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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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The hypothesis that V. myrtillus anthocyanosides improves normal night vision is not supported by evidence from rigorous clinical studies. Trials using subjects with impaired night vision warrant further investigation.
Canter 2004
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[Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision--a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials.]
Kramer 2004
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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According the scientific data, the mostly used plants for the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus are: Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, Vaccinium myrtillus, Phaseolus vulgaris. [Article in Lithuanian]
Savickiene 2002
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"Therapeutic value of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in an internal medicine department " (no abstract)
Amouretti 1972
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"The use of bilberry powder in dyspepsia in infants " (no abstract, Romanian)
Tolan 1969
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"Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides associated with betacarotenes on light sensitivity " (no abstract, Italian)
Urso 1967
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"Study concerning the action of anthocyanoside extracts of Vaccinium Myrtillus on night vision " (no abstract, French)
Jayle 1965
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Traditional and Folk Use
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A review on vascular plants gathered for consumption in the Polish countryside shows that the wild edible plants which are still commonly gathered include two green vegetables and 15 folk species of fruits and seeds including Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos.
Luczaj 2007
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Discussion of the traditional consumption of wild edible plants in the rural communities of the Campoo (Cantabria), a region in northern Spain shows the most frequently cited species in the region (Rumex acetosa, Rosa canina, Vaccinium myrtillus, etc.) are widely consumed in the Mediterranean area.
Pardo-de-Santayana 2005
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The role of oxidative stress in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an important area for the research and suggests the use of antioxidants in the management of CFS and specifically, the dietary supplements glutathione, bilberry, etc. may be beneficial.
Logan 2001
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Animal Studies
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The chemoprotective activity of anthocyanin-rich extracts from bilberry, chokeberry and grape by assessing multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in male rats treated with a colon carcinogen, azoxymethane was investigated and its protective effect was confirmed.
Lala 2006
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Long-term uptake of dietary supplements Mirtilene forte (extract from the fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus L.) or Adrusen zinco sharply decreased the level of protein oxidation in cytosol and mitochondrial extracts of hepatocytes of Wistar and of OXYS rats.
Sinitsyna 2006
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The vascular changes associated with early diabetic retinopathy were investigated experimentally in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with antioxidants like troxerutin, Vaccinium myrtillus, and calcium dobesilate.
Chung 2005
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The OXYS rat strain is the useful model for macular degeneration and senile cataract and long-term supplementation with bilberry extract is effective in prevention of macular degeneration and cataract. [Article in Russian]
Fursova 2005
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Treatment with P-9801091 plant extract which includes Vaccinium myrtillus at a dose of 20 mg/kg body mass led to a significant increase in the catalytic concentration of glutathione S-transferases in the liver of diabetic NOD mice and a decrease in MDA concentration.
Petlevski 2003
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Antidiabetis herbal preparation which includes Vaccinium myrtillus was examined on serum glucose and fructosamine in NOD mice in which ethanol extract from which ethanol was evaporated on a rotatory evaporator at a temperature of 45 degrees C, showed decrease in glucose and fructosamine.
Petlevski 2001
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The in vivo study of skeletal muscle capillary permeability in diabetic rats on the effect of anthocyanosides of bilberry and ginkgo biloba was studied revealing that anthocyanosides prevented the increase in CFA and failure of lymphatic uptake of interstitial albumin.
Cohen-Boulakia 2000
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Leaf extract orally to streptozotocin-diabetic rats for 4 days decreased plasma glucose by 26% and triglyceride by 39%. Single dose lowered in triglyceride in ethanol-treated normolipidaemic animals and in genetically hyperlipidaemic Yoshida rats
Cignarella 1996
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Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides @100mg/Kg for 2 or 4 wk improved ischemia damage such as decreasing leukocyte sticking to venule walls, preserved capillary perfusion; inhibited increased permeability of reperfusion and saved the arteriolar tone
Bertuglia 1995
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Study of fruit aqueous extracts and tick-borne encephalitis virus in mice
Fokina 1993
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V. myrtillus anthocyanosides injected to hamsters increased circulatory vasomotion frequency and amplitude
Colantuoni 1991
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"Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins on triiodothyronine transport into brain in the rat " (no abstract)
Saija 1990
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The anthocyanidin, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium, orally, countered gastric ulcers induced by stress, NSAID, ethanol, reserpine, histamine, cysteamine, acetic acid but not when pylorus ligated
Magistretti 1988
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"Antiulcer and healing activity of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides " (no abstract)
Cristoni 1987
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Anthocyanosides for 12 days limited the changes of vascular and blood-brain barrier permeability when hypertension was induced
Detre 1986
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Bilberry anthocyanoside did not modify serum cholesterol levels in rabbits, but decreased the proliferation of the intima, extracellular matrix production, calcium and lipid deposition in the aorta, and DNA and lipid contents
Kadar 1979
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Chloroform induced capillary permeability reduced by anthocyanosides i.p. (25--100 mg/kg) or oral (200--400 mg/kg) to rabbits. Protection is greater and more persistent than by rutin
Lietti 1976
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"Phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities of the retina and anthocyanoside extracts from Vaccinium myrtillum " (no abstract, French)
Cluzel 1969
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Pharmacodynamics
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Anthocyanins and other phenolics from bilberry upregulate the oxidative stress defense enzymes heme-oxygenase (HO)-1 and glutathione S-transferase-pi in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Milbury 2007
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Anthocyanin-rich preparations of Vaccinium species (V. myrtillus, V. corymbosum, and V. oxycoccus) as well as a purified glycosylated anthocyanidin were compared for the protective activities of Vaccinium antioxidants with potential relevance to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity.
