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Clinical Trials
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Cranberry juice consumption provides significant anti-adherence activity against different E. coli uropathogenic strains in the urine compared with placebo.
Di Martino 2006
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A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study with male subjects suggests no significant interaction between the daily consumption of 250 mL cranberry juice and warfarin.
Li 2006
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[Effect of ingesting cranberry juice on bacterial growth in urine.]
Tong 2006
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Clinical trial of short-term (6 weeks) efficacy of cranberry juice on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults found no significant effect over placebo, although cranberry group were significantly more likely to report improvement in self-report questionnaire.
Crews 2005
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[Effects of cranberry juice on uropathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro biofilm formation.]
Di Martino 2005
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Data from a pilot study on only 5 subjects suggest that consumption of a single serving of sweetened dried cranberries may elicit bacterial antiadhesion activity in human urine, whereas consumption of a single serving of raisins does not.
Greenberg 2005
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Presence of the A-type linkage in cranberry proanthocyanidins may enhance both in vitro and urinary bacterial anti-adhesion activities and aid in maintaining urinary tract health.
Howell 2005
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[Is there clinical evidence supporting the use of botanical dietary supplements in children?]
Hrastinger 2005
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Cranberry juice was well accepted by study children, but led to no change in either the bacterial flora in the nasopharynx or the bacterial fatty acid composition of stools. Thus cranberries seem to have beneficial effect only on urinary health.
Kontiokari 2005
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A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted to assess whether cranberry juice ingestion is effective in reducing UTIs in older people in hospital.
McMurdo 2005
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Regular consumption of cranberry juice can suppress H. pylori infection in an endemically afflicted population at high risk for cancer.
Zhang 2005
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Update of 2003 Cochrane evidence-based review of Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections found some evidence from two good quality RCTs that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12 month period in women.
Jepson 2004
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Cranberry tablets were not found to be effective at changing urinary pH or reducing bacterial counts, urinary WBC counts, or UTIs in individuals with neurogenic bladders.
Linsenmeyer 2004
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Cranberry extract taken in capsule form did not reduce bacteriuria and pyuria in persons with SCI and cannot be recommended as a means to treat these conditions.
Waites 2004
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A randomised clinical study of 112 men with prostate cancer showed no significant difference in the urinary symptoms experienced during external beam radiation therapy related to the consumption of cranberry juice compared with apple juice.
Campbell 2003
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Two clinical trials showed that cranberry (as juice or capsule) significantly reduced the rate of urinary tract infections in sexually active women.
Griffiths 2003
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Determination of the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of concentrated cranberry tablets (CT), versus cranberry juice, versus placebo used as prophylaxis against lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in 150 adult women shows that CT provided the most cost-effective prevention for UTI.
Stothers 2002
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[Can regular intake of either cranberry juice or a drink containing Lactobacillus bacteria prevent urinary tract infection (UTI) recurrence in women after an initial episode?]
Triezenberg 2001
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Pilot study of effect of drinking moderate amounts of cranberry juice cocktail on urinary pH in older, institutionalized adults
Jackson 1997
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Review of the efficacy of drinking cranberry juice to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (no abstract)
Nazarko 1997
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Study of cranberry concentrate in a randomized controlled trial for UTI prophylaxis (no abstract)
Walker 1997
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Study of 153 women (avg age 78) given 10 oz. cranberry juice or placebo found urine bacteria in 15% of cranberry group compared to 28% of placebo group
Avorn 1996
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Review of evidence for cranberry juice for use in urinary tract infections from Ocean Spray Inc. (no abstract)
Kuzminski 1996
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Comparison of 86 UTI patients with 288 controls in college setting indicates that regular drinking of cranberry juice was protective. Carbonated soft drinks, sex and condoms increased risk
Foxman 1995
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Report of effectiveness of cranberry juice against urinary tract infection (no abstract)
Kolmos 1995
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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 153 elderly women found bacteriuria & pyuria reduced by 58% in those consuming 300 mL per day of commercial cranberry beverage
Avorn 1994
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Drinking 160-320 g of cranberry juice per day for an average of six months improved skin complications of 13 urostomy patients
Tsukada 1994
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Prevention of post urostomy complication might include acidifying urine with cranberry juice and ascorbic acid
Walsh 1992
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"Anti-Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices" (no abstract)
Ofek 1991
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Review about 'cranberry juice cure' (no abstract)
Howe 1987
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Cross-over trial of 40 subjects for 12 days found significant (.01) effect on urine pH by 150-240 ml/day cranberry juice
Kinney 1979
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Study found that 16 oz. of cranberry juice per day helped 73% of 60 patients
Papas 1966
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Pharmacodynamics
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For the first time, a non-specific antiviral effect towards unrelated viral species (viz., bacteriophages T2 and T4 and the simian rotavirus SA-11) by a commercially available cranberry fruit juice drink has been reported.
