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Using 14-d-old seedlings of Trifolium pratense and T. repens, relative growth and susceptibility to herbivory by the snail Helix aspersa was quantified to elucidate putative growth-defence trade-offs for these species.
Hanley 2009
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The effect of pretreatment of red clover seeds with specific Nod factor on germination, growth, and nodulation of clover growing under sterile conditions and in the soil was investigated.
Maj 2009
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[Pretreatment of Clover Seeds with Nod Factors Improves Growth and Nodulation of Trifolium pretense.]
Maj 2009
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Races occurring naturally on red clover (Trifolium pratense) and sea carrot (Daucus carota ssp. gummifer) showed distinct patterns of host specificity: parasites cultivated in cross-infection studies showed a higher fitness on their natural hosts.
Thorogood 2009
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There was a weak positive relation between plant and nematode richness, which could be attributed to the presence of the legume Trifolium pratense, but also to some other plant species, suggesting a selection or sampling effect.
Viketoft 2009
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The effects of elevated CO(2) on biomass and Cs uptake by a Sorghum vulgarexSorghum vulgare var. sudanense hybrid and Trifolium pratense L. growing on soils spiked with various levels of cesium was investigated using open-top chambers.
Wu 2009
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The effects of plant competition and herbivory on glucosinolate concentrations in cabbage root and foliage were investigated in a cabbage-red clover intercropping system.
Bj?an 2008
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Life table parameters such as net reproductive rate, finite rate of increase, and generation time indicated that Trifolium repens, a wild host growing around agricultural fields year round, could be one of the most suitable local plant hosts for the development of Heliothis virescens.
Blanco 2008
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The regeneration of natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense, originated from Erzurum-Turkey, is reported.
C?? 2008
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The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) attacks a broad range of plants in the Fabaceae and it is known that populations on Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa can be highly specialized at exploiting these species.
Ferrari 2008
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Lygus rugulipennis Poppius nymphs were collected in the Northern Temperate Atlantic ecoregion on red clover (Trifolium pratense) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita), and in the Western European Broadleaf Forest ecoregion on red clover and alfalfa.
Gariepy 2008
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Within plant rhizospheres, densities of Clitocybe sp. mycelia were stimulated in the presence of alfalfa, carrot, red clover, ryegrass, and spinach, whereas those of Agaricus macrocarpus were halved by 7 of 10 plant species including alfalfa, red clover, ryegrass, and spinach.
Gramss 2008
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The lateral root development of red clover was significantly enhanced by Fe deficient treatment, and the total lateral root number correlated well with the Fe deficiency-induced ferric chelate reductase activity.
Jin 2008
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Seedlings, intact roots or cell suspension cultures of fenugreek, barrel medic, Arabidopsis thaliana, red clover and chickpea produced increased levels of secondary metabolites in response to electro-elicitation.
Kaimoyo 2008
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The impact of 4 different concentrations of jasmonic acid on the Trifolium pratense L. (variety DO-8 and variety DO-9) suspension culture's yield was monitored.
Kasparov?008
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It is suggested that, in contrast to an enhanced shoot biomass production after P application with a reduced estrogenic activity, with arbuscular mycorrhiza the shoot biomass of red clover can be enhanced without a negative effect on estrogenic activity.
Khaosaad 2008
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Labeling 13CO2 in steady-state condition was used to estimate quantitative mobilization of recently fixed carbon or stored sugar during water-deficit in white clover (Trifolium repens L.).
Lee 2008
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The impact of various fertilization strategies with red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) green manure on the levels of S-alk(en)yl- l-cysteine sulfoxides and l-ascorbic acid in leek was investigated.
Lundeg?h 2008
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The effect of the rhizobium adhesion protein RapA1 on Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii adsorption to Trifolium pratense (red clover) roots was investigated.
Mongiardini 2008
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Seven crop plants, five wild grasses, and three legumes including Trifolium pratense were screened for phytotoxicity, including the assessment of germination, shoot biomass, and root biomass, in a pot experiment.
Muratova 2008
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The importance of temperate coniferous forests as habitats for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants including Trifolium pretense was demonstrated.
Opik 2008
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Otospora bareai, a new fungal species in the Glomeromycetes from a dolomitic shrub land was propagated in pot cultures of Sorghum vulgare and Trifolium pratense for 4 y and described here on the basis of the spores found in nature.
