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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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The efficacy of a fixed combination of aescin and troxerutin (A&T) versus pentoxyfyllin was tested in a randomized clinical study as group comparison with 34 patients for each group which revealed significant improvement in in 23 of 34 patients in the A&T group.
Siegers 2008
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Clinical testing of a gel formulation that included 3% of the extract of horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum) was carried out using 40 healthy volunteers? which showed that the extract can generate contraction forces in fibroblasts and is a potent anti-aging ingredient.
Fujimura 2007
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The clinical efficacy of orally administered horse chestnut seed extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers was evaluated in a prospective triple-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial with 54 patients which showed improvement in wound slough and visit frequency.
Leach 2006
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Horse chestnut seed extract therapy combined with conventional therapy was found to be more cost-effective than conventional therapy alone with an average savings of AUD 95 in organizational costs and AUD 10 in dressing materials per patient.
Leach 2006a
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Update of 2004 Cochrane evidence-based review of efficacy and safety of oral horse chestnut seed extract(HCSE) versus placebo, or reference therapy, for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) implies HCSE is efficacious and safe for short-term treatment of CVI.
Pittler 2006
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4 clinical trials in patients with chronic venous insufficiency & 1 study in patients with varicose veins demonstrated the effectiveness of Aesculaforce preparations, containing horse chestnut seed, through measure of reduction in lower leg edema & alleviation of leg pain, heaviness, and itching.
Suter 2006
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Metaanalysis of Forty-one randomized controlled trials involving 4066 patients revealed that i.v administration of saponins from Chinese Buckeye Seed reduced cerebral edema & incidence of renal impairment and overall reduction in mortality. No serious adverse event was reported.
Zhou 2005
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Aesculus hippocastanum tablets (Aesculaforce 50mg) are a safe, well-tolerated and efficacious treatment for Widmer stage I and II chronic venous insufficiency and the majority of patients rated efficacy to be "very good" or "good," with only 10 patients reporting no effect by the end of the study.
Dickson 2004
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Use of Natural therapy and Horsechestnut Seed Extract for venous leg ulceration (VLU) was minimal among 122 district nurses, 73 medical practitioners and 53 clients with VLU and half of all groups supported venotonics.
Leach 2004
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The evidence from rigorous clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of oral horse chestnut seed extract versus placebo, or other treatments for chronic venous insufficiency was reviewed.
Pittler 2004
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Bioavailability of beta-aescin of horse chestnut seed extract in a nonretarded test medication was compared with a retarded reference formulation in 2 randomized crossover clinical trials involving 18 healthy volunteers each. Absorption rates diminished during night compared with day time.
Bassler 2003
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The barriers of randomised controlled trials, a standard for testing a therapeutic intervention attributed to randomisation, recruitment, retention, blinding and sampling procedures, and to gate keeping, are detailed through Horsechestnut and Venous Leg Ulcer Trial.
Leach 2003
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Oral supplementation with Aesculus hippocastanum, Ruscus aculeatus, Centella asiatica, Hamamelis virginiana, and bioflavonoids may prevent painful, and expensive complications of varicose veins and hemorrhoids as these may improve microcirculation, capillary flow, and vascular tone.
MacKay 2001
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Horse-chestnut seeds extracts found to be a suitable and protecting therapy in patients with the early stages of chronic venous insufficiency (CV Grade I) . It fared better in Grade II than in Grade IIIa patients. The mechanism may be due to its ability to close the venular endothelial gaps.
Ottillinger 2001
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Blood escin level is raised more by morning dose than evening dose in healthy volunteers, possibly due to less food interaction
Kunz 1998
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Horse chestnut seed extract could not be differentiated from compression treatment or placebo for chronic venous insufficiency
Lange 1998
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Review finds HCSE beneficial in all placebo-controlled studies for chronic venous insufficiency and as good as rutosides. It reduces symptoms of leg pain, pruritis, fatigue, lower leg volume with only infrequent and mild adverse effects
Pittler 1998
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Bioavailability of slow vs. fast release products compared. Measurement of serum beta-escin (CAS 6805-41-0) by radioimmunoassay is imprecise due to the variable constituents
Schrodter 1998
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Lower leg volume decreased by 44 ml by horse chestnut seed extract, 50 mg aescin twice daily, 47 ml with compression stockings, increased 10 ml with placebo in a 12 week study with 240 patients with chronic venous insufficiency
Diehm 1996
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Chronic venous insufficiency improved in 5,000 patients treated with horse chestnut extract
Greeske 1996
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1000 mg/d oxerutins was more effective than, and 500 mg/d similar to, 600 mg/d horse chestnut extract in a double-blind, randomized trial with 137 female, postmenopausal patients with chronic venous insufficiency
Rehn 1996
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Topically applied 2% escin gel reduced tenderness to pressure on experimentally induced hematoma in a double-blind, randomized trial on healthy volunteers
Calabrese 1993
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Leg volume decreased for 40 venous edema patients taking horse chestnut seed extract vs. placebo
Diehm 1992
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[Conservative therapy of chronic venous insufficiency. The extent of the edema-preventive effect of horse chestnut seed extract].
Steiner 1991
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Review of several double-blind studies shows that Venostasin (50 mg triterpenglycosides, calculated as escine) has tonic effects on veins and decreases permeability. Mechanism possibly related to blocking of lysosomal proteoglycan dissolving enzymes
Hitzenberger 1989
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Two 600 mg horse-chestnut seed extract capsules containing 50 mg aescin decreased capillary filtration coefficient by 22% in 22 venous insufficiency patients
Bisler 1986
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Essaven capsules benefitted venous insufficiency in an 8 week placebo-controlled trial with 60 patients
Hirsch 1982
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Essaven capsules (3x2 daily) for 4 weeks benefitted 34 venous circulatory patients in a double blind trial
Neumann-Mangoldt 1979
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Skin temperature, an indicator of inflammation, after surgery was lower with beta-escin treatment than controls in a study of 53 patients
Wilhelm 1977
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Thrombosis of leg veins was improved in 84% of aescin treated patients vs. 73% of untreated controls in a study with 200 women
Prexl 1976
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[Comparative investigations concerning the effect of extract of horse chestnut upon the pressure-volume-diagramm of patients with venous disorders].
Nill 1970
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[On the vein tonicising principle of horse chestnut extract. Effect of pure horse chestnut extract and aescin on the venous capacity, venous tonus and circulation of the extremities].