Lipson 2007
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Results from in vitro studies using a variety of tumor models show that polyphenolic extracts from Vaccinium macrocarpon inhibit growth and proliferation of breast, colon, prostate, lung, and other tumors, as do flavonols, proanthocyanidin oligomers, and triterpenoids isolated from the fruit.
Neto 2007
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The influence of propagule density in vitro on establishment and growth of select members of the phylloplane of Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry) was examined.
Nix-Stohr 2007
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There is strong in vitro and in vivo evidence confirming the hypothesis that urinary tract infections can be prevented by decreasing bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells.
Santillo 2007
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The analysis of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and ACE-I inhibitory activities suggested that inhibition depends on the phenolic profile of each unique extract and, by bringing together synergistic combinations to cranberry, health beneficial functionality was enhanced.
Apostolidis 2006
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Cranberries interfere with the adherence of uropathogens to uroepithelial cells. Therefore, cranberries and lactobacilli are potential alternatives in the prophylaxis of urinary-tract infections. [Article in Dutch]
Beerepoot 2006
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It is indicated that the cranberry fraction was a potent inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to periodontopathogens, suggesting that cranberry constituents may offer a new therapeutic approach to the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.
Bodet 2006
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Non-dialysable material (NDM) prepared from cranberry juice concentrate has the potential to reduce either the proliferation of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola in periodontal pockets or their proteinase-mediated destructive process occurring in periodontitis.
Bodet 2006
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Cranberries can inhibit Escherichia coli adhesion to the urothelium and could be useful to treat urinary infections. Clinical studies confirm the probable benefit of this fruit as a prophylactic treatment for female cystitis. [Article in French]
Bruyere 2006
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The influence of extracts of flavonols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins from cranberry on virulence factors involved in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development and acidogenicity was examined.
Duarte 2006
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Among 20 compounds isolated from cranberries, ursolic acid, quercetin, and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavonol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside showed potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cell growth, with EC50 values of 87.4 +/- 2.7, 40.9 +/- 1.1, and 49.2 +/- 4.9 microM, respectively.
He 2006
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The ability of cranberry juice to reduce nonspecific adhesion of bacteria to the borosilicate glass microscope slides used in an immunoarray biosensor format was documented.
Johnson-White 2006
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Cranberry juice inhibited glucan-mediated biofilm development and acid production, and holds promise as a natural product to prevent biofilm-related oral diseases.
Koo 2006
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Non-dialysable material (NDM) prepared from cranberry juice concentrate may have a beneficial effect for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis by reducing the capacity of P. gingivalis to colonize periodontal sites.
Labrecque 2006
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The molecular-level changes in the surfaces of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli upon exposure to neutralized cranberry juice was demonstrated.
Liu 2006
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Increasing the amount of quercetin in the extracts from cranberry press cakes increases the ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey.
Raghavan 2006
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Extracts of six popularly consumed berries including cranberry were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of human oral, breast, colon, and prostate tumor cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 micro g/mL.
Seeram 2006
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Cranberry phytochemical extracts possess the ability to suppress the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and this suppression is at least partly attributed to both the initiation of apoptosis and the G1 phase arrest.
