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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Four of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 246) showed superiority of ginger over placebo and aother 2 RCTs (n = 429) indicated that ginger was as effective as the reference drug (vitamin B6) in relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
Borrelli 2005
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[Ginger: an essential oil for shortening labour?]
Calvert 2005
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Continued dosing with ginkgo and ginger at recommended doses for 7 days after administration of the 25 mg dose of warfarin does not affect clotting status, pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin in 12 healthy male subjects.
Jiang 2005
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The identification of six randomized controlled trials including 538 patients investigating ginger to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) revealed that ginger is not a clinically relevant antiemetic in the PONV setting. [Article in German]
Morin 2004
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A randomized, controlled equivalence trial involving 291 women less than 16 weeks pregnant in Australia showed that ginger was equivalent to vitamin B6 in reducing nausea (mean difference 0.2, 90% confidence interval [CI] -0.3, 0.8), retching (mean difference 0.3; 90% CI -0.0, 0.6) and vomiting.
Smith 2004
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Two different oral doses of ginger in a randomized, double-blinded trial failed to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in 180 patients who underwent gynecologic laparoscopy.
Eberhart 2003
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Ginger was found to reduce hyperglycemia-evoked gastric dysrhythmias in 22 healthy humans, and it acts by blunting the production of prostaglandins rather than inhibiting their action.
Gonlachanvit 2003
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Pretreatment with ginger (1,000 and 2,000 mg) in 13 volunteers with a history of motion sickness, in a crossover-design, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study effectively reduced the nausea, tachygastric activity, and plasma vasopressin release induced by circular vection.
Lien 2003
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Ginger was found to be effective [2 capsules each contain 0.5 g of ginger powder] in prevention of nausea in 80 patients who underwent outpatient gynecological laparoscopy.
Pongrojpaw 2003
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Ginger has a mild effect in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in 187 pregnancies and did not increase the rates of major foetal malformations above the baseline rate of 1% to 3%.
Portnoi 2003
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The ginger (500 mg) and vitamin B6 (10 mg) reduced the nausea scores from 5.0 (SD, 1.99) to 3.6 (SD, 2.48) and 5.3 (SD, 2.08) to 3.3 (SD, 2.07) respectively in 64 women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy at or before 16 weeks of gestation.
Sripramote 2003
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Treatment of Zintona EC (a ginger extract) in twenty-nine patients (6 men and 23 women) with symptomatic gonarthritis, was as effective as placebo during first 3 months, but at the end of 6 months, ginger extract group showed superiority over placebo group.
Wigler 2003
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Treatment of Zintona EC (a ginger extract) in 29 patients (6 men and 23 women) with symptomatic gonarthritis, was as effective as placebo during first 3 months, but at the end of 6 months, ginger extract group showed superiority over placebo group.
Wigler 2003
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Ginger extract at 125 mg four times per day for 4 days was found to be a useful treatment option in 120 women less than 20 weeks pregnant, suffering from morning sickness.
Willetts 2003
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The ingestion of 1g of ginger in syrup in a divided dose daily was found to be useful in some patients, among the 26 subjects experiencing nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Keating 2002
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Supplementation of 5 gm of ginger powder with 50 gm of fat meal to 30 healthy adult volunteers, not only prevented the fall in fibrinolytic activity but also increased it.
Verma 2001
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Oral ginger 1 g per day for 4 days was found to be effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in 32 women with 17 weeks' gestation. No adverse effect of ginger on pregnancy outcome was detected.
Vutyavanich 2001
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A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee showed a ranking in the order of Ibuprofen>ginger extract>placebo.
Bliddal 2000
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Among 6 randomized controlled clinical trials reviewd 2 on postoperative nausea and vomiting suggested that ginger was superior to placebo & equal to metoclopramide. One study each for seasickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea all favoured ginger over placebo.