Ehringer 1968
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[On the demonstration of efficacy of horse chestnut extract on venous tonus following its oral administration].
Nehring 1966
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Aescin, the major active principle from Aesculus hippocastanum has clinically significant activity in chronic venous insufficiency, haemorrhoids and post-operative oedema which may act by improving entry of ions into channels, thus raising venous tone in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Sirtori 2001
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[Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency.]
Bielanski 1999
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[Medical activities of Aesculus hippocastaneum (horse-chestnut) saponins.]
Dworschak 1996
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[Experience with the clinical use of Essaven gel in treating venous diseases].
Saenko 1996
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Esculin containing Proctosedyl benefitted 25 pregnant women with chronic hemorrhoids
Damianov 1993
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Beta-aescin for 3 weeks improved symptoms ("heavy" and "tired" legs, swollen ankles, nocturnal cramps in 12 of 15 patients in a study of chronic venous insufficiency
Gerova 1991
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[Bioavailability of beta-aescin after oral administration of two preparations containing aesculus extract to healthy volunteers.]
Kunz 1991
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[Clinical trial of the use of escin in the postoperative treatment of episiotomies]
Lapas 1987
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[Prevention and therapy of sports injuries. Experiences with an escin-containing gel].
Pabst 1986
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[Treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with phlebotropic drugs].
Montagnani 1984
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[Flow velocity of blood in varicose veins of the lower extremities. The effect of a venous therapeutic agent].
Klemm 1982
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[Comparative study on the shrinking effect of diclofenac-sodium and an aescin preparation in traumatology].
Albrecht 1981
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Varicose veins is a risk factor in developing deep-vein thrombosis. Prophylactic use of horse-chestnut extract begun preoperatively may achieve a beneficial result
Endl 1977
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[Demonstration of the effectiveness of the horse-chestnut-seed extract in the varicose syndrome complex].
Neiss 1976
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Essaven Gel (aescin, heparin, essential phospholipids) applied externally to thrombophlebitis patients reduced symptoms in 12 out of 15
Wojcicki 1976
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[Comparison of the vein tonus effect of dried horse chestnut extract and a combination of essential phospholipids and dried horse chestnut extract].
Balansard 1975
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[Clinical investigation of aescin ampoules in case of post-operative and post-traumatic edema].
Hefti 1975
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[Effect of horse chestnut extracts on venous tone].
Lochs 1974
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[Hemodynamic effects of horse chestnut extract. Study on isolated vascular strips, live dogs and man].
Pauschinger 1974
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[Treatment of venous stasis in the lower limbs due to pelvic tumors using aescin].
Tscherne 1974
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[Experiences with an absorbable aescin-preparation as additional therapy in cerebro-organic convulsion].
Nievoll 1971
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[Clinical test concerning the pharmacodynamics of tritium-marked aescin].
Ascher 1970
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[Experimental and clinical testing of an aescin and heparinoid containing gel].
Mittelstaedt 1970
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[Aescin (=Reparil) in cerebral circulation disorders. Clinical and ophthalmodynamographic observations].
Tzavellas 1970
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[Experience with horse chestnut containing medium in the treatment of varicose leg ulcers].
Horacek 1969
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[Horse chestnut extract injections in treatment of venous stasis symptoms before and after delivery][Article in German].
Lehmacher 1964
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[On the treatment of premenstrual disorders with an Aesculus hippocastanum extract][Article in German].
Schreiber 1964
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[The effect of Aesculus hippocastanum on quantitative brain circulation and brain metabolism in cerebral blood circulation disorders][Article in German].
Heyck 1961
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An evaluation of aescin (an extract of horse chestnuts) in the treatment of the psychoses of the senium.
Lifshitz 1961
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[Experiences with intrapleural administration of Aesculus hippocastanum extracts][Article in German].
Siering 1960
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[Experiences with Aesculus hippocastanum extract in gynecology and obstetrics.] [Article in German].
Kiesling 1959
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[Therapeutic properties of Aesculus hippocastanum.][Article in Bulgarian].
Nikolov 1955
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[Medical use of horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum.][Article in Undetermined Language].
Kukowka 1954
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Majority of herbs including Ballota nigra and Aesculus hippocastanum, is being used for treatment of illnesses of respiratory (22%), gastrointestinal (19%) and urinary and genital system (9%), for treatment of skin conditions (11%), as well as for nervous system and heart diseases (16%).
Redzi?007
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[What treatments are effective for varicose veins?].
Hagen 2003
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The study of herbal medications for common ailments in the elderly reveals that Aesculus hippocastanum seed extracts alleviate the subjective symptoms and reduce the objective signs of chronic venous insufficiency.
Ernst 1999
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[Effect on the capillary resistance, time of hemorrhage and coagulation of an escin-cyclonamine association].
De Pascale 1974
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Evaluation of the clinical importance in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis living in Ankara shows that most common positive skin tests among tree pollens were to Oleaceae (59.2 %), Aesculus (57.4 %); and Tilia (42.5 %) despite low pollen counts.
Berna Dursun 2008
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Horse chestnut seed extract was found to be an effective and safe treatment for chronic venous insufficiency based on meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials (1,051 patients) and 3 observational studies (10,725 patients).
Siebert 2002
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Glutathione reductase inhibition by esculin or 4'-hydroxychalcone is reversible but not time dependent, in contrast to tannin & quercetin which are irreversible and time dependent
Zhang 1997
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Of 152 plant poisonings in Switzerland, 1966-94, A hippocastanum was involved in 3 cases of allergy, 2 of which had anaphylactic shock
Jaspersen-Schib 1996
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Alpha-aescin is toxic for bone marrow cells of mice but only when administered at a high dose of 80% LD50
Przybojewska 1994
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Beta-aescin at 10 mg/Kg p.o. did not worsen CCl4 induced hepatic steatosis
Ulicna 1994
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10 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg of beta-escin orally to rats did not induce substantial changes in carbohydrate or lipid metabolism and did not develop steatosis
Ulicna 1993
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Sublethal concentration (2.6 mg/l) of a triterpene based piscicidal glycoside of A. indica caused neurological damage of fish after prolonged poisoning
Bhatt 1992
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RAST allergy test indicates IgE to Aesculus pollen in 12.6% of 214 urban children in Austria but only 1.9% of rural children
Popp 1992
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[The effect of beta-aescin, a saponin, on prenatal development in mice].