Sun 2006
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[Comments to the manuscript: Does cranberry juice have bacteriostatic activity?] [Article in Spanish]
Avila-Funes 2005
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Cranberries may enhance clearance of excessive plasma cholesterol in circulation. Additive or synergistic effects of phytochemicals in cranberries are responsible for the inhibition of LDL oxidation, induced expression of LDL receptors, and increased uptake of cholesterol in hepatocytes.
Chu 2005
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Cranberry juice exerts a mixed effect on urinary stone forming propensity. It reduces urinary pH likely by providing an acid load and decreases urinary uric acid perhaps by retarding urate synthesis.
Gettman 2005
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Cranberries contain a group of compounds, called proanthocyanidins, which are condensed tannins and are thought to be the key factors in inhibiting E. coli adherence.
Hutchinson 2005
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The effect of anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-rich fractions isolated from cranberry juice was studied for antibacterial activity against nine bacterial strains.
Leitao 2005
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The synergistic contribution of oregano and cranberry phenolics may be more important for inhibition of Helicobacter pylori than any species-specific phenolic concentration.
Lin 2005
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Cranberry juice was not associated with bacteriostatic properties and its ingestion was not followed by a drop in urinary pH, which suggests these are not its potential beneficial effects for the management and the prevention of urinary tract infections. [Article in Spanish]
Monroy-Torres 2005
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Short-term cranberry juice supplementation is associated with significant increase in plasma antioxidant capacity and reduction in circulating Ox low-density lipoprotein concentrations.
Ruel 2005
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The anti-adhesion effect of high molecular weight non-dialysable material derived from cranberry juice on S. sobrinus was examined.
Steinberg 2005
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Cranberry is commonly used therapeutically among patients seen in a pediatric nephrology clinic and is perceived as useful by parents, though uncommonly discussed with physicians.
Super 2005
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A combination of microplate technology and turbidity assessment for testing the adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cell line T24, validated with the addition of the known inhibitor galabiose, resulted in a high-throughput, biologically relevant assessment of cranberry.
Turner 2005
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It is indicated that the inhibitory effect of NDM, the high molecular weight materials present in cranberry juice on influenza virus adhesion and infectivity may have a therapeutic potential.
Weiss 2005
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The responses of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Erica cinerea and Vaccinium macrocarpon to Glomus mosseae was investigated.
Byrne 2004
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All 6 berry extracts including aspberry, strawberry, cranberry, significantly inhibited Helicobacter pylori, compared with controls, and also increased susceptibility of H. pylori to clarithromycin, with OptiBerry, a blend of the six berries, demonstrating maximal effects.
Chatterjee 2004
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The components of cranberry presscake that contributed to anticancer activity was isolated and the mechanisms by which they inhibited proliferation were determined.
Ferguson 2004
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Optimized phenolics from oregano and cranberry extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes in laboratory media and in beef and fish.
Lin 2004
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Investigation of any interactions between a lutein supplement in Mongolian gerbils and a diet containing cranberries shows that gerbils are able to thrive on a high cranberry diet.
Molldrem 2004
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Cranberries contain two compounds with anti-adherence properties, which prevent fimbriated E. coli from adhering to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract, and thus have beneficial effects in preventing urinary tract infections. [Article in Hebrew]
Raz 2004
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[Antimicrobial mechanisms of cranberry juice.]
Rhee 2004
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The enhanced antiproliferative activity of total polyphenols compared to total cranberry extract and its individual phytochemicals suggests synergistic or additive antiproliferative interactions of the anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonol glycosides within the cranberry extract.
Seeram 2004
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A combination of antibiotics and a high-molecular-mass, nondialysable constituent of cranberry juice may improve Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Shmuely 2004
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It is suggested that the ability to reduce mutans streptococci counts in vivo is due to the anti-adhesion activity of the cranberry constituent.