Yao 2007
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The potential coronary vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of three anthocyanin enhanced extracts prepared from chokeberry, bilberry, or elderberry was examined for the first time and their beneficial effect in vascular disease was observed.
Bell 2006
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The effect of Mirtoselect, an anthocyanin mixture from bilberry, and cyanidin-3-glucoside was tested on intestinal adenoma formation in the Apc(Min) mouse model of intestinal carcinogenesis was studied.
Cooke 2006
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Antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of phenolic extracts of 12 Nordic berries were studied against selected human pathogenic microbes. The most sensitive bacteria on berry phenolics were Helicobacter pylori and Bacillus cereus.
Nohynek 2006
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Antioxidant activities of 15 purified bilberry anthocyanins together with pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside & 4'-O-methyl delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MDp 3-glc), were evaluated to study structure-antioxidant activity relationship & any synergism among them.
Rahman 2006
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A blueberry extract and two anthocyanin-derived extracts were prepared and their abilities to inhibit lipid peroxidation, induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-propanimidamide) dihydrochloride in a liposomal membrane system were examined.
Faria 2005
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Extracts of raspberry, strawberry, cranberry, elderberry, blueberry, bilberry, and OptiBerry, a blend of the 6 berries, with & without clarithromycin were evaluated on Helicobacter pylori which showed that all berry extracts inhibited H. pylori, & also increased its to clarithromycin.
Chatterjee 2004
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The antioxidant protection toward lipid oxidation was best provided by lingonberry and bilberry phenolics followed by black currant and raspberry phenolics. Bilberry and raspberry phenolics exhibited the best overall antioxidant activity toward protein oxidation.
Viljanen 2004
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Commercially prepared grape (Vitis vinifera), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), and chokeberry (Aronia meloncarpa E.) anthocyanin-rich extracts (AREs) were investigated for their potential chemopreventive activity against colon cancer which revealed varying degrees of growth inhibition.
Zhao 2004
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The bilberry extract and the anthocyanins, bearing delphinidin or malvidin as the aglycon, were effective in inhibiting the growth of HL60 human leukemia cells and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro and the inhibition of the growth of HL60 cells was through induction of apoptosis.
Katsube 2003
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Trace amounts of V myrtillus extract (15 - 20 micrograms/mL) reduces oxidation of human low density lipoproteins
Laplaud 1997
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Quinone reductase is doubled by fruit ethyl acetate extract of bilberry, bluberry, cranberry & lingonberry by 1.0, 4.2, 3.7 & 1.3 mcg tannin equiv. Ornithine decarboxylase is inhibited by proanthocyanidin fractions while anthocyanidin is inactive
Bomser 1996
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Platelet activating factor inhibited by 19 out of 59 plant extracts, esp. by Geum, Solanum, Symphytum & Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Tunon 1995
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Bilberry aqueous extract inactivated tick-borne encephalitis
Fokina 1991
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Analytical Chemistry
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A rapid, reliable, and reproducible solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry techniques are described for the isolation, separation, and identification of bilberry anthocyanins in human plasma and urine.
Cooke 2006
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The composition of cutin monomers from 5 Finnish berries, including lingonberry and bilberry was determined by GC-(EI)MS analysis either as methyl esters or as TMSi esters, with OH groups derivatized to TMSi ethers.
Kallio 2006
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Detection of deliberate adulteration such as amaranth in commercial samples of Vaccinium myrtillus or bilberry fruit, indicates need for more sophisticated, methods of analysis such as HPLC with photodiode array detection as a minimum.