Palenzuela 2008
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The effect of incorporating three green manures including Trifolium pratense, on soil biological properties, nutrition and yield parameters of maize crop was studied.
Tejada 2008
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The effect of Pi and ammonia concentration on exopolysaccharide production and symbiosis Trifolium pratense with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 was investigated.
Wielbo 2008
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By contrast to the mycotrophic Fabaceae plant Trifolium pratense, in which phosphorus deficiency promoted strigolactone exudation, neither phosphorus nor nitrogen deficiency increased exudation of these strigolactones in L. albus.
Yoneyama 2008
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By contrast to the mycotrophic Fabaceae plant Trifolium pratense, in which phosphorus deficiency promoted strigolactone exudation, neither phosphorus nor nitrogen deficiency increased exudation of these strigolactones in Lupinus albus.
Yoneyama 2008
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A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the intensity and importance of competition for Festuca rubra and Trifolium pratense grown in changed environmental conditions.
Zhang 2008
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Nitrogen uptake and symbiotic N2 fixation were estimated in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).
Allahdadi 2007
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The study provides information on the variability, stability and dynamics of resident populations of rhizobia nodulating red clover in Scandinavian soils which has practical implications for applying biological nitrogen fixation in subarctic plant production.
Duodu 2007
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The close association between the availability of soil N and the feed-back system which operates on N(2) fixation by red clover was demonstrated.
Hatch 2007
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Removal of secreted phenolics from the root-bathing solution almost completely inhibited the reutilization of apoplastic Fe in roots of red clover (Trifolium pratense).
Jin 2007
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The effect of the copper sulphate abiotic elicitor on the production of the Trifolium pratense L. suspension culture (variety DO-8 and variety DO-9) that was cultivated in Gamborg media was observed.
Kasparov?007
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The effects of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and their analogues on resistance of red clover to Orobanche parasitism was elucidated.
Kusumoto 2007
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With indigenous zinc smelting waste residue, contaminated soil and background soil as test substrates, a pot experiment was conducted to study the growth characteristics of Lolium perenne and Trifolium pretense on these substrates. [Article in Chinese]
Lin 2007
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In one assay conducted in a greenhouse on a volcanic soil, the effect of inoculation with Penicillium albidum, a phosphate-solubilizing fungus, was studied on the growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L).
Morales 2007
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Infection by cauliflower mosaic virus, red clover necrotic mosaic virus (both limited to infection of the inoculated leaves of tobacco) or tomato bushy stunt virus (systemically infecting tobacco) was not altered by the expression of potato virus Y HCPro.
Shams-Bakhsh 2007
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The virulence, competitive ability, and symbiotic efficiency of 2 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains were compared when introducing their variants marked with antibiotic resistance into the rhizosphere of red clover plants. [Article in Russian]
Shirokikh 2007
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The toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene to several standard test organisms including the seed emergence and early life-stage growth of three terrestrial plants including Trifolium pratense, the survival and reproduction of enchytraeids and the nitrifying ability of soil bacteria was examined.
Sverdrup 2007
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Study of positive interactions between nitrogen-fixing legumes and four different neighboring species in a biodiversity experiment shows the legume phytometer species T. pratense was negatively affected when other legumes were present in their host communities across all diversity levels.
Temperton 2007
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The soil N flux from the vadose zone to the aquifer of the Wilmot watershed (Prince Edward Island, Canada) for a typical three-year cropping rotation (barley-red clover-potato).
van Bochove 2007
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In red clover plants, the level of orobanchol exudation appeared to be regulated by P availability and was in good agreement with germination stimulation activity of the root exudates.
Yoneyama 2007
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In red clover plants, a host for both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Orobanche minor, reduced supply of phosphorus in the culture medium significantly promoted the secretion of a strigolactone, orobanchol, by the roots.
Yoneyama 2007
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Twenty-five maternal half-sib families of ahemiparasitic plant were grown on Agrostis capillaris and Trifolium pratense and without a host in a greenhouse. Biomass and number of flowers of the parasite were the highest when grown on T. pratense.
Ahonen 2006
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The low-moisture-content limit to negative logarithmic relationships between seed longevity and moisture content in hermetic storage increased the cooler the storage temperature, by approx. 1.5 % over 35 degrees C in red clover and alfalfa.