Ernst 2000
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Review of literature indicates that pregnancy associated nausea and vomiting may be helped by ginger but more study needed
Aikins 1998
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Post-surgical nausea and vomiting were as effectively treated by 2 gm ginger as 1.25 mg of droperidol in a trial with 120 patients randomly divided
Visalyaputra 1998
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4 g daily of ginger powder for 3 months did not affect platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine but a single 10 gm dose did
Bordia 1997
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Serum thromboxane B2 was unchanged after eating 15 gm raw ginger root or 40 gm cooked stem, for two weeks in a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study of 18 healthy young adults
Janssen 1996
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Time of oral exposure to zingerone, an irritant present in ginger is a greater determinant than concentration on whether sensitization or de-sensitization results. Optimal hiatus for desensitization was 5 min
Prescott 1996
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Ginger is one of the aromas tested for the relationship between perception and depression in 119 elderly people
Satoh 1996
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Gynaecological surgery related nausea was increased by 0.5 or 1 gm of ginger in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of 108 patients
Arfeen 1995
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Bleeding time, platelet count, thromboelastography and whole blood platelet aggregometry unaffected by 2 gm dried ginger in a randomised double blind study of 8 men
Lumb 1994
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Gastric emptying was unaffected by 1 gm ginger in a double-blind crossover trial with 16 healthy volunteers
Phillips 1993
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Nausea/vomiting was reduced by ginger (21%) more than by metoclopramide (27%) or placebo (41%) in a randomised, double-blind study of 120 gynaecological surgery patients
Phillips 1993
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Platelet aggregation, induced by epinephrine & ADP, was inhibited by adding 5 gm. of dry ginger to fatty meals in a study of 20 healthy men for 7 days. Serum lipids were unchanged.
Verma 1993
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Hyper-emesis gravidarum relief provided with 250 mg ginger q.i.d. in a double-blind randomized cross-over trial with 30 patients
Fischer-Rasmussen 1991
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Powder ginger (whole root, 500 or 1,000 mg) or fresh ginger root (1,000 mg) provided no protection against motion sickness induced by spinning 28 healthy volunteers whereas scopolamine did help
Stewart 1991
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Post-surgical nausea was reduced by ginger or metoclopramide in a study of 60 women in a double-blind, randomised study
Bone 1990
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Breech position of pregnancy (28-38th week) was corrected with fresh topical ginger paste nightly for 77% of 113 treated women vs. 52% of 238 untreated women
Cai 1990
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Neither the vestibular nor the oculomotor system, both of which are important in motion sickness, were influenced by ginger in a controlled, double-blind study. Therefore, benefit is likely mediated by the gastric system
Holtmann 1989
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Platelet thromboxane decreased from 782 to 498 by 5 gm raw ginger daily for 7 days and raised from 910 to 1005 by 70 gm raw onion in female volunteers
Srivastava 1989
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Seasickness vomiting and cold sweating were reduced by ginger in a double blind randomized placebo trial with 80 naval cadets
Grontved 1988
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Vertigo was reduced by ginger in a double-blind crossover placebo study of 8 healthy volunteers
Grontved 1986
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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3 months use of Hochu-ekki-to, one of Kampo formulas containing 7 drugs including Astragalus root and fresh ginger decreased the increased numbers of eosinophils and serum IgE levels in patients with atopic dermatitis resistant to conventional treatment.
Kobayashi 2004
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Ginger-associated over anticoagulation was first time reported in a 76 year woman on long-term phenprocoumon therapy with an international normalized ratio (INR) within therapeutic range, and developed an elevated INR up to 10 and epistaxis after using ginger products.
Kruth 2004
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A highly purified and standardized ginger extract reduced symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in 247 evaluable patients with OA of the knee.
Altman 2001
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Analysis of a total of 488 surveys (47.4% response rate) on management of nausea & vomiting in pregnancy by obstetrician/gynecologists, showed that treatments recommended by them includes eating frequent small meals (95.5%), taking ginger (51.8%), eliminating iron supplements (50%), etc.
Power 2001
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Of the 150 surveys completed, 20 women (13%) used dietary supplements during pregnancy and the most common products were echinacea (4/45, 8.9%), pregnancy tea (4/45, 8.9%), and ginger (3/45, 6.7%) to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms.
Tsui 2001
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Case problem: presenting conventional and complementary approaches for relieving nausea in a breast cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy.