Penman 2006
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Antioxidant properties of medicinal plants, including V. myrtillus, may be used for prophylaxis and medical treatment of free radical pathologic conditions. [Article in Russian]
Ryzhikov 2006
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13C CPMAS NMR spectra of dietary fiber powders from aronia (chokeberry), bilberry, black currant and apple were recorded. The fiber powders obtained from berries contain significant amounts of anthocyanins, as indicated by their dark violet color, but not verified by chemical shifts.
Wawer 2006
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The content and profile of the phenolic compounds present in six different berries including bilberry, cowberry, cranberry & strawberry in Northern Europe was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis and their antioxidant activity was determined.
Ehala 2005
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High-speed counter-current chromatography was used for the separation of anthocyanins on a preparative scale from bilberry fruit crude extract (Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae) with a biphasic solvent system.
Du 2004
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The reactivities of twelve major anthocyanins identified in bilberry extracts towards nitric oxide and peroxynitrite were studied in vitro using capillary zone electrophoresis.
Ichiyanagi 2004
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An HPLC method using isocratic elution was established for the analysis of fifteen anthocyanins contained in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). The detection limit was 0.3 pmol for delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
Ichiyanagi 2004
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Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mobilities of fifteen anthocyanins in bilberry extract were completely characterized.
Ichiyanagi 2004
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Anthocyanin extracts of two blueberries, Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and Vaccinium ashei (rabbiteye blueberry), and of three other berries, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry.
Nakajima 2004
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A study was conducted to determine the presence of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in 10 Vaccinium berries including Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry), using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Rimando 2004
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Anthocyanin contents and GST activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) were investigated in two experiments conducted in June (Exp. I: active growth) and in August/September (Exp. II: beginning of frost hardening) in Northern Finland.
Taulavuori 2004
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An HPLC method and an acid hydrolysis HPLC method for the analysis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in bilberry extracts was developed.
Zhang 2004
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S-100 proteins in plants of following species: plantain (Plantago major L.), aloe (Aloe arborescens L.), and bilberry (Vaccinum myrtillus L.) have been identified. [Article in Russian]
Krasnov 2003
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Resveratrol in the fruits of bilberry, the lowbush "wild" blueberry, the rabbiteye blueberry and the highbush blueberry were measured using a new assay based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Lyons 2003
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The content and distribution of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds was investigated in leaves of three species of Vaccinium such as V. myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea and V. uliginosum, co-existing at a site in north Sweden.
Semerdjieva 2003
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A fast reversed-phase HPLC method for quantification of the hydrophilic carboxylic acids was developed and used for analyses of cranberry, lingonberry, and blueberry juices. The level of hydrophilic carboxylic acids in blueberries was 0.35-0.75%.
Jensen 2002
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A narrow-bore HPLC/ESI-MS method was used to investigate anthocyanin contents of black bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), blackberry and mulberry.
Dugo 2001
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Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin contents of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), black currant, strawberry and Vitis vinifera red wine were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.
Nyman 2001
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An alpha4-fucosyltransferase (alpha4-FucT) from Vaccinium myrtillus, which catalysed the biosynthesis of the Lewis(a) adhesion determinant was partially characterized.
Palma 2001
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Extracts of selected medicinal plants including anthocyanins (Vaccinium myrtillus), isoflavones (Glycine max, soybean), were examined by electrospray mass spectrometry.