Ellis 2006
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The QTLs identified represent an important first step towards marker-assisted breeding in red clover.
Herrmann 2006
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Red clover, an Fe-efficient leguminous plant, were grown in a calcareous soil to investigate the role of soil microbial activity in plant Fe uptake.
Jin 2006
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The application example of seeds, sprouts and adult parts of dandelion, amaranth, quinoa, fenugreek, broccoli, red clover and mugwort, where the antioxidative power method permits to characterise the plants with the highest antioxidant capacity and reaction velocity was presented.
Jung 2006
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Young seedlings of four different varieties of Trifolium pratense were employed to derive callus and suspension cultures. TLC and HPLC revealed that the explant culture of Trifolium pratense contains the isoflavonoid formononetin. [Article in Czech]
Kasparov?006
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Plants of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) inoculated with actinomycetes were shown to have growth advantages, while the cow clover plants (Trifolium pratense L.) had no growth advantages compared to uninoculated plants. [Article in Russian]
Merzaeva 2006
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The actinomycetes complexes in the rhizosphere of three agricultural plants including red clover, by using the methods of luminescense microscopy and cup sowing were investigated. [Article in Russian]
Shirokikh 2006
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A planned comparison was used to study herbivory in a set of 19 semi-natural montane grasslands managed as hay meadows. Herbivory was measured in transects through the plant communities, and in individuals of Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium pratense that were transplanted into each meadow.
Unsicker 2006
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A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of source-separated municipal solid waste compost, solid manure, commercial fertilizer, & gypsum on (1) timothy/red clover forage productivity, (2) N, S, & other nutrients uptake, & (3) residual NO(3)-N & NH(4)-N in soil profile.
Zheljazkov 2006
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Jack pine, hybrid poplar and red clover plants were used in an 8-week greenhouse bioassay to evaluate the mycorrhizal inoculum potential of composite tailing sands.
Bois 2005
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The endpoints for the identification of toxicity in the field that combined average sensitivity and robustness were substrate-induced respiration (lag time), clover yield, and N fixation in clover.
Broos 2005
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The effect of disturbed root nodulation on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the main isoflavonoid glucoside malonates, glucosides, and aglycones in the leaves of Trifolium pratense L. grown under waterlogging conditions was investigated.
De Rijke 2005
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Study of optimization of bulked amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis shows that the ancestry of red clover landraces is primarily found in introduced cultivars rather than in natural wild clover populations.
Herrmann 2005
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The inhibitory activity of cis-cinnamoyl glucosides and cis-cinnamic acid on root elongation of germinated seedlings of lettuce, pigweed, red clover, timothy and bok choy was determined.
Hiradate 2005
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DL-beta-aminobutyric acid caused significant reductions in the growth rate of Acyrthosiphon pisum on pea, broad bean, runner bean, red clover (Trifolium pratense) and alfalfa.
Hodge 2005
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It is found that in species such as Trifolium pratense plants can maintain stomatal O(3) uptake during dry periods when roots can reach deeper soil layers where water is not limiting.
J?i 2005
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Five nonindigenous plant species including red clover, rye corn were tested in five different types of substrate: unamended tailings, tailings and fertilizer, tailings and greenwaste, biosolid-blend compost, and local topsoil.
Schroeder 2005
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Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is enhanced in soil collected from the rhizosphere of Trifolium pretense.
Shaw 2005
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Lactic fermentation of poorly ensilable leguminous plants (red clover and Caucasian goat's rue) was performed by introduction of rifampin-resistant homofermenting representatives of the genus Lactobacillus. [Article in Russian]
Shurkhno 2005
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A series of field experiments was conducted to determine the effects of the environment, cultivar, plant maturity, plant part, and preservation method on the concentration of the two predominant isoflavones in red clover, formononetin and biochanin A.
Sivesind 2005
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The main scale on small pattern of Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens and T. pratense was 2 cm x 2 cm, which was further decreased under higher grazing intensity in the treatments of D. glomerata and T. pretense [Article in Chinese]
Bao 2004
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Viewed in combination with the tendency for larger nitrogen (N) leaching loads under red clover manure, claims about water quality benefits of legume-based green manures should be evaluated with regard to the timing of N release and demand for N by the plant.
Bergstr?004
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A series of experiments were carried out in order to optimize a protocol for the direct organogenesis of Chilean red clover germplasm.