Ujhazy 1987
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Liver abnormality in a man admitted for a fracture who had, among other things, previously received 65 mg Venoplant
Takegoshi 1986
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LD50 for single dose of horse-chestnut extract was 10.6 g/Kg to chicks & hamsters. Toxic signs included depression, muscular incoordination, paralysis, coma, and death. Ohio buckeye (A. glabra) was nontoxic at 80 g/Kg
Williams 1984
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Pseudolupus linked to use of Venocuran by 15 patients, a mixture of phenopyrazone, horse-chestnut extract, & Miroton (glycosides from Urginea maritima, convallaria, oleander & adonis)
Walli 1981
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[Contact dermatitis to extract of horse chestnut (esculin).]
Comaish 1980
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Digitonin and aescin, the horse-chestnut saponin, were found to be much more cytotoxic than sodium dodecylsulphate or Triton X-100 in a cell membranolytic test. The hydrophobic part of the aescin molecule, its aglycone, appears responsible
Szydlowska 1978
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A case of renal failure following therapy with gentamycin and beta-aescin which responded to hemodialization
Voigt 1978
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10 mg/kg escin ip did not affect fertility or kidneys in juvenile male rats
von Kreybig 1977
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[Toxicological studies on the administration by intravenous route of an escin-cyclonamine combination].
Bamonte 1976
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[The post-traumatic renal failure in 2 children following therapy with beta-escin].
Klose 1976
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Pseudolupus associated with long term use of Venocuran , the same 15 patients as in Walli, above
Grob 1975
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10 mg beta-aescin iv twice daily for 6 days to 40 post-surgical patients caused no impairment of various measures of renal function
Wilhelm 1975
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[3 fatal cases by intoxication (invert soap) or by anaphylactic shock (extract of horse chestnut)?]
Wagner 1965
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[The active therapeutic principle of horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum). Part 4. On the toxicology of the active principle] [Article in German].
Uebel 1960
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Interactions
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7-Methylesculin, esculin 5Ac and esculetin 2Ac inhibit complement classical pathway. while scoparone inhibits alternative pathway. Some hydroxycoumarins increase hemolysis
Ivanovska 1994
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Aescine pretreatment (10 & 50 mg/kg) inhibited the increases in stomach acid secretion induced by histamine or carbachol and prevents ethanol induced gastric ulceration. Indomethacin offsets the protection
Marhuenda 1994
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Animal Studies
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The anti-obesity effects of escins extracted from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata BLUME, was investigated employing anti-obesity models in vitro by measuring pancreatic lipase and in vivo using female ICR mice.
Hu 2008
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An anti-obesity effects of the novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) as well as natural seeds was determined in mice fed high-fat diets.
Kimura 2008
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Escins Ia and IIa slowed gastric emptying and reduced serum glucose in oral glucose-loaded rats, but not in normal or intraperitoneal glucose-loaded rats, or alloxan-induced diabetic mice. They inhibited small intestine glucose uptake in vitro
Matsuda 1998
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Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the increase of vascular permeability induced by both acetic acid in mice and histamine in rats and inhibited carrageenin induced edema. The acyl groups were essential for activity
Matsuda 1997
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The chemical structures of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, and IIIa were determined. All but IIIa inhibit ethanol absorption and lower blood sugar in rats
Yoshikawa 1996
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Proanthocyanidin-A2, from Aesculus hippocastanum bark, tested on peripheral nerve regeneration following injury in rats, showed a trophic effect on muscle.
Ambrogini 1995
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Among the five triterpene oligoglycosides isolated from Aesculus hippocastanum L. Escins-Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb were found to exhibit inhibitory effect on ethanol absorption and hypoglycemic activity on oral glucose tolerance test in rats.
Yoshikawa 1994
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Aesculin is diuretic, increasing the renal loss of sodium, chloride and potassium while only the highest dose of aescine had effect in rats
Martin 1990
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Esculamine is anti-inflammatory in carrageenan induced reaction in hamsters
Aleksandrov 1986
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[Effect of escin on adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone levels in rat plasma.]
Hiai 1981
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[The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the plasma-lymph barrier of the hind limb of rabbits and its antagonization by aescin and indomethacin.]
Rothkopf-Ischebeck 1980
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Aescin induces contraction of isolated portal vein of rat and rabbit. This effect appears to be mediated by an increased release of Prostaglandins of Falpha type
Berti 1977
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Aescin applied to skin of pigs is poorly absorbed into blood and only 1% is excreted in urine in 24 hours
Lang 1977
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Escin is anti-inflammatory. The water soluble forms, such as alpha-escinic acid or its salts, Na-beta-escinate and the amorphous beta-escinic acid are rapidly absorbed by the GI tract
Eisenburger 1976
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[Percutaneous absorption of 3H-aescin in mice and rats].
Lang 1974
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[Pharmacokinetic studies on triatiated aescin in the mouse and rat].
Lang 1972
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[Effects of horse chestnut (Aesculus hyppocastanun) on the course of experimental arteriosclerosis in rabbits].
Sokolova 1969
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[Animal experimental demonstration of the desantigenization of intravenously injected horse chestnut extract].
Kienholz 1967
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[The protective action of aescin against cold stress in adrenalectomized rats].
Preziosi 1965
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[The antiedema-antiinflammatory action of aescin and its relations to the adreno-hypophysial axis][Article in Italian].
Preziosi 1964
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[Effect of horse-chestnut on the capillary permeability of the long-term alcoholic rabbit. influence of thiamine] [Article in French].
Quevauviller 1964
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[On the cerebral efficacy of horsechestnut extracts][Article in German].
Hemmer 1961
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[The thrombo-prophylactic and venotropic action of the active principles of Aesculus hippocastani: experimental in-vivo observations on the microvessels][Article in Italian].
Piovella 1961
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Pharmacodynamics
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ISCOMs formulated with saponins isolated from plants indigenous to Kazakhstan including Aesculus hippocastanum and Glycyrrhiza glabra are an effective antigen delivery system which may be successfully used, with low toxicity, for preparation of highly immunogenic coccidia vaccine.
Berezin 2008
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Beta-aescin, a natural triterpenoid saponin from the seed of Chinese horse chestnut is found to be a potent natural inhibitor of proliferation and inducer of apoptosis in K562 cells, and beta-aescin may be a candidate lead compound to explore potential antileukemia drugs.
Niu 2008
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It is demonstrated that beta-escin, a natural triterpenoid saponin from horse chestnut, is a potent natural inhibitor of cell proliferation and inducer of apoptosis in HL-60 acute myeloid leukaemia cells.