[No authors listed] 2000
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Reduction of nausea in cancer patients undergoing 8-MOP chemotherapy
Meyer 1995
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Ginger moxibustion for impotence (no abstract, Chinese)
Liang 1992
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Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy are effectively treated with Vitamin B6 and ginger
Niebyl 1992
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"Pharmacological study of Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc. and its clinical use" (no abstract, review, Chinese)
Peng 1992
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Pregnancy associated nausea treated with antihistamines, antiemetics, ginger, change of environment, hypnotherapy and psychotherapy; review
Schouenborg 1992
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Arthritis patients report pain relief with powdered ginger. Mechanism suggested to be by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis
Srivastava 1992
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A thromboxane synthetase inhibitor such as ginger, which activates endorphin receptors, may be an effective substitute for clonidine for dysmenorrhea
Backon 1991
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Kawasaki disease immune hypersensitivity damage to circulation might benefit from thromboxane synthetase inhibitors such as ginger and carbon dioxide
Backon 1991
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Traditional and Folk Use
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The evaluation of recommendations made by health food store employees in the Phoenix metropolitan area regarding treatment of nausea/vomiting during pregnancy showed that the use of ginger was the most recommended therapy for nausea/vomiting.
Buckner 2005
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Fifty-eight out of 191 asthmatic patients attending a public specialty care Chest clinic in Trinidad (30.4%) reported using herbal remedies including ginger, garlic, aloes, shandileer, wild onion, pepper and black sage for symptomatic relief.
Clement 2005
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The review of established and experimental therapies that seek to modify and/or even reverse the course of osteoarthritis include such medications as colchicine, bisphosphonates and hormones; dietary therapeutics, such as ginger extract and green tea.
Fajardo 2005
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A review of 7 Chinese herbs including Ginger with emphasis on their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities revealed that successful derivation of pure bioactive compounds from them supports traditional use of these plants to stimulate the immune system.
Tan 2004
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In a qualitative study of self-care in pregnancy, birth and lactation within a non-random sample of 27 women in Canada, 20 women (74%) experienced pregnancy-induced nausea and among them 10 women used anti-emetic herbal remedies, like ginger, peppermint, and Cannabis.
Westfall 2004
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[Chemoprevention: eat ginger, rub on pomegranate.]
Burton 2003
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In the review of the use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatitis C, it has been shown that some patients with hepatitis C take St. John's Wort and ginger to treat the side effects caused by interferon therapy.
Bean 2002
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Ginger is used in many cultures to treat the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, but no trials have been established on its safety for use during pregnancy. But its efficacy has been documented in 2 randomized, blinded controlled trials.
Chandra 2002
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The study of herbal supplements, indications, clinical concerns, and safety indicated that most herbal home remedies used for children, include teas made from chamomile, fennel, ginger, or mints.
Fugh-Berman 2002
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Among 211 women who were interviewed to assess vitamin, mineral and herbal use pre-conceptually and in the three trimesters of pregnancy, ginger (20%) and raspberry leaf (9%) were the most frequently used herbal preparations.
Maats 2002
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In an overview of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) with an emphasis on vitamins and ginger it has been shown that ginger reduce NVP.
Niebyl 2002
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[Is there a role for ginger in the treatment of osteoarthritis?]
Marcus 2001
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[Balneological use of bath concentrate containing xidifon and essential oils from ginger, nutmeg, and sandal].[Article in Russian]
Grigor'eva 2001
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[Is ginger root effective for decreasing the severity of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy?]
Jackson 2001
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The survey of fura production, which is a staple food for the Fulanis and Hausas reveals that spices are indispensable as an ingredient in fura production with ginger being the single most important spice.
Jideani 2001
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In the review of Alternative medicine in the US and Canada it has been shown that garlic and ginger, through both experimental and clinical data, as well as their liberal consumption by man over millennia, appear to be very safe for therapeutic use.
Kaul 2001
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[Alternative therapies of morning sickness.]
Strong 2001
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[Selections from current literature. Complementary therapies for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.]
Meltzer 2000
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This review on the health protective effects of phytochemicals indicated that the foods and herbs with the highest anticancer activity include garlic, soybeans, cabbage, ginger, licorice root, and the umbelliferous vegetables.