Weiss 2004
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Cranberry juice component(s) can inhibit colonization by oral streptococci to the tooth surface and can thus slow development of dental plaque.
Yamanaka 2004
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Commercial raspberry, blackcurrant, cranberry, and blackberry cordials (100% fruit) as well as fresh berries were assessed for their ability to inhibit the growth of various bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans.
Cavanagh 2003
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Bioassay of purified triterpene cinnamates of Cranberry in tumor cell lines invitro showed slightly greater activity of cis-isomer of 3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid in most cell lines, with GI(50) values of approximately 20 microM in MCF-7 breast, ME180 cervical & PC3 prostate tumor cell lines.
Murphy 2003
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Novel methods of preventing urinary tract infections includes the use of cranberry products, restoration of the normal flora using Lactobacillus-based probiotic preparations, and vaccine development.
Stapleton 2003
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The antioxidant activity of phenolics in fruits of blueberry, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Ben Lear), wild chokeberry, and lingonberry was determined.
Zheng 2003
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A high-molecular-weight constituent of cranberry juice has been found to inhibit the sialyllactose specific adhesion of Helicobacter pylori strains to immobilized human mucus, erythrocytes, and cultured gastric epithelial cells.
Burger 2002
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[Why do cranberries reduce incidence of urinary tract infections?]
Dearing 2002
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[Cranberry juice and adhesion of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.]
Howell 2002
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Proanthocyanidins with unique molecular structures have been isolated from cranberry fruit that exhibit potent bacterial antiadhesion activity.
Howell 2002
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Cranberry juice decreased the urinary pH, whereas the excretion of oxalic acid and the relative supersaturation for uric acid were increased. Since cranberry juice acidifies urine it could be useful in the treatment of brushite and struvite stones as well as urinary tract infection.
Kessler 2002
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This article reviews the literature on the effects of flavonoids on atherosclerosis with an emphasis on the potential effects of the flavonols and proanthocyanidins in cranberries.
Reed 2002
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Review on the role of cranberry and probiotics in intestinal and urogenital tract health shows that there is now a strong scientific basis for use of cranberries to reduce the risk of E. coli adhesion to bladder cells and the onset of urinary tract infection.
Reid 2002
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Cranberry juice and low & high molecular weight preparations isolated from the juice, inhibited the adhesion in vitro of Escherichia coli to different animal cells.
Sharon 2002
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The antiadhesion activity of cranberry juice has a potential for altering the oral microbial flora resulting in improved oral hygiene.
Weiss 2002
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Polyphenolic compounds in cranberries have been investigated to determine their role in protection against cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Extracts of whole fruit were assayed for radical-scavenging activity and tumor growth inhibition using seven tumor cell lines.
Yan 2002
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Anthocyanins from 8 cherries & berries including cranberries, elderberries, raspberries, and strawberries were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.
Seeram 2001
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Ethyl acetate extracts of purified proanthocyanidins of American cranberry inhibited adherence of uropathogenic isolates of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli bacteria to cellular surfaces containing alpha-Gal(1-->4)beta-Gal receptor sequences similar to epithelial cells in urinary tract.
Foo 2000
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The antioxidant activities against superoxide radicals (O(2)(*)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radicals (OH(*)), and singlet oxygen ('O(2)) were evaluated in fruit juice from different cultivars including blueberries & cranberries.
Wang 2000
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A high-molecular-weight cranberry constituent at 0.6 to 2.5 mg/mL reversed the coaggregation of 49 of 84 coaggregating bacterial pairs tested. The constituent has the potential for altering the subgingival microbiota, resulting in conservative control of gingival & periodontal diseases.