Niu 2008
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The direct effect of beta-escin sodium, the major active compound in extracts of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum seed) on proliferation, migration and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and ECV304 cells was explored.
Wang 2008
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Escin from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum, enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine when such relaxation had been reduced by exposure to the superoxide ion generator pyrogallol.
Carrasco 2007
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Pre-treatment of Human vascular endothelial cells with aescin prevented, in a concentration-dependent fashion (0.1-1 microM), the action of CoCl2 on vascular cell adhesion molecule -1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule -1, also preserving endothelial cell morphology.
Montopoli 2007
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The Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) extract induces generation of contraction forces in fibroblasts through stress fiber formation followed by activation of Rho protein and Rho kinase but not myosin light chain kinase or other protein kinases.
Fujimura 2006
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It is suggested that an extract of horse chestnuts can generate contraction forces in fibroblasts and is a potent anti-aging ingredient.
Fujimura 2006
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Novel saponins like deacetylescins & desacylescins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) after treatment with wooden ashes, as novel sources for nutraceutical foods have been identified which showed blood glucose lowering & pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects.
Kimura 2006
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The chemopreventive efficacy of dietary beta-escin on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci was evaluated & the cell growth inhibitory effects and the induction of apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line were analyzed.
Patlolla 2006
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The extract of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds inhibited croton oil-induced swelling of the mouse concha and also inhibited cyclooxygenase -1 and -2 activities, but had no effect on 15-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2 activities.
Sato 2006
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Bioavailability of beta-aescin,of horse chestnut seed in a nonretarded medication in comparison with a retarded reference formulation was evaluated in 36 healthy volunteers which showed no significant difference between absorption rates for the retarded versus nonretarded preparation.
Bassler 2003
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Escins (50 mg/kg) inhibit gastric emptying of a 40% glucose meal by 21-23%, a milk meal by 18-33%, and a 30% ethanol meal by 13-16%. This is attenuated by streptozotocin, capsaicin or insulin (the latter is offset by glucose)
Matsuda 1999
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Aescine (250 ng/ml or 0.22 microM) inhibits neutrophile adherence to vein endothelium and subsequent activation and free radical release
Bougelet 1998
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E coli is inhibited by the coumarins esculetin, umbelliferone and scopoletin, but not by the coumarin glycoside esculin. Esculin-hydrolysing bacteria from the human gut inhibited growth of E. coli
Duncan 1998
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Beta-escin is a convenient, easy-to-use alternative to less water-soluble ionophores such as nystatin, amphotericin B and gramicidin for cell permeabilization and perforated patch recording
Fan 1998
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Aescine at 100 ng/ml inhibits 2 activation steps of hypoxic endothelial cells: the decrease in ATP, the starting point of the activation cascade, and the increase in phospholipase A2 activity, which releases precursors of inflammatory mediators
Arnould 1996
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Esculetin inhibits xanthine oxidase, IC50=21 microM, more effectively than other coumarins. The 6-glycoside, as in esculetin, decreases the inhibitory effect
Chang 1995
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[Rapid disk methods for the detection of esculin hydrolysis and urease activity in anaerobic bacterial strains.]
Eugenia 1995
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Steroid saponins from Aesculus, Hedera and Ruscus are reputed for venous insufficiency. Escin inhibits hyaluronidase (IC50=150 microM). Ruscogenins (120 microM) inhibit elastase
Facino 1995
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Antifungus protein was isolated from A. hippocastanum seed and found to be homologous to plant defensins
Osborn 1995
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Esculin from Fraxinus stem bark inhibits complement activation
Stefanova 1995
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The cholesterol binding agents saponin and digitonin induce release of alkaline phosphatase in vitro whereas nystatin, filipin and beta-escin do not
Xie 1995
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Horse chestnut extract, containing 70% escin, dose dependently contracts the canine saphenous isolated vein and is anti-inflammatory
Guillaume 1994
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Baicalein, esculetin and the related wogonin, esculin and scoparone, inhibit human T-lymphoid leukemia cells. Baicalein is strongest with IC50 of 4.7 microM. They also inhibit tyrosine kinase which may be the mechanism
Huang 1994
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Permeabilization with beta-escin allows the transmembrane passage of 150 kD proteins
Iizuka 1994
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95 mg of lectin per kg of fresh seeds was isolated. It has a 33 kd component and lacks sugar. It agglutinated erythrocytes from horse at 9.5 ngml and less effectively with rabbit, rat and human and not at all with sheep or cow erythrocytes
Antoniuk 1992
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Esculin and esculetin had no effect on lung tumorigenesis in a feeding study showing that dietary ellagic acid does get into the lungs and inhibit tumors
Boukharta 1992
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[Pharmacology of escin, a saponin from Aesculus hyppocastanum L. II. Pharmacodynamics of escin.Chapter I.][Article in Italian].
Panigati 1992
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[Pharmacology of escin, a saponin of Aesculus hippocastanum L.II Pharmacodynamics of escin. Chapter II][Article in Italian].
Panigati 1992a
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Mutagenicity of nicotine derived NNK on Salmonella was inhibited by esculetin > ellagic acid > (+)-catechin > propyl gallate > (-)esculin
Teel 1992
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Esculin has been incorporated into both a medium and tested with 20% bile for many years to differentiate Bacteroides from Fusobacterium organisms. After 24 - 48 h, Bacteroides fragilis grow in 20% bile and hydrolyze esculin
Edberg 1985
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5-HETE (5-lipoxygenase product) IC50 inhibition by Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) 1.5 microM; Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin) 6.9 microM; Fraxetin (6-methoxy-7,8-dihydroxycoumarin) 2.6 microM
Kimura 1985
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Ames mutagenic test of 7 coumarins (imperatorin, marmesin, heraclenin, xanthotoxin, chelepin, oxypeucedanin, esculin) was positive for the first two
Uwaifo 1984
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[Horse chestnut inhibits lysosomal enzyme activity--therapeutic success in varicose veins].
anonymous 1983
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[A possible role of lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the reduction in their serum activity by Venostasin.]
Kreysel 1983
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[Activity of the combination of escin, heparin sodium and diethylamine-salicylate as compared with the activity of the single components in minor traumatology].