Craig 1999
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Amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica) treatment with traditional Indian mixture, 500 mg/kg/day, Boerhavia diffusa, Berberis aristata, Tinospora cordifolia, Terminalia chebula and Zingiber officinale, about as effective as 100 mg/kg/d metronidazole
Sohni 1995
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Ginger (27%) and honey (25%) are the most common home remedies for cough relief chosen by 200 mothers of sick young children
Mishra 1994
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Nitrosamine induced depletion of antioxidants (glutathione, vitamins A, C and E) prevented by Amrita Bindu (which includes pepper, ginger, etc)
Shanmugasundaram 1994
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'Trikatu' an Ayurvedic preparation containing black pepper, long pepper & ginger, is part of many treatments and has many activities; a review
Johri 1992
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Anisakis larvae (ascaridoid nematode in fish that can sicken human) are destroyed by ginger, which is traditionally eaten with raw fish. Minimal effective dose (micrograms/ml) is 62.5 for [6]-shogaol and 250 for [6]-gingerol
Goto 1990
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Survey of 143 rural mothers in India finds 'hot' foods like tea, ginger with honey, were preferred and 'cold' foods like curd, butter milk were restricted during an episode of cough
Kapil 1990
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Ayurvedic use for neurological disorders suggests ginger might be useful for migraine headache
Mustafa 1990
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Upper digestive tract hemorrhage cured in 7 people by Wen-She decoction which contains: Codonopsis pilosulae, Atractylodes macrocephala, Poria cocos, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, Os sepiae Halloysitum rubrum and Astragalus membranaceus
Gong 1989
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Ginger, reported in Ayurvedic and Tibb systems for rheumatic disorders, helped 7 patients
Srivastava 1989
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"Changes in multihormones in treating male sterility with acupuncture and indirect moxibustion using ginger slices on the skin" (no abstract, Chinese)
Xiong 1986
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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One severe adverse event reported in a study of 15 reports with 777 patients indicated that an abortion occurred in the 12th week of gestation and a total of 136 patients were treated with ginger within the first trimenon of pregnancy without complications. [Article in German]
Betz 2005
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Chronic administration of 25 mL Catuama, a mixture of 4 drugs including Zingiber officinale, twice a day during 28 days on healthy human volunteers of both sexes, did not produce any severe adverse reactions or haematological and biochemical changes.
Oliveira 2005
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Molluscicidal activity of Lawsonia inermis and its binary and tertiary combinations with other plant derived molluscicides like the oleoresin extracted from rhizome of ginger was studied against Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus.
Singh 2001
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Oral administration of EV.EXT 33, a patented Zingiber officinale extract, to 22 Wistar SPF pregnant female rats, during the period of organogenesis, do not affect reproductive performance, showed no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects at daily doses of up to 1000 mg/kg body weight.
Weidner 2001
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Among 55 contact dermatitis patients sensitivity was most seen to ginger (7), nutmeg (5), oregano (4)
Futrell 1993
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Of 55 dermatitis patients 7 had positive patch test reaction to ginger
Futrell 1993
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Mutagenic assay (Salmonella reverse mutation) was negative for ginger
Sivaswamy 1991
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Allergy to ginger is uncommon among patients allergic to birch and/or mugwort pollens and celery
Stager 1991
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6 gm ginger or 3/4 gm garlic increases DNA content of human gastric aspirates, indicating increased exfoliation of gastric surface epithelial cells
Desai 1990
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LD50 of roasted ginger decoction administered orally is 170.6 +/- 1.1 g/kg, but it is over 250 g/kg with dry ginger. Gastric ulcers in rats are inhibited by roasted but not dry ginger
Wu 1990
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Sperm motility and levels increased in animals treated 3 months with ginger, rape or Prunus amygdalus. Body weight increased with rape & Prunus but not ginger. No toxic signs observed
Qureshi 1989
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Specific IgE antibodies against coriander, curry, mace, ginger, and paprika found in spice handler who had asthma
van Toorenenbergen 1985
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Urinary bladder tumors were increased in female ACI rats fed Zingiber mioga for a year whereas no effect for males nor in female Fischer rats
Hirono 1982
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Interactions
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The review and characterization of the evidence describing potential interactions between warfarin and garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng reveals that evidence is lacking for an interaction of warfarin with garlic or ginger.