Carrillo 2004
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The effect of copper pollution on the seedling growth and activate oxygen metabolism of Trifolium pratense was studied by water cultivation experiments. [Article in Chinese]
Chu 2004
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Dwarf disease of cultivated Trifolium pratense plants was associated with more than one agent: 11 of 20 plants examined by polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed the presence of phytoplasmas belonging to four distinct subgroups.
Fr?v?004
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A study on productivity & hay requirements of beef cattle in a midwestern year-round grazing system including endophyte-free tall fescue-red clover and smooth bromegrass-red clover pastures, had mixed results.
Janovick 2004
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A field study was conducted to compare the yield and protein content of a binary legume-grass forage mixture and a grass monocrop cut twice annually, when fertilized with diverse composts which includes timothy, red clover and timothy swards.
Lynch 2004
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Turnip and witloof chicory are clearly sensitive to mesotrione and sulcotrione whereas sugar beet, red clover and lettuce are extremely sensitive to both herbicides in both experiment types.
Maeghe 2004
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The soils were used to establish Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-trap cultures using a consortium of Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne as host plants.
Oehl 2004
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It is indicated that enhanced mineralization in Trifolium pratense rhizosphere soil is not due to enrichment of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms by rhizodeposits.
Shaw 2004
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In a pot experiment, red clover was grown in sterilized Zn-amended low available P soil (0, 50 or 400 mg Zn kg(-1)) with or without 100 mg kg(-1) added P and with or without inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae.
Bi 2003
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The potential for common legume species such as red clover to act as an alternative source of food, or trap crop, for the most damaging agricultural pest species, the grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum M? thereby reducing damage to the wheat crop was investigated.
Brooks 2003
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Three pot experiments were conducted to investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Zn uptake by red clover.
Chen 2003
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Zinc bioavailability, expressed as the internal zinc concentrations in red clover (Trifolium pratense) is closely related to pore water zinc concentration.
Lock 2003
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It has been suggested that forage species like orchardgrass or red clover alone or in combination with corn grain can alter hydrogenation and profiles of intermediates to varying degrees in continuous culture fermenters.
Loor 2003
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The effect of acute ozone exposure (150 ppb for 3 h) on two clover species, white clover and red clover was investigated through the analysis of 10 different physiological and biochemical parameters.
Scebba 2003
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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of P sources on phosphatase activity of rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of red clover inoculated with Glomus mosseae, and cultural system with three compartments was applied. [Article in Chinese]
Song 2003
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The effect of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on the seed emergence and early life-stage growth of three terrestrial plants (Sinapsis alba, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne) were studied in a greenhouse, using a Danish agricultural soil with an organic carbon content of 1.6%.
Sverdrup 2003
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The influence of 2 bacterial strains from an experimentally lead-polluted soil, on Trifolium pratense growth and on the functioning of native mycorrhizal fungi under Pb toxicity in a second Pb-spiked soil was tested.
Vivas 2003
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The residual impact of the microbial inoculant (and the fungicide treatment) on the diversity of resident rhizobia nodulating the red clover rotation crop was assessed.
Walsh 2003
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Red clover and chicory produce a greater proportion of their total dry matter during late summer and autumn than perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures, and are therefore better aligned with the seasonal feed requirements of deer.
Barry 2002
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The effects on seedling growth, germination, and respiration of ryegrass, lettuce, green tomato, and red clover weedy target species were measured.
C?edes 2002
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Dinitrogen fixation activity was determined directly on experimental plots in mixtures of grass with red and white clover in the year of sowing as well as in the first year of full utilisation using the method of acetylene reduction.
Kryszak 2002
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Rain shelters were established in a fallow field consisting mainly of Trifolium hybridum L., Trifolium pratense L., and Phleum pratense L.
Laporte 2002
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Soil persistence of 4-HPPD-inhibitors in different soil types was studied on two extremely sensitive test plants, sugarbeet and red clover.
Maeghe 2002
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Ovatifolin antioxidant isolated from Podanthus ovatifolius and P. mitiqui, appear to have selective effects on the radicle and shoot growth of Physalis ixocarpa and Trifolium pratense.
Cespedes 2001
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations were established using two host plant species, maize and red clover and two AM fungi, Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme.
Chen 2001
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The growth of flock house virus in leaves of nontransgenic and transgenic plants expressing the movement proteins of tobacco mosaic virus or red clover necrotic mosaic virus was compared.