Dettoni 1982
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Platelet lipoxygenase IC50=0.65 microM & cyclooxygenase IC50=0.45 mM was inhibited by Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin). Esculin (the 6-glucoside) and umbelliferone (7-hydroxy-coumarin) are weaker. 4-hydroxy-coumarin is ineffective
Sekiya 1982
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[Anti-inflammatory local frigotherapy with a combination of escin, heparin and polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine].
Tozzi 1981
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Escin increased isolated human vein tone similar to the effect of serotonin and dihydroergotamine, and greater than acetylcholine or vasopressin
Annoni 1979
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[The mode of action of aescin on isolated veins: relationship with PGF2 alpha].
Longiave 1978
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[Anti-edema effect of escin at the cerebral level].
Mingrino 1978
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Escin reduces inflammatory exudation and antagonized bradykinin enhancement of permeability of the plasma-lymph barrier
Rothkopf 1976
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[Proceedings: Further results concerning the efficacy and the mechanism of action of the horse chestnut saponin escin.]
Rothkopf 1975
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[Experimental studies on the action of total extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum L.(horse chestnut) on cellular respiration].
Boiadzhiev 1973
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[Effect of aescin on glucose transport in adipose tissue and ascites tumor cells].
Gruber 1971
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[The influence of an aesculin compound preparation on blood coagulation and capillary resistance].
Schneider 1971
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[The action mechanism of aesculus extract].
Hagen 1970
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[Pharmacology of aescin-isomers with special reference to alpha-aescin].
Hampel 1970
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[Fungistatic effect of aescin on Dermatophytes in vitro].
Krause 1970
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[Studies on the mechanism of the therapeutic and toxic action of the horse chestnut saponin aescin].
Vogel 1970
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[On the effect of aescin and flavonoid complex from horse chestnut on inflammatory edema].
Obolentseva 1969
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[Use of escin (Reparil) in gestosis and eclampsia].
Ferrero 1968
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[Data on the use of a sodium salt of escin in herpes zoster].
Giannetti 1968
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[Experimental studies on the effectiveness of aescin "Reparil" in Parkinson patients].
Tzavellas 1968
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[Anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chesnut) seed].
Tsutsumi 1967
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[The anticoagulant action of horse chestnut and Eskuzan].
Urbaniuk 1967
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[Pharmacologic aspects of aescin, active principle of Aesculus hippocastanum] [Article in Italian].
Manca 1965
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[New findings in the pharmacodynamics of bioflavonoids and horse chestnut saponin aescin as bases for their therapeutic application][Article in German].
Aichinger 1964
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[Research on the corticomimetic activity of escin].
Preziosi 1964
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[The effect of extract of Aesculus hippocastanum (venostasis) on thrombin and heparin titration in vitro] [Article in German].
Szirmai 1963
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[The active substances of the horse chestnut and their biochemical functions in diseases of the venous system][Article in German].
Corcilius 1962
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[On angiographically demonstrable effect of Aesculus hippocastanum extract][Article in German].
Vogler 1961
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Proteins from the seeds are anti-fungal and antibiotic against gram-positive bacteria;
US Patent 5,750,504
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Analytical Chemistry
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Seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut contain high levels of polyphenolic antioxidants. These compounds were extracted, fractionated, & structures of the isolated fractions were characterized by a combination of mass spectrometric analyses.
Ogawa 2008
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Three new triterpenoid saponins, named isoescins VIIa (1), VIa (2), and VIIIa (3), were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata and identified by spectroscopic analysis and chemical hydrolysis. Their structures were also established.
Yang 2008
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A new method based on accelerated solvent extraction followed by a reliable HPLC -diode array detector and positive ion electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis has been developed for the characterization and quantification of 4 major saponins in Aesculus chinensis Bunge.
Chen 2007
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A new prenylated coumarin, S-6-[2-(hydroxymethyl)butoxy]-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-chromen-2-one, named pavietin, isolated from the leaves of an Aesculus pavia genotype was undetectable in Aesculus hippocastanum, a closely related species lacking resistance to fungal pathogens.
Curir 2007
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Flavonoids present in horse chestnut (HC) extract in a relatively high amount have the potential to contribute to the overall activity of these extracts. Industrial HC wastewater can be used to obtain quercetine & kaempferol glycosides for cosmetic, nutraceutical & food supplement industries.
Kapusta 2007
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The chromatographic behaviour of steroidal saponins found in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Asparagus officinalis, Convallaria majalis, Digitalis purpurea etc., was compared to the triterpene saponins found in Aesculus hippocastanum Centella asiatica, Panax notoginseng and Potentilla tormentilla.
Kite 2007
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The effectiveness of thin-layer chromatography methods was described to provide for the quality control of several commercial products containing plants of Aesculus hippocastanum, Turnera diffusa, Matricaria recutita, Passiflora incarnata, and Tilia occidentalis.
Ram?z-Dur?007
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Cyclooxygenase inhibitors were isolated from the hexane extract of Japanese horse chestnut seed by means of 4 steps of liquid chromatography and were identified as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, & oleic acid by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Sato 2007
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Continued chemical investigation on the fruits of North American Aesculus pavia L. resulted in the isolation and identification of 13 polyhydroxyoleanene pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, named aesculiosides IIe-IIk (1-7), and IIIa-IIIf (8-13), together with 18 known compounds.
Zhang 2007
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Measurement of concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn & Ni in leaves of 7 species of deciduous trees, from Istanbul, in both the Spring and Autumn seasons shows that highest concentrations of Cd were detected in Populus, Pb in Aesculus and Robinia, Zn in Populus, and Ni in Robinia and Fraxinus.
Baycu 2006
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Residues of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron were quantified on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) leaves treated with a diflubenzuron 480 g litre(-1) SC, Dimilin and the samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Nejmanov?006
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Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were performed on wood samples of different essences (fir, chestnut, poplar, linden and oak) before consolidation.
Vecchio 2006
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Aesculiosides Ia-Ie, IIa-IId, and IVa-IVc, were isolated from an ethanol extract of the fruits of North American Aesculus pavia, along with two known compounds. Their structures were characterized as polyhydroxyoleanene pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins by spectroscopic and chemical analyses.
Zhang 2006
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The putative flavonal glycoside named aescuflavoside A, isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis, is synthesized via regioselective glycosylation of 7-O-benzyltamarixetin with glycosyl bromides under phase-transfer-catalyzed conditions.
Zhu 2006
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Super-& subcritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)) extracts of crude drugs including seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum (aescin), were simulated by molecular modelling to predict extractability of different hydrophilic plant constituents under various extraction conditions.