Vaes 2000
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Maximum intensity of zingerone pungency (mouth rinse of 1% at 6-s intervals for 3 min) was reached within the first 20 seconds. Subsequent decline of rated intensity was faster for frequent eaters of hot chili
Prescott 1996
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Ginger did not affect protein digestibility of sorghum
Pradeep 1991
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Animal Studies
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Treatment of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (200 mg/kg) lowered serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and increased the HDL-cholesterol levels and lowered liver and pancreas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances when compared with pathogenic diabetic rats.
Bhandari 2005
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The crude extract of ginger induced a dose-dependent (0.3-3 mg/kg) fall in the arterial blood pressure of anesthetized rats; in guinea pig paired atria, it exhibited a cardiodepressant activity on the rate and force of spontaneous contractions.
Ghayur 2005
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Crude extract of ginger induced a dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure of anesthetized rats and cardiodepressant activity in guinea pig paired atria. Blood pressure-lowering effect of ginger is mediated through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Ghayur 2005
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Body weights at 2-8 weeks and final parametrial adipose tissue weights were lowered in mice fed the high-fat diet containing 3% aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe than in the controls fed the high-fat diet alone. [Article in Japanese]
Han 2005
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Intraperitoneal administration of [6]-gingerol (25 mg/kg-50 mg/kg) produced an inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing response & formalin-induced licking time in the late phase & at (50 mg/kg-100 mg/kg) it produced an inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenin.
Young 2005
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Pretreatment of mice with extract of ginger rhizome (ZOE) reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness & mortality at all the exposure doses and the ZOE treatment protected mice against gastrointestinal-related deaths as well as bone-marrow-related deaths.
Jagetia 2004
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Assessment of the therapeutic effects of Kampo formulas, in 95 patients with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis revealed that the most commonly used formula was Hochu-ekki-to containing 7 drugs including Astragalus root, liquorice, jujube, ginseng, fresh ginger & Chinese Angelica root.
Kobayashi 2004
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The anti-inflammatory activity of Aller-7, a formulation containing 7 medicinal plants including Zingiber officinale, was determined in compound 48/80-induced paw edema in Balb/c mice & Swiss Albino mice, carrageenan-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar Albino rats.
Pratibha 2004
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It was found that 'Trikatu' (a herbal combination containing Piper longum, P.nigrum & Zingiber officinale dry powder) by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides & LDL cholesterol and to increase HDL cholesterol can reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia & atherosclerosis in Rattus norvegicus.
Sivakumar 2004
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Cholesterol feeding (0.3g/kg body weight) for 75 days lead to development of atheroma in the aorta & coronary arteries of the rabbits and this was inhibited by about 50%, following the administration of air dried ginger powder (0.1g/kg body weight).
Verma 2004
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Pretreatment with zerumbone, a sesquiterpene obtained from Zingiber zerumbet Smith lowered levels of inflammatory biomarkers like interleukin -1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin2 in female ICR mice which were induced acute colitis by 5% dextran sodium sulfate.
Murakami 2003
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Treatment with Zingiber officinale increased insulin levels and decreased fasting glucose levels in streptozotocin -induced type I diabetic rats. It also decreased serum cholesterol,serum triglyceride and blood pressure in diabetic rats.
Akhani 2003
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Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of ginger rhizome in mice after whole-body exposure to gamma radiation, reduced the severity of radiation sickness, mortality & protected mice from GI syndrome & bone marrow syndrome. Elevation in lipid peroxidation & depletion of glutathione were lessened.
Jagetia 2003
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In the evaluation of comparative hypoglycaemic activity of 30 medicinal plants selected from folk medicines, Ayurvedic, Unani & Siddha systems of medicines, 24 samples including Zingiber officinale, (250 mg/kg) lowered blood glucose within 2 weeks in alloxan diabetic albino rats.