Mauri 2000
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14 batches of dried leaves contain: total polyphenols 13%, tannins 7.8%, total flavonoids 2.9%, 1.4%, quercetin 3-glucuronide 1 %, hyperoside 0.2%, chlorogenic acid 3%. Highest in young leaves
Fraisse 1996
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RP-HPLC is a good method for standardization of bilberry extracts by the separation and quantitative estimation of 12 anthocyanins
Petri 1994
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Root of V. scopulorum contains beta-amyrin, 3-epi-ursolic acid, methyl maslinate, 3 beta-acetoxy-delta 7-cholest-7-ene, protocatechuic acid, ethyl n-hexacosanoate and ethyl n-tetracosanoate
Shang 1992
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"Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L., Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L " (no abstract)
Dombrowicz 1991
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"Anthocyanosides extracted from Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium myrtillus and Pinus maritimus. I. Elastase-inhibiting activities in vitro. II. Compared angioprotective activities in vivo " (no abstract)
Jonadet 1983
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The bark and tips of conifer twigs, twigs of oak and mountain ash, bilberry and heather plants, i. e. perennial plants, are particularly high in cadmium
Anke 1979
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Bilberry plants is one of the highest in manganese content at 2,080 mg/kg, compared with spruce twigs 984, oak twigs 791, heather 754 mg/kg
Anke 1979
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"High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitative determination of arbutin, methylarbutin, hydroquinone and hydroquinone-monomethylether in Arctostaphylos, Bergenia, Calluna and Vaccinium species " (no abstract)
Sticher 1979
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"Contents of manganese and vitamin C in the fruits of bilberriers and red berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and red berries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) growing in highly industrialized areas " (no abstract, Polish)
Lorek 1978
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Anthocyanosides of V. myrtillis reduce collagenase induced permeability of the blood brain barrier and accelerate the recovery of normal permeability
Robert 1977
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"Phytochemical investigation of leaves and fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus " (no abstract)
Friedrich 1973
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"Tannin-producing substances in the leaves and fruits of the bilberry " (no abstract)
Friedrich 1973
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"Chemotaxonomy of Ericaceae: isolation and identification of triterpenes and steroids from Vaccinium uliginosum " (no abstract, German)
Nees 1973
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"Studies on the constituents of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. II. On the constituents of the flowers, particularly on the structure of vaccinoside, a new iridoid glycoside " (no abstract)
Sakakibara 1973
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"Determination of tannin in leaves of bilberry " (no abstract)
Schonert 1970
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"On the isolation of 4-hydroxyphenyl-beta-gentiobioside from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L " (no abstract, German)
Thieme 1969
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"Isolation of bilberry anthocyanines and their pharmacologic activity. Preliminary study " (no abstract, Italian)
Cantarelli 1968
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"The anthocyans of Beta vulgaris var. rubra (red beets), Vaccinium myrtillis (whortleberries), Vinum rubrum (red wine) and their significance as cell respiratory activators for cancer prophylaxis and cancer therapy " (no abstract, German)
Seeger 1967
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"On the occurrence of salidroside in the leaves of the red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) " (no abstract)
Thieme 1966
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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It is shown that plasma quercetin increase up to 50% in subjects consuming 100 g/day of bilberries, black currants, and lingonberries as a part of their normal diets for 2 months.
Erlund 2006
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Investigation of urine and plasma samples were collected from 32 rats receiving control diet or chokeberry-, bilberry-, and grape-enriched diet for 14 wk suggests the bioavailability of the anthocyanin derivatives that are commonly found in commercially available colorants.
He 2006
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To clarify how structural diversity of anthocyanins relates to their in vivo function, bioavailability was precisely studied in rats using bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (Bilberon 25) as an anthocyanin source that contains 15 different anthocyanins.
Ichiyanagi 2006
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Investigation of anthocyanin absorption including bilberry anthocyanins (45.2 nmol/min) after in situ perfusion of the jejunum + ileum in rats demonstrated that anthocyanin glycosides are rapidly and efficiently absorbed from the small intestine.
Talavera 2004
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Serum quercetin concentrations were significantly higher in the 20 subjects consuming 100 g/day of berries which contains black currants, lingonberries and bilberries for 8 weeks compared to the control group (20 subjects).
Erlund 2003
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Single oral dose of V. myrtillus anthocyanosides to rats reach peak (2-3 micrograms/ml) level after 15 min and then rapidly declines within 2 h. Only 5% is assimilated and elimination occurs mostly through urine and bile
Morazzoni 1991
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Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanins partition more to the kidneys and skin than plasma, explaining long-lasting activity on capillaries
Lietti 1976
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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The genetic structure of the root endophytes Phialocephala fortinii s.l. and Acephala applanata was analyzed in two undisturbed forests. A total of 606 strains isolated from surface-sterilized, fine roots of Picea abies and Vaccinium myrtillus were examined.
Grunig 2006
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It is demonstrated that extracts from bilberries, and the flavonoid quercetin, abundant in bilberries, induce the fra-1 promoter and the cellular content of Fra-1 mRNA.
Myhrstad 2006
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Rhizosphere microbial communities associated with Vaccinium myrtillus collected from the native pine forest were investigated by using multiplex terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting method.
Singh 2006
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The expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes during the development of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruit in relation to the accumulation of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in wild berries and in color mutants of bilberry have been studied.
Jaakola 2002
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A simple and efficient method is described for isolating high quality RNA from bilberry fruit and yields high-quality RNA suitable for cDNA based methodologies.