Gunther 2005
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Analysis of lead among 15 herbal samples of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) showed that 3 samples of horse chestnut contained 153, 156 and 1480 microg Pb/g and estimated lead intake through consumption of horse chestnut reached 440% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake.
Caldas 2004
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Sodium beta-aescin found to attenuate brain injury, down-regulate the protein expressions of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and E-selectin), and reduce the migration of neutrophils after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Hu 2004
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From the seeds of Aesculus chinensis two new flavanoids and eight known ones were isolated by Bioassay-guided fractionation and their structures elucidated by spectroscopy including 2D NMR. The two new Compounds and an old one showed antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus.
Wei 2004
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A new triterpenoid saponin, aesculiside A, & 5 known ones 1-5 were isolated from ethanol extract of seeds of Aesculus chinensis & structure elucidated by spectral data. The antiinflammatory activities of 4 main saponins (1-4) were compared with total saponin extracts.
Wei 2004a
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Two pairs of new geometrically isomeric triterpenoid saponins isoescin IIa, IIb, IIIa and IIIb were isolated from Aesculus chinensis and their structures established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence.
Zhao 2003
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Procyanidin B2 (epicatechin-(4 beta-->8)-epicatechin) isolated from Aesculus hippocastanum fruit shells was used as reference standard for calibration purposes in HPLC-method with chemical reaction detection in the estimation of procyanidins in Crataegi fructus.
Wittig 2002
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Aesculus hippocastanum antimicrobial protein 1, a plant defensin was isolated from horse chestnuts, belonging to subfamily A2 inhibits growth of a broad range of fungi and its 3-dimensional solution structure was determined by 1H NMR.
Fant 1999
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Nine flavonol oligosides of quercetin and kaempferol with glucose, xylose, and rhamnose as sugars were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. and their structures were elucidated mainly using (1)H- and (13)C-NMR techniques.
H?1999
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HPLC analysis of escins (saponin) from seeds of A. hippocastanum and A. turbinata
Yoshikawa 1999
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N-glycans of pollens from Aesculus hippocastanum was examined by reverse-phase HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry which revealed the major structures, as either xylosylated, with or without fucose and terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues, and oligomannose.
Wilson 1998
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New acylated polyhydroxyoleanene triterpene oligoglycosides, escins IIIb, IV, V & VI and isoescins Ia, Ib, & V, were isolated from the seeds of horse chestnut tree and their structures elucidated by chemical and physicochemical evidence.
Yoshikawa 1998
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Esculin is hydrolysed by Listeria monocytogenes to the o-diphenol aglucon, esculetin, which offsets iron-chelator inhibition of Listeria
Coulanges 1996
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Automated TLC of alcohol extracts of A. hippocastanum and other plants
Gocan 1996
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Aesculin was identified in the leaf extracts of dandelion (Taraxacum)
Williams 1996
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The sapogenins 21-angeloyl-protoaescigenin., aescigenin and protoaescigenin were extracted from the seeds
Yang 1996
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Aescin level can be higher in some tissue cultures of calli and embryoids from cotyledon and stem explants than from seeds
Profumo 1994
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Simultaneous isolation of Rutin and Esculin using solid-phase extraction
Buszewski 1993
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Aescine levels of 100 pg-50 ng can be determined by a radioimmunoassay
Lehtola 1990
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Stigmasterol and alpha-spinasterol were, with the beta-sitosterol, the most abundant sterols from Aesculus bark. Bark petrol extract has anti-inflammatory activity
Senatore 1989
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The hydroxycoumarins: coumarin, umbelliferone, or esculin are oxidized, suggesting they may act both as sensitizers - secondary emitters of chemiluminescence and/or reactants undergoing oxidative degradation
Slawinska 1989
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[Triterpenoids of Aesculus indica.]
Sati 1987
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Two cytotoxic sapogenols, Hippocaesculin (which is either 21-O-angeloyl, 22-O-tigloyl R1-barrigenol, or 21-O-tigloyl, 22-O-angeloyl R1-barrigenol) and Barringtogenol-C 21-angelate were isolated from seed saponin fraction
Konoshima 1986
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[Determination of esculin and escin in Intractum Hippocastani].
Dytkowska 1973
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[Studies on appearance of coumarins in the bark of Aesculus strains].
Friedrich 1971
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[Variability of the "Aescin" contents in the seeds of Aesculus species].
Friedrich 1971
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[Properties and substrate specificity of the leucyl-, the threonyl- and the valyl-transfer-ribonucleic acid synthetases from Aesculus species.]
Anderson 1970
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[Leucoanthocyanines in the seed shell of aesculus species].
Friedrich 1970
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[Substances contained in horse-chestnut seeds. 8. The acylaglycones of cryptoescin and alpha-escin].
Wagner 1970
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[Chemical composition of horse chestnut seed. IX. Structure and properties of triterpeneglycosides].
Wagner 1970
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[Effect of substances from horse chestnut on the development of Trichomonas vaginalis and microflora accompanying trichomoniasis in vitro].
Kuszlik-Jochym 1969
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[Constituents of horse chestnut. VII. O-isopropylidene derivatives of protoescigenin, barringtogenol C, and their 21-angelic (tiglic) acid and 28-angelic (tiglic) acid esters].
Wagner 1969
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[Triterpenes. XXVI. On the structure of the horse chestnut saponin (aescin) and the aglycones of various glycosides].
Wulff 1969
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[Saponin distribution in Aesculus hippocastanum during different stages of development. 4. Observations of the formation of aescin in young plants after administtation of 2-C 14-mevalonic acid lactone (2-C 14-MSL)].
Kartnig 1968
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[On the components of horse chestnut seeds. 4. Studies on flavonols].
Wagner 1967
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[On substances contained in horse chestnut seeds. V. Studies on triterpene glycosides].
Wagner 1967
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[The characterization and properties of castaprenol-11, -12 and -13 from the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut). ]
Wellburn 1967
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[The subcellular distribution and biosynthesis of castaprenols and plastoquinone in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum. ]
Wellburn 1967
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[On the triterpenic constituents of the seeds saponin of Aesculus turbinata Blume.]
Yoshioka 1967
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[On genuine sapogenins of horse chestnut saponins by means of soil bacterial hydrolysis and a new minor sapogenin: 16-desoxy-barringtogenol C.]
Yosioka 1967
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[Isolation of flavonoids from Aesculus hippocastaneum fruits and leaves][Article in Russian].