Dasgupta 2001
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The influence of metal hyperaccumulator plants like Thlaspi caerulescens was compared with the effects of Trifolium pratense on soil microbes. Microbial populations were higher in soils planted with T. pretense.
Delorme 2001
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The elicitor-induced changes in isoflavonoid metabolism was observed in red clover roots.
Tebayashi 2001
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The effect of nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, urea, phosphate and potassium) on the production and/or exudation of germination stimulants for clover broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.), a root holoparasite, by its host red clover was examined using hydroponically grown material.
Yoneyama 2001
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Transformation of red clover roots with pea lectin results in a broadened response of legume root cortical cells to externally applied potentially mitogenic oligochitin signals.
D? 2000
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The highest levels of root-lesion nematodes occurred under red clover and soybean, and the average potato tuber yields were lowest following these crops.
Kimpinski 2000
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Ultrathin sections of clover, pea, and cowpea leaves from intact plants and after infection by red clover mottle virus (RCMV, comovirus, 28 nm isometric virions) under an electron microscope was studied. [Article in Russian]
Shteĭn-Margolina 2000
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Investigation of the effect of jasmonic acid on the secondary metabolism of 5-day-old red clover seedlings shows treatment with 1 mM CuCl2, which elicits accumulation of the phytoalexin maackiain in red clover, caused a decrease in clovamide amount.
Tebayashi 2000
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Strain C147, the isolates belong to the genus Pseudaminobacter in the family Rhizobiaceae, did not form nodules on the legumes alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, chickpea, and soybean.
Topp 2000
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The study compared in situ degradation characteristics of dry matter, N, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) for alfalfa and red clover with those for eastern gamagrass, a perennial, warm season grass that is native to the Flint Hills of Kansas.
Coblentz 1998
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Enhanced Ascorbate peroxidase protein levels were also found in cells immediately peripheral to the infected region of soybean, pea, clover (Trifolium pratense), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules.
Dalton 1998
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Immunofluorescence direct count microscopy revealed that the 1.0- to 2.0-mm size class of aggregates from the red clover treatment carried a significantly greater population density of the successful nodule-occupying serotype, AR18, than did the aggregate size classes of <0.5 mm, and 2 to 5 mm.
Mendes 1998
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Monospecific polyclonal antisera raised against Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii R39, a bacterium which was isolated originally from red clover nodules, were used to study the colonization of roots of leguminous and nonleguminous plants after inoculation.
Schloter 1997
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A 4-year field experiment was conducted to study the transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn from soil contaminated by smelter flue-dust to crop plants grown in a rotation shows concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in barley grain, barley straw meadow bluegrass, red clover, and potatoes were generally low.
Dudka 1996
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Thirty-nine percent to 86% of alfalfa (M. scutellata) and 10% to 55% of red clover (T. pratense) plants survived inoculation with the nematode populations at a greenhouse temperature of 24 +/- 3 degrees C.
Griffin 1996
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In situ degradability of N and proteins were studied in one cultivar of alfalfa and red clover and two cultivars each of birdsfoot trefoil and sericea lespedeza.
Messman 1996
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A template-bound RNA polymerase was isolated from Nicotiana clevelandii plants infected with red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus by differential centrifugation, solubilization with dodecyl beta-D-maltopyranoside, and chromatography.
Bates 1995
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Using a newly developed spot application assay, it is shown that the C18:2- and C18:3-containing lipo-chitin oligosaccharides are able to induce the formation of nodule primordia on roots of Trifolium pratense.
Bloemberg 1995
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No difference in the tissue copper concentration was detected between tolerant and nontolerant plants of Lotus purshianus, Lupinus bicolor, and Trifolium pratense even though the root tissue had more copper than the leaves.
Kruckeberg 1992
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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii produces an acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) which plays an important role in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Tn5 mutant of R. trifolii 93 defective in EPS production (Exo-) forms ineffective (Fix-) nodules on red clover.
Urbanik-Sypniewska 1992
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The 15N and carboxymethylcellulase activity techniques gave similar patterns for bacterial colonization with time on purified cellulose but not orchardgrass or red clover which indicated a higher concentration of cellulolytic versus total bacteria colonizing cellulose.