Jaakola 2001
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Human Lewis(a) type determinant in glycoproteins secreted by a plant cell suspension culture of Vaccinium myrtillus
Melo 1997
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There were no significant correlation between soil 137Cs concentration and levels in plants (Vaccinium, Juncus, Calluna, Picea)
McGee 1996
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"Magnetic circular dichroism studies on Vaccinium myrtillus cationic peroxidases " (no abstract)
Melo 1995
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Vaccinium mirtyllus peroxidase (which can oxidize guaiacol) has 500 hour half life in isooctane reversed micelles
Setti 1995
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Ixodes ticks are in greater density in Vaccinium and Bracken areas than heather areas
Sheaves 1995
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Three major polypeptides of 65, 60, and 14 kD in floral buds increased in response to chilling and decreased to the prechilling level with the initiation of budbreak
Muthalif 1994
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V. myrtillus fruit is an important part of wild ptarmigan diet
Moss 1975
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"Enzymatic activities of retina and anthocyanoside extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus " (no abstract, French)
Cluzel 1970
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Contemporary Formulas
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To characterise the most complex xyloglucan structures in bilberries, xyloglucans were enzymatically degraded and the oligosaccharides obtained were analysed. More than 20 different building blocks were found to make up the xyloglucan polymer.
Hilz 2007
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Two cationic peroxidases isolated from Vaccinium myrtillus were encapsulated in reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate / isooctane. By using a central composite design, some relevant parameters for the enzymatic activity, were analyzed.
Morna-Gomes 1999
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Standardization of the anthocyanoside complex of Vaccinium myrtillus
Bonati 1991
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Radiation preservation of bilberry and other fruits
Thomas 1986
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Patents
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Conduct a search on V. myrtillus or bilberry in the title, abstract or claims section (excl. horticultural varieties) of the
US patent database
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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Investigation of separate effects of ammonium & nitrate on boreal forest understorey vegetation shows the dwarf-shrubs dominating the plant community, Vaccinium myrtillus & V. vitis-idaea, took up little of added N independent of chemical form, and their growth did not respond to N treatments.
Nordin 2006
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Correlations between mast fruiting of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and peak levels of Clethrionomys-voles have been reported from both Norway and Finland.
Selas 2006
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Rising atmospheric CO(2) likely affects leaf chemistry in two important dwarf shrub species (Vaccinium myrtillus and V. uliginosum) at the alpine treeline, leading to changes in feeding behavior, growth, and reproduction of the most important insect herbivore in this system.
Asshoff 2005
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The morphology of flowers, flowering dynamics and composition of insect visiting flowers of Ericaceae species including Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, and V. vitis-idaea L. were studied. [Article in Russian]
Dlusskii 2005
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Exclusion of insectivorous birds increased the frequency of larval damage on Vaccinium myrtillus shoots, indicating higher larval densities. This effect was stronger in fertilized than in unfertilized plots, indicating higher bird predation in fertilized plots.
Strengbom 2005
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Nitrogen (N)-induced changes in the constitutive levels of soluble conjugated amines do not seem to explain the increased parasite susceptibility of V. myrtillus under N enrichment.
Witzell 2005
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Results of experiments on Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves support evidence of the protective role of flavonoids and hydroxy cinnamic acids against high solar radiation in plants. The roles of different flavonoid compounds as a defense against stress caused by sun exposure is discussed.
Jaakola 2004
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The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the phenolic status of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves were studied to assess whether N amendment affects potentially defensive phenolic metabolites such that it could have consequences for the interaction with a parasitic fungus.
Witzell 2004
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Short- as well as long-term plant nitrogen uptake by Deschampsia flexuosa, Picea abies and Vaccinium myrtillus from 15NO3-, 15NH4+ and (U-13C, 15N) arginine, glycine or peptides was investigated.
Persson 2003
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Possible links between the occurrence of Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea and Deschampsia flexuosa and rates of nitrogen deposition were investigated in 557 coniferous forest stands.
Strengbom 2003
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Nitrate reductase activity was studied in the foliage of five subarctic species including the Ericaceous shrub bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), naturally growing in a forest.
Krywult 2002
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The influence of extreme pollution on the inorganic chemical composition of some 9 different plants species including Vaccinium myrtillus was described.
Reimann 2001
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Uptake of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ca, K, Mg, P, and S in Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum Hagerup and Vaccinium myrtillus L. from Ni, Cu and SO2 contaminated sites in Sor-Varanger, northern Norway, were investigated.
Uhlig 2001
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Study on the effect of climatic warming on the dehardening potential of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in a northern boreal environment suggest that a small elevation in air temperature can accelerate dehardening in the bilberry.
Taulavuori 1997
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph. D. 1998 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, Ph. D. cand. 2001 |
| REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD May 2007 |
|