Spiridonov 1964
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[Phytochemical study of Aesculus hippocastanum. ii. Isolation of the flavonoids and the saponin of escin from the fruits][Article in Russian].
Spiridonov 1963
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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[The pharmacology of escin, a saponin of Aesculus hippocastanum L. III. Pharmacokinetics and toxicology].
Panigati 1992
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Aescin is fully dialysable so rate of elimination is mainly dependent on the protein binding
Lang 1984
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The clearance of i.v. aescin was 13% of creatinine clearance and 7% of p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance; this rules out the tubular secretion. Aescin increased excretion of sodium and glucose. Aescin at 0.35 mg/kg i.v didn't harm rats with damaged kidneys
Rothkopf 1977
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Hairy roots were induced from androgenic embryos of Aesculus hippocastanum L. by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4GUS and a stable integration of TL-DNA within the genome was confirmed by Southern hybridization.
Zdravkovic-Korac 2004
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In proliferating shoot cultures of two chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) clones, the QRCPE (Quercus robur crown preferentially expressed) homolog was preferentially expressed in crown-derived shoots.
Gil 2003
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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Mass transfer limitations and starch retrogradation appear as the main causes for the incomplete hydrolysis of chestnut starch in solid-state operation at 17 and 30 degrees C.
Lopez 2005
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Japanese horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) dose-dependently inhibited the autooxidation of linoleic acid (IC(50): 0.2 mg/ml), and the inhibition was almost complete at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.
Sato 2005
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The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch present in chestnut puree was performed through a one-step treatment with a mixture of a commercial thermostable alpha-amylase (Termamyl 120 L, type S) and glucoamylase (AMG 300 L) at 70 degrees C.
Lopez 2004
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An ex-vivo angiogenesis assay as a biological method for testing promising herbal drug preparations for their pro-/anti-angiogenic activity was validated with plant extracts prepared from olive tree leaves and horse chestnut seeds which showed only slight inhibitory effect or no activity.
Baronikova 2004
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Escin bioavailability at steady state was equivalent with either film coated tablets or reference formulation in 24 volunteers
Oschmann 1996
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Essaven-gel is efficacious for acute thrombophlebitis affecting lower limbs
Kirienko 1995
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The rate of absorption of aesculetinic triterpene glycosides is low. Assimilation of beta-escine was greater with tablets than capsules in 18 volunteers
Schrader 1995
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Bufenine combined with beta-escine in a clinical trial of 40 arteriopathy patients for 90 days
Petruzzellis 1982
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[A new non-corticoid preparation with an escin base in topical treatment of the ano-rectal varicose syndrome].
Nappi 1978
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[Effect of alpha-aescin and hydroxyethyltheophylline and their combination on memory and attention in elderly people. A double blind study].
Scholing 1972
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[Use of dihydroergocristine, rutin and aesculin combination in various phlebopathies of the lower limb].
Tinozzi 1972
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[Horse chestnut seeds and their prepared extracts].
Bogs 1971
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[Experience with a new gel-form aesculus preparation].
Hoffmann 1970
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[Supplemental effect of beta-aescin by vasodilator agents].
Schrumpf 1969
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Aesculus hippocastanum" or "horse chestnut" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Anti-oxidant preparation based on plant extracts for the treatment of circulation and adiposity problems.
US patent 6,756,065
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Homeopathic anti-inflammatory and pain relieving mixture with Arnica, Rhus tox. Aesculus hippocastanum and Belladona in a lotion;
US Patent 5,795,573
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Process for preparing proanthocyanidine A2 from bark or fruits of Aesculus hippocastanum and related species and its activity for stimulating healing;
US Patent 4,925,871
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Cosmetic cellulitis treatment of extract of Hedera haelix, Ruscus aculeatus and Aesculus hipocastanus (30 -100 % saponins) plus Arnica and Kolanut;
US Patent 4,684,522
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Wound treatment of Centella, Lavandula, Thymus, Rosmarinus, Aesculus, Medicago, Carlina, Cupressus;
US Patent 4,318,906
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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The study of saplings of Aesculus glabra and Acer saccharum in Trelease Woods, Illinois, USA, tested the hypothesis experimentally by placing tents of shade cloth over saplings during their spring period of high light prior to canopy closure in three consecutive years.
Augspurger 2008
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Extracts from ten woody species, including Aesculus hippocastanum were tested for for antifeedant activity against the pine weevil by a micro-feeding choice assay.
Eriksson 2008
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The potential efficiency of the horse chestnut leafminer parasitoid complex extracted from leaf litter in defined environments was investigated.
Klug 2008
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Review on control of invasive hosts by generalist parasitoids indicates that the article was motivated by the invasion of leaf-mining microlepidopteron attacking horse chestnut trees in Europe and the need for a biological control.
Magal 2008
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The influence of the triazole derivatives paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole, propiconazole and myclobutanil on the drought tolerance and post drought recovery of container-grown horse chestnut saplings was determined.
Percival 2008
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Leaves of the deciduous tree species, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) were used as accumulative biomonitors of trace metal pollution in the urban area of Belgrade.
Tomasevi?008
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A new, simple and tractable mathematical framework for analyzing fluctuating asymmetry in Aesculus hippocastanum L. palmately compound leaves was created.
Velickovic 2008
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A fixed precision sequential sampling plan for estimating the density of the horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L., leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was developed.
Ferracini 2007
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The parasitoid complex associated with the exotic leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), which attacks horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), was studied in the urban environment of Turin (northern Italy).
Ferracini 2007
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Two methods, a cohort method and a grab sampling method were used for assessing the mortality factors affecting the larvae and pupae of Cameraria ohridella in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum in Switzerland and Bulgaria.
Girardoz 2007
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The review considers and sums up the results of studies of physiological and biochemical characteristics of dormant and germinating recalcitrant seed (the seed of common horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L.). [Article in Russian]
Gumilevskaia 2007
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The investigation of the specific traits of the hyperparasite and those of the release event which allow a successful regulation of primary parasite populations was motivated by the case study of chestnut-Cryphonectria parasitica-Cryphonectria Hypovirus interaction.
Morozov 2007
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The possibility of infection was examined in biotest for pupae in their pupal cells on leaf of chestnut in conditions such as winter.
Richter 2007
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Strains from Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Lecanicillium muscarium, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were examined in standardized Biotest to control the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) in the pupal stage in winter.