Weiss 1998
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Cranberry extract, containing 1,548 mg gallic acid equivalents/liter inhibits oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Wilson 1998
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"Anti-Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices"
Ofek 1996
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The juice of cranberry or blueberry reduces adherence of Ecoli to urethral mucosa reducing infection
Ofek 1991
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Cranberry juice cocktail inhibits adherence of urinary bacteria expressing type 1 fimbriae (mannose specific) and P fimbriae [specific for alpha-D-Gal(1----4)-beta-D-Gal] but had no effect on a diarrheal isolate expressing a CFA/I adhesin
Zafriri 1989
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Cranberry juice cocktail and urine obtained after drinking cocktail show antiadherence activity against Gram-negative rods isolated from urine and other clinical sources
Schmidt 1988
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"Efficacy of cranberry juice and ascorbic acid in acidifying the urine in multiple sclerosis subjects" (no abstract)
Schultz 1984
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Both cranberry juice and urine collected after cranberry ingestion inhibited adherence of E coli to uroepithelial cells substantially
Sobota 1984
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Antimicrobial properties of cranberry (no abstract, Russian)
Borukh 1972
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Antifungal properties of cranberry juice (no abstract)
Swartz 1968
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Mechanism is unclear: acidifying urine would require a quart at one sitting and the hippuric acid concentration is insufficient to inhibit bacteria
Kahn 1967
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Analytical Chemistry
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2 new coumaroyl iridoid glycosides, including 10-p-trans- & 10-p-cis-coumaroyl-1S-dihydromonotropein & a depside were isolated from cranberry & although these compounds lack antiadherent activity in isolation, they might constitute a new group of marker compounds for this active cranberry fraction.
Turner 2007
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The presence of a potential anticancer constituent in the flavonoid-containing fractions from cranberry extracts was indicated.
Ferguson 2006
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Among 6 seed flours, cranberry had the highest level of alpha-linolenic acid (30.9 g/100 g fat) & lowest ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (1.2/1). In addition, black raspberry, cranberry, & chardonnay grape seed flour extracts showed antiproliferative effects in HT-29 colon cancer cells.
Parry 2006
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The presence of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in 10 species of Vaccinium berries was determined.
Rimando 2004
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6 new constituents in cranberry were determined through NMR spectroscopy including myricetin-3-beta-xylopyranoside, quercetin-3-beta-glucoside, quercetin-3-alpha-arabinopyranoside. This is the first report identifying quercetin-3-arabinoside in both furanose & pyranose forms in cranberry.
Vvedenskaya 2004
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The amount of each individual anthocyanin content in cranberry fruit increased differently under natural light, red light, and far-red light, suggesting that expressions of enzymes that catalyze the anthocyanin biosynthesis are regulated differently by environments.
Zhou 2004
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A fast reversed-phase HPLC method for quantification of the hydrophilic carboxylic acids was developed and used for analyses of cranberry, lingonberry, and blueberry juices.
Jensen 2002
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Phenolics from the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) were fractionated into a series of proanthocyanidins and other flavonoid compounds by vacuum chromatography on a hydrophilic, porous polyvinylic gel permeation polymer.
Kandil 2002
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Cranberry had the highest total phenolic content, followed by apple, red grape, strawberry, pineapple, banana, peach, lemon, orange, pear, and grapefruit. Total antioxidant activity was measured using the TOSC assay.
Sun 2002
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Evaluation of 10 cranberry cultivars for oxygen radical absorbance capacity, anthocyanins, & total phenolics contents after 3 months of storage at 0, 5, 10, 15, & 20 degrees C shows the antioxidant capacity of cranberry was affected by cultivars & storage temperatures.
Wang 2001
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Three proanthocyanidin trimers possessing A-type interflavanoid linkages including epicatechin-(4beta-->6)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)-epicatechin (4), were isolated from the ripe fruits of Vaccinium macrocarpon.
Foo 2000
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Induction of quinone reductase (a protective phase II enzyme) and inhibition of phorbol stimulated ornithine decarboxylase is attributed to proanthocyanidin in hexane/chloroform fractions of cranberry, blueberry, lingonberry, and bilberry
Bomser 1998
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HPLC measurement of the acids: quinic1.32, malic 0.92, and citric1.08%, respectively
Coppola 1998
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A rapid method for the extraction and quantitation of total anthocyanin of cranberry fruit
Deubert 1998
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