Firkins 1991
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A study on biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in soil showed that when soil organic matter was increased by adding finely ground red clover leaf and stem material, the residual pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentration was reduced to 6 mg/kg after 210 days.
Seech 1991
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Seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Tyler) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv Kenland) were cultured in aerated aluminate solutions at pH 8.0 to 8.9 to assess the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)(4).
Kinraide 1990
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Assessment of competition between indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains and inoculant strains or between mixtures of inoculant strains in field and growth-room studies, shows significant differences in plant dry weight of red clover among strain combinations.
Ames-Gottfred 1989
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Population development of isolates of Heterodera lespedezae from Illinois and North Carolina was compared on Korean, sericea, and striate lespedezas and red clover at soil temperatures and in a greenhouse where temperatures ranged from 19 to 40 C (av. 25 C).
Fagbenle 1989
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An experiment to elucidate relative importance of SO2, NO2, O3 & other environmental factors in influencing the performance of 4 cultivars of Trifolium pratense & Hordeum vulgare, was performed by growing plants in situ along a transect from central London into the countryside.
Ashmore 1988
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The most heavily parasitized clovers by root-knot nematodes were Trifolium repens infected by Meloidogyne trifoliophila (92%), T. pratense infected by M. incognita (91%), and T. argutum infected by M. incognita (88%).
Mercer 1987
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The transconjugants induced root deformations specifically on the homologous hosts Medicago sativa and Melilotus alba and not on the heterologous hosts Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens.
Truchet 1984
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It is indicated that more effective strains of Rhizobium trifolii can increase red clover production and symbiotic nitrogen fixation under different environmental conditions in Mississippi.
Materon 1982
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Dark-induced senescence in leaf discs from O(3)-sensitive red clover trifoliates (Trifolium pratense L. cv. ;Pennscott') was markedly retarded by treatment with N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl-N'-phenylurea.
Lee 1981
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The isotope effect on N(2) fixation by soybeans and red clover was determined from the difference in (15)N abundance between atmospheric N(2) and the total N of plants grown hydroponically with N-free nutrient solution.
Kohl 1980
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The effects of temperature on population development of 11 species of stunt nematodes in the subfamily Tylenchorhynchinae were compared on red clover or Kentucky bluegrass in constant-temperature tanks at 5-degree intervals from 10 to 35 C.
Malek 1980
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[Biological fertilization (mycorrhiza + Rhizobium + phosphobacteria) of Trifolium pratense in different cultural conditions] [Article in Spanish]
Delorenzini 1979
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The crossing of stem eelworms of onion and red clover with these from Cirsium setosum and Taraxacum officinale resulted in the fertilization of females, egglaying and embriogenesis. [Article in Russian]
Ladygina 1978
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Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules.
Vran?
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[Preliminary studies on directing butterflies to pollinate red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).]
Wojtusiak 1978
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Reciprocal hybrids between the stem eelworm of the red clover & those of onion, straw berry, parsnip, parsley & narcissus were obtained. The red clover eelworm is a biological race of the collective species Ditylenchus dipsaci. [Article in Russian]
Ladygina 1976
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Nematode infection stunted red clover and alfalfa and resulted in lower yields at all potassium (K) levels, except for alfalfa at the lowest K level. Pralylenchus penetrans had little effect on the K content of red clover or alfalfa.
Willis 1976
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The lowest percentages of Cu supply (established on the basis of the Cu content of red clovers) were found on diluvial sandy soils, glacial loams and peat and bog soils whereas the highest percentages of Cu were found on weathered soils.
Anke 1975
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The effect of Meloidogyne incognita on Reproduction of Pratylenchus penetrans in roots seedlings of Red Clover and Alfalfa was studied.
Chapman 1975
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D-glycero-L-galacto-Octulose and L-glycero-L-galacto-octulose accumulated when leaves of Kenland red clover (Trifolium pratense) were allowed to imbibe solution of D-gulose or D-xylose and L-mannose or L-arabinose, respectively.
Haustveit 1975
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[Effect of gamma irradiation of the seeds on certain physico-chemical properties of histons of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense] [Article in Russian]
Mal'tsev 1974
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[Effect of gamma irradiation of the seeds on certain physico-chemical properties of histons of Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense] [Article in Russian]
Mal'tsev 1974
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A riboflavin-requiring auxotroph of Rhizobium trifolii (T1/D-his(r)-15) formed ineffective root nodules on red clover and on two cultivars of subterranean clover, but produced almost fully effective nodules on several other cultivars of subterranean clover.