Kar 2003
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Male adult Wistar rats fed with diet containing 2% and 5% ginger, increased glutathione peroxidase and reduced lipid peroxides in hyperlipidemia rats' blood and such antioxidative effect may play role in attenuation of development of atherosclerosis. [Article in Chinese]
Liu 2003
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Pre-treatment of mice for seven days with ginger extracts orally before exposure to sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg body wt. p.o.) resulted in a reduction of the magnitude of formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow.
Odunola 2003
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Crude extract of Zingiber officinale 0.6 mg & 1.8 mg/site and 186 mg/kg(-1) body wt. i.p. reduced rat skin edema induced by compound 48/80, serotonin and by carrageenan respectively. Administration of alcoholic ginger extract i.p. also inhibited rat paw edema induced by the above compounds.
Penna 2003
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In the investigation of gastric emptying effect of the aqueous extract of xiao-ban-xia-tang in mice it was indicated that the aqueous extract of Pinellia ternata, but not that of Zingiber officinale showed an inhibitory activity on gastric emptying.
Chen 2002
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The aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale at a dose of 600 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 8 days increased the relative weight of the testis, the serum testosterone level, testicular cholesterol level and epididymal a-glucosidase activity.
Kamtchouing 2002
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The chronic treatment of hot water extract of Bitter Melon (0.5%) or Ginger (0.125%) in drinking water, to the SHN virgin mice, the development of spontaneous mammary tumors was inhibited and there were no adverse effects with these agents.
Nagasawa 2002
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Administration of an aqueous extract of ginger, orally or intraperitoneally, daily for a period of 4 weeks to rats, showed that ginger could be used as a cholesterol-lowering, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.
Thomson 2002
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Chronic treatment of 1 mg/kg Zingicomb, a mixture of zingiber officinale and ginkgo biloba extracts in aged rats, improved escape learning in the water maze and the amount of oxidized proteins & lipid peroxidation were reduced.
Topic 2002
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The enhanced conditioned inhibitory avoidance by Zingicomb, a combined extract of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba investigated in adult male Wistar rats, showed potent anxiolytic effect and can facilitate performance on a learning task.
Topic 2002a
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The structure-activity relationship of diarylheptanoids and their analogues inhibitory of emesis induced by copper sulfate in young chicks was investigated by testing 19 compounds including 6 analogues isolated from Zingiber officinale rhizome.
Yang 2002
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One-hour pretreatment with ginger acetone extracts(100,250 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) in Wistar rats of either sex, weighing between 200-250 g, reversed the pyrogallol-induced delay in gastric emptying. The effect was significant at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg.
Gupta 2001
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The hyperphagic effect of p-chlorophenylalanine, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin, cyproheptadine& 2-deoxy-D-glucose was antagonized by both OB-200G, a polyherbal preparation containing 5 aqueous extracts including Zingiber officinale in female mice.
Kaur 2001
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Ginger; 1% w/w lowered lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of the antioxidant enzymes--superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rats but it increased the blood glutathione content in rats.
Ahmed 2000
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Administration of malathion (20 ppm) for 4 weeks induced oxidative stress and concomitant dietary feeding of Zingiber officinales Rosc (ginger 1%, w/w) was found to attenuate malathion induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in albino rats.
Ahmed 2000a
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Consumption of 250 microg of standardized ginger extract/day resulted in reductions in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol (by 27 & 29%), reduced the basal level of LDL-associated lipid peroxides by 62% and attenuated development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
Fuhrman 2000
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The total 90% ethanol extract of Banxia Houpu Decoction, which consists of 5 drugs including Zingiber officinale was shown to possess an antidepressant activity, evaluated by tail suspension and forced swimming tests in mice, and the effect was close to that of Prozac, a clinically applied agent.
Luo 2000
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Repeated administration of Shitei-To, a Chinese herbal Medicine containing 3 extracts including, Zingiber officinale mildly retards development of pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice & decreased number of tonic-clonic convulsions resulting from progression kindling.
Minami 2000
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Administration of crude aqueous extracts of ginger and ginger oil by i.p. injection to male mice revealed that ginger oil showed a higher frequency of chromosomal aberrations suggesting that the extract contain substance(s) that suppress clastogenesis in the bone marrow cells of mice.