Richter 2007a
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[Development, maturation and germination of horse chestnut somatic embryos.]
Troch 2007
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The horse chestnut leaf-miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) is a serious invasive pest of Aesculus hippocastanum in Europe. The larvae of this species feed on leaf parenchyma and can reduce the tree growth.
Zemek 2007
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Study on hydrogen peroxide concentrations in leaves under natural conditions shows that higher concentrations were found on the warm day for Aesculus glabra Willd., Glechoma hederacea L., Plantago major L., and Viola soraria Willd., while there were no differences in Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
Cheeseman 2006
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The effect of the degree of leaf browning of horse chestnut leaves, Aesculus hippocastanum, caused by the insect's larvae on olfactory detection, aggregation, and oviposition of Cameraria ohridella adults was investigated.
Johne 2006
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The plastid differentiation, changes in pigment concentrations and spectral properties of bud scales and leaf primordia of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) from January until the end of bud break in April was described.
Solymosi 2006
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The innermost leaf primordia of the buds of four species including flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus L.)& horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), contained Pchl(ide)(633), Pchl(ide)(643) and Pchlide(655) as well as an emission band at 688 nm corresponding to a chlorophyll form.
Solymosi 2006a
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The publication contains fixed-date, fixed-subject photography taken on the 1st of each month from January to May, using as subjects snowdrop Galanthus nivalis, daffodil Narcissus pseudo-narcissus, horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum and beech Fagus sylvatica.
Sparks 2006
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The continuous epidemic infestation of horse chestnuts by Cameraria ohridella is a serious aesthetic and economic problem in urban environments & therefore control measures which meet the special needs of urban plant protection was presented.
Grabenweger 2005
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Describing an effective procedure for the cryopreservation of Aesculus hippocastanum L. embryogenic callus by vitrification/one-step freezing helps to the possibility of safe, long-term storage in liquid nitrogen of valuable embryogenic lines of horse chestnut, avoiding repeated subculturing.
Lambardi 2005
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A study on size structure & spatial pattern of 26 major tree species showed that 7 populations including Dipteronia sinensi & Aesculus wilsonii were rare endangered species & Cercidiphyllum japonicum, & Tetracentron sinense were limited in numbers.[Article in Chinese]
Dang 2004
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Investigation on size, structure, & spatial pattern of 26 major tree species including Aesculus wilsonii, with diameter at breast height >or= 5 cm was made on 1 hm2 fixed plot in mixed evergreen & deciduous broad-leaved forest in Houhe National Nature Reserve of Central China. [Article in Chinese]
Dang 2004
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Among sixty-four silicified fossil woods collected from the Korean Peninsula, 23 specimens including Aesculus sp., were identified as gymnosperms and 27 specimens as dicotyledons.
Jeong 2004
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Most hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, is associated with infection by fungal viruses. Characteristics of three interacting trophic levels (virus, fungus, and tree), plus the environment, determine the success or failure of hypovirulence.
Milgroom 2004
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Most hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, is associated with infection by fungal viruses in the family Hypoviridae. Hypovirulence has controlled chestnut blight well in some locations in Europe and in Michigan in the United States.
Milgroom 2004
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[Analysis of the growth capacity of embryo axes during seed dormancy and dormancy release.]
Obroucheva 2004
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The effects of amino acids, abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and elevated sucrose were tested on the maturation and germination of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) somatic embryos.
Robichaud 2004
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Leaf phenology of subcanopy individuals of both Aesculus glabra and Acer saccharum responded to gap conditions. Leaf longevity was 11 days less in the understory than in gaps for Aesculus glabra, but 14 days more for Acer saccharum.
Augspurger 2003
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In the phenology model study for forest tree species in Germany, the differences in best-fitting model equations for each species indicated that,for late spring phases, the photoperiod played a dominant role than for early spring phases which corresponds to bud burst of Aesculus hippocastanum.
Schaber 2003
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The populations of Disopyros lotus, Pterostyrax psilophyllus, Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense and Aesculus wilsonii were changed at the inflexion scale, and other 6 populations had the same distribution pattern types despite of the scale changed. [Article in Chinese]
Tian 2003
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Using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the size, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition of individual particles deciduous tree leaves including Aesculus hippocastanum were examined on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaf discs.
Tomasevic 2005
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The immunolocalisation of unconventional myosin VIII ?myosin? in the cells of the secondary vascular tissues of some angiosperm species including Aesculus hippocastanum tree is described for the first time and related to other cytoskeletal elements & callose.
Chaffey 2002
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The outermost phellems of 4 trees including Aesculus hippocastanum L. was isolated enzymatically and the water & permeance was in the range of 3x10(-5) to 9x10(-5) ms(-1). The embedded waxes amounted to 3% of the dry weight which affected water permeance only to a small degree.
Groh 2002
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Exposure of seedlings of deciduous trees maple, beech, horse chestnut and lime to de-icing salt through soil caused reduction in photosynthesis by 50% and development of leaf chlorosis or necrosis covering up to 50% for lime and beech. However maple and horse chestnut were relatively tolerant.
Paludan-Muller 2002
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The microtubule , microfilament and myosin components of the cytoskeleton were studied in the long-lived ray and axial parenchyma cells of the wood & secondary phloem of Aesculus hippocastanum L. using indirect immunofluorescence localisation and transmission microscopy.
Chaffey 2001
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Weakened xylem in Aesculus hippocastanum petioles showed considerable reduction in cavitation resistance after a cavitation-refilling cycle.
Hacke 2001
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Rapid cooling of embryonic axes of Aesculus hippocastanum to -196 degrees C using isopentane, enhances the feasibility of cryopreservation of desiccation-sensitive embryonic axes by increasing the upper limit of allowable water contents & overall survival.
Wesley-Smith 2001
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The dynamics of the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton during differentiation of axial secondary phloem elements in Aesculus hippocastanum saplings was studied by using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Chaffey 2000a
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The cortical microfilament component of the cytoskeleton within axial elements of the secondary vascular system of the Aesculus hippocastanum was studied by using transmission electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.
Chaffey 2000b
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Application of a single fixation technique to problems of cytomorphogenesis during secondary growth and its versatility were demonstrated with 10 hardwood species including Aesculus hippocastanum.
Chaffey 1997
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D. 1998-2000 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Jerry Cott, Ph.D. July 2000 |
| REVISED BY: J. Mohanasundaram, MD PhD February 2009 |
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