Pankhurst 1974
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[Uptake and distribution of added selenite and selenate by barley and red clover as influenced by sulphur.]
Gissel-Nielsen 1973
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Infection of Red Clover Seedlings by Heterodera trifolii Goffart and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) was investigated which revealed that penetration by both nematodes increased arithmetically with increased numbers in the inoculum.
Freckman 1972
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Infection of Red Clover Seedlings by Heterodera trifolii Goffart and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) was investigated.
Freckman 1972
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Invasion of 2-day-old seedlings of 'Buffalo' alfalfa and 'Kenland' red clover by larvae of M. incognita and adults of P. penetrans, during 1-3 day periods of incubation at 24 C, was investigated in 50-mm petri dishes on 1% agar.
Turner 1972
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[Fungi and their ecology in a soil seeded with red clover] [Article in French]
Aub?971
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[Fungi and their ecology in a soil seeded with red clover] [Article in French]
Aub?971
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Tumor-like structures appeared on the roots of Medicago sativa, Alysicarpus vaginalis, and Trifolium pretense inoculated with a non-nodulating strain of Rhizobium trifolii, which, on the basis of microscopic examination, were devoid of bacterial cells.
MacGregor 1971
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[Changes in peroxidase isozymes in bean leaves following infection with red clover mottle virus.]
Marcinka 1970
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[Electron microscopy of the development of Erysiphe polygoni in resistant and susceptible Trifolium pratense.]
Stavely 1969
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[Electron microscopy of the development of Erysiphe polygoni in resistant and susceptible Trifolium pratense.]
Stavely 1969
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[Seed transmission of viruses in red clover: evidence and methodology of detection.]
Hampton 1968
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[Seed transmission of viruses in red clover: evidence and methodology of detection.]
Hampton 1968
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[Effects of gibberellin on photosynthesis in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).]
Treharne 1968
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[Effects of gibberellin on photosynthesis in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).]
Treharne 1968
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[About the content of estrogenic isoflavones in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivated in water-sand with different mineral supply] [Article in German]
Schultz 1967
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The development of Erysiphe polygoni on leaves of red clover was retarded by poor infection with bean yellow mosaic virus.
King 1964
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[Effects of ultraviolet radiation on infection by intact and phenol-disrupted red clover mottle virus.]
Bawden 1961
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[Free Amino Acids in Red Clover as Related to Flowering and Winter Survival.]
Wilding 1960
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[Two types of virus diseases of red clover in Ukraine.] [Article in Ukrainian]
Matsulevich 1954
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[Physiologic characteristics of morphobiotypes of red clover.] [Article in Undetermined Language]
Gupalo 1953
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[Nitrogen balance in test in plantings of Trifolium subterraneum L. and Trifolium pratense L..] [Article in Undetermined Language]
Leroux 1953
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[Effect of mixed culture of red clover and of timothy on microflora and on rhizosphere.] [Article in Undetermined Language]
Balicka 1952
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[A technique for the selection of red clover seedlings resistant to the clover rot fungus, Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriksson.]
Carr 1950
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[Seasonal fluctuations of root reserves in red clover, Trifolium pratense l.]
Smith 1950
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[The control of Anguillulina dipsaci on the seed of teazle and red clover by fumigation with methyl bromide.]
Goodey 1949
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[Problems of wound healing in red clover stems.]
Poulter 1939
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[Enzyme activity in cold-hardened and unhardened red clover.]
Greathouse 1937
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[Hydration studies in fresh and dried red clover roots and shoots with reference to physical properties and chemical composition of tissue.]
Greathouse 1936
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[The sensitivity of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to small amounts of boron and manganese.]
Gilbert 1931
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Related Links
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A monograph on red clover with references to supporting research from the Health and Age Foundation (Novartis)sponsored
healthandage.org
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Entry in Handbook of Energy Crops (unpublished) hosted as Purdue Horticulture Dept's NewCROP DB
Duke 1983
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Short monography by Australian Naturopathic Network
(ANN)
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Taxonomic information for T. pratense at USDA's Germplasm Resources Information Network
(GRIN)
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Taxonomic family (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval by L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz from the
DELTA DB
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Entry in herb and suuplement encyclopedia (with references) from
florahealth.com
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