Mukhopadhyay 2000
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Plant materials of Euryale ferox, Phoenix dactylifera and Zingiber officinale which are given to mothers after child birth or to invalids, stimulated humoral immunity to a greater extent than cell-mediated immunity in BALB/c mice.
Puri 2000
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The patented standardised ginger extract, EV.EXT33, neither decreases systolic blood pressure nor increases heart rate in the rat, did not interact with Warfarin and had no effects on blood glucose levels at the doses used hence considered pharmacologically safe.
Weidner 2000
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Administration of 20 or 50 g/liter ginger tea via the drinking water in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in increased early embryo loss with increased growth in surviving fetuses.
Wilkinson 2000
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Topical application of [6]-gingerol or [6]-paradol 30 min prior to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate attenuated the skin papillomagenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in female ICR mice and inhibited the tumor-promoter-stimulated inflammation, & TNF-alpha production.
Surh 1999
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Cholesterol and atherosclerosis were reduced when an ethanolic extract of ginger (200 mg/kg, p.o.) was added to a high cholesterol diet fed to rabbits
Bhandari 1998
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[6]-gingerol inhibited phorbol/DMBA induced skin cancer and suppressed phorbol (TPA) induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and inflammation
Park 1998
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Gastric emptying problem caused by cisplatin cancer therapy is reversed by ginger juice (@ 2 - 4 ml/kg) better than ondansetron in dogs. Acetone or 50% ethanolic extract @ 100, 200 or 500 mg/kg (p.o.) are less effective
Sharma 1998
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Ginger produces detoxification effect in vivo to toxin of Pinellia Rhizoma(PR) by inhibiting increase of capillary permeability in abdominal cavity & also by reducing PGE2 content of inflammatory foot tissue of mice induced by administration of raw PR. [Article in Chinese]
Wu 1998
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Combination of garlic and ginger is more effective at improving blood glucose and serum lipids than either alone or placebo in rats
Ahmed 1997
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Zingicomb (ginger:ginkgo ratio of 2.5:1) increased maze exploration by rats
Hasenohrl 1996
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Dose dependent inhibition of phorbol TPA induced ornithine decarboxylase, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase, markers of skin tumor promotion. Ginger protects against TPA/DMBA induced epidermal edema and hyperplasia in mice
Katiyar 1996
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Dietary curcumin, capsaicin, piperine and ginger (50 mg%) enhanced intestinal lipase activity and the disaccharidases sucrase and maltase. Dietary cumin, fenugreek, mustard and asafoetida decreased phosphatases and sucrase
Platel 1996
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LiCl reaction in rats (an indicator of antiemetic properties) is reduced by 50 - 100 mg/kg zingicomb (ginger & ginkgo)
Frisch 1995
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Gingerol from ginger had activity similar to other capsaicin like stinulators of oxygen uptake
Eldershaw 1994
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Joint sweling induced by Mycobacterium was reduced by pretreatment with eugenol and ginger oil orally for 26 days
Sharma 1994
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Gingerols are more potent than shogaols at inducing oxygen consumption in muscles. Potency is correlated with vasoconstriction; inversely correlated with alkyl chain length; unrelated to catecholamine or adrenergic receptors
Eldershaw 1992
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Immunoreactive substance P (ISP) was increased by (6)-Shogaol, 30-1000 microM dose dependently and depends on calcium ions. Capsaicin induced release of ISP is inhibited by shogaol
Onogi 1992
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Ginger juice increased amplitude and decreased frequency of fundus strip contractions and increased ileum contraction. Ginger shows non-competitive antagonism with acetylcholine and histamine indicating involvement of substance P
Qian 1992
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) oxidation by liver microsomes inhibited by zingerone from ginger at high concentrations (over 150 microM), curcumin (5-50 microM), turmeric & eugenol (25-150 microM), cloves and capsaicin (25-150 microM)
Reddy 1992
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6-gingesulfonic acid from ginger root has more anti-ulcer activity than 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in rats
Yoshikawa 1992
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5 times the normal human intake of ginger, cinnamon, cumin, mustard and tamarind did not lower cholesterol in rats
Sambaiah 1991
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Liver cholesterol-7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid biosynthesis, was increased by curcumin (turmeric), capsaicin (red pepper), ginger and mustard and unaffected by black pepper or cumin
Srinivasan 1991
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Serotonin (5-HT) induced hypothermia & diarrhea is inhibited by ginger extract. This is attributed to [6]-shogaol, which was more potent than [6]-dehydrogingerdione, [8]- and [10]-gingerol
Huang 1990
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Gastric ulcers in rats are inhibited by roasted but not dry ginger
Wu 1990
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Gastrointestinal time of meal transport reduced by ginger acetone extract at 75 mg/kg, [6]-shogaol at 2.5 mg/kg, or a [6]-, [8]- or [10]-gingerol at 5 mg/kg. Effect is similar to that of metoclopramide and donperidone
Yamahara 1990
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Gastric lesions induced in rats by alcohol, alkali, salt, NSAIDs or restraint are alleviated by ginger extract
al-Yahya 1989
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Gingerols relaxed muscle and modulate the response to eicosanoids: increasing effect by PGF2 alpha, PGE2, PGI2-Na, and TRK-100, but suppressed the response to PGD2, U-46619, LTC4, LTD4, NA and PhE
Kimura 1989
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Blood glucose lowered in rabbits; prostaglandin inhibited in rat leucocytes; gram positive and negative bacteria inhibited; and some inflammation in rats inhibited by ginger
Mascolo 1989
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Noradrenaline contractile response inhibited by [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. PGF2a induced contraction potentiated by [6]-gingerol and inhibited by [6]-shogaol
Pancho 1989
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Catecholamine (esp. epinephrine) secretion from rat adrenal increased by zingerone, capsaicin & piperine (pepper)
Kawada 1988
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Gastric lesions induced by ethanol inhibited by acetone extract @ 1000 mg/kg (97%), zingiberene at 100 mg/kg (54%), or 6-Gingerol, the pungent principle, @ 100 mg/kg (55%)
Yamahara 1988
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Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs injected with ginger extract had microfilarial concentration in blood reduced by a maximum of 98%, which persisted 55 days after treatment at 83%
Datta 1987
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Blood pressure decrease induced by (6)-shogaol is prevented by atropine and vagotomy
Suekawa 1986
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6)-Shogaol, a pungent compound in semi-dried ginger but rarely in fresh ginger, inhibited carrageenin-induced swelling, arachidonate induced platelet aggregation and prostaglandin I2 release from rat aorta
Suekawa 1986
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Bile secretion increase by ginger attributed to [6]-gingerol and [10]-gingerol
Yamahara 1985
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(6)-gingerol or (6)-shogaol show inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, antipyretic, analgesic & antitussive effects, lower blood pressure and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time
Suekawa 1984
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Pharmacodynamics
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Investigation among 49 methanol extracts of 37 Malaysian medicinal plant species revealed that 10 species including Zingiber officinale Rosc were potential sources of new platelet-activating factor antagonists & they showed inhibitory effects with IC50 values from 1.2 to 18.4 microg ml(-1).
Jantan 2005
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[6]-gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger found to inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mouse skin in vivo by blocking the p38 MAP kinase- nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway.
Kim 2005
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A ginger extract combination was more effective in decreasing chemokine mRNA and chemokine secreted protein levels than its individual components Zingiber officinale or Alpinia galangal in human synoviocytes.
Phan 2005
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Three preparations of ginger-processed Rhizoma pinelliae exhibits anti-emetic effect in minks, which is mediated by inhibiting the function of the vomiting center in central nervous system. [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 2005
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The pathway that activates the Nuclear transcription factor kappa B can be interrupted by phytochemicals derived from 11 spices including, turmeric (curcumin), and ginger (gingerol).
Aggarwal 2004
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Ginger(0.01-1000 microg/ml) inhibited both electrical stimulation (EFS)?and acetylcholine-evoked contractions, but comparatively more potent in inhibiting the contractions induced by EFS in the isolated rat ileum.
Borrelli 2004
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Antioxidant efficacy of Aller-7, a novel polyherbal formulation which contains 7 drugs including Zingiber officinale, was investigated by various assays including hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging assays.
D'Souza 2004
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