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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Update of 2002 & 2005 Cochrane evidence-based review found no evidence supporting or refuting milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases.
Rambaldi 2007
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13 g of oral silybin-phytosome, a commercially available formulation containing silibinin, daily, in 3 divided doses, appears to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer and is the recommended phase II dose. Asymptomatic liver toxicity is the most commonly seen adverse event.
Flaig 2006
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Repeated administration of silipide (silibinin with phosphatidylcholine) in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, was safe and achieved levels of silibinin of 0.3 to 4 micromol/L in the plasma, 0.3 to 2.5 nmol/g tissue in the liver, and 20 to 141 nmol/g tissue in colorectal tissue.
Hoh 2006
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Silymarin marianum seed extract treatment in 51 type II diabetic patients for 4 months has a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic profile.
Huseini 2006
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Silymarin compounds likely decrease serum transaminases in patients with chronic viral hepatitis, but do not appear to affect viral load or liver histology.
Mayer 2005
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Based on high-quality trials, milk thistle does not seem to significantly influence the course of patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C liver diseases.
Rambaldi 2005
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[Two-year results of a randomised double-blinded trial evaluating silymarin for chronic hepatitis C.]
Strickland 2005
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Botanical supplements containing Citrus aurantium, milk thistle, or saw palmetto extracts appear to pose a minimal risk for CYP-mediated herb-drug interactions in 12 healthy humans.
Gurley 2004
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Sylibum marianum is a well-tolerated plant extract associated with a decrease in liver chemistries but with no apparent effect on viral load when given for 4 weeks in 34 patients with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C who were not using antiviral therapy.
Torres 2004
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Silybum marianum is well tolerated in 24 subjects with chronic hepatitis C, but does significantly affect serum hepatitis C virus RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels, quality of life or psychological well-being of the subjects.
Gordon 2006
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Treatment with milk thistle appears to be safe and well tolerated and it was found no reduction in mortality, in improvements in histology at liver biopsy, or in biochemical markers of liver function among patients with chronic liver disease.
Jacobs 2002
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Prospective open-label drug interaction study found milk thistle in commonly administered dosages should not interfere with indinavir therapy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
Piscitelli 2002
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In patients with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation that included milk thistle fruit (Iberogast STW-5* and STW-5-S) improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo.[Article in German]
Madisch 2001
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Silymarin (150 mg/ three times per day) did not affect 2 year survival of alcoholics with cirrhosis in a randomized, double-blind study of 200 people
Pares 1998
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Review of the evidence for silymarin-induced protection of liver functions
Skottova 1998
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600 mg/d silymarin decreased fasting blood glucose levels, mean daily blood glucose levels, daily glucosuria and HbA1c levels after 4 months in a trial with 60 insulin-treated diabetics with alcoholic cirrhosis
Velussi 1997
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Plasma level in 12 healthy volunteers ingesting 80 mg of silybin was 141 ng/ml free at 2.4 hr with 2 hr half life and 255 ng/ml conjugated at 3.8 hr
Gatti 1994
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120 mg of silybin to 14 patients resulted in plasma peak of free silybin within 3 hr and declining to undetectable by 12th hour. total silybin peaks at 3-4 hr above 400 ng/ml, persisting
Schandalik 1994
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120 mg silybin equivalents to 9 cholecystectomy patients found that biliary silybin concentrations were several-fold lower than those observed after intake of silipide
Schandalik 1992
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6 months of silymarin to cirrhotic patients normalized the originally low T cell percentage and the originally high CD8+ cell [Article in Hungarian]
Deak 1990
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60 patients treated with silymarin and amino-imidazol-carboxamid-phosphate had normalized levels of liver enzymes and other parameters
Lang 1990
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6 months of 420 mg/d silymarin, in a double blind study of cirrhotic patients, restored the diminished superoxide dismutase activity of erythrocytes and lymphocytes [Article in Hungarian]
Muzes 1990
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A 6 month double blind clinical trial with 36 patients showed normalization of serum bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanin-aminotransferase [Article in Hungarian]
Feher 1989
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4-year survival rate was 58% in treatment group (140 mg silymarin 3 times daily) vs. 39% in placebo group in a double blind study of 170 cirrhosis patients
Ferenci 1989
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14 type-II hyperlipidaemic outpatients treated with 420 mg Legalon daily for three months had decreased cholesterol and apolipoprotein
Somogyi 1989
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Liver function tests and the platelet counts improved for 30 workers exposed to organic solvents taking Legalon compared with the 19 left without treatment
Szilard 1988
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Legalon showd benefit in a double-blind trial with 180 hepatitis patients for 40 days
Tanasescu 1988
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Legalon to 24 liver disease patients had good effect on thymol test, SGOT, gamma-globulins, immunoglobulin G, blood bilirubin without affecting subjective symptoms [Article in Bulgarian]
Brailski 1986
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Decreased S-SGPT (S-ALAT) and S-SGOT (S-ASAT) was found in a 4 week placebo controlled trial of 106 liver patients
Salmi 1982
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A randomized double-blind study about the therapy of the cirrhosis of the liver shows a significant higher surviving rate of the alcoholic cirrhosis in the group treated with Silymarin [Article in German]
Benda 1980
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) derivatives in the therapy of chronic hepatopathies [Article in Italian]
De Martiis 1980
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Silymarin, 2 x 70 mg 3 times daily, to 28 viral hepatitis patients showed beneficial influence on the characteristicly increased serum levels of bilirubin, GOT and GPT compared with 29 in the placebo group [Article in German]
Magliulo 1978
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2 x 3 table analysis of liver biopsy data from a controlled clinical trial of silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis
Scheiber 1978
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Therapy of acute virus hepatitis with silymarin. Report of a controlled study [Article in German]
Schmidt 1977
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Clinical investigation of silymarin in chronic liver diseases (author's transl) [Article in French]
Realini 1975
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Clinical experience with silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver disease(author's transl) [Article in German]
Reutter 1975
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Silymarin in chronic liver diseases [Article in German]
Muscher 1972
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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The anticancer and canceroprotective activities of silymarin and silybin were demonstrated in a large variety of illnesses of different organs as e.g., prostate, lungs, CNS, kidneys, pancreas and others.
Kren 2005
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a botanical that may be useful in the prevention or treatment of liver dysfunction in patients undergoing anticancer therapy.
Ladas 2003
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Silymarine improves the prognosis after accidental ingestion of the toxic Amanita phalloides & patients infected with hepatitis B and C might benefit from Silymarine. [Article in French]
Laekeman 2003
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The beneficial effects of silymarin are most often seen in the patients who had cirrhosis as a result of alcohol abuse & it has a good safety record and only rare case reports of gastrointestinal disturbances and allergic skin rashes have been published.
Bean 2002
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According to the scientific data, the mostly used plants for diabetes complications are Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, Vaccinium myrtillus, Phaseolus vulgaris. [Article in Lithuanian]
Savickiene 2002
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Application of natursilum in dental surgery and in postoperative period promoted optimization of an implant osteointegration and normalized physicochemical and metabolic parameters of the oral liquid.[Article in Russian]
Gil'miiarov 2001
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For primary biliary cirrhosis, eicosapentate and ursodeoxycholic acid may provide benefit to some patients while silymarin from milk thistle did not provide any additional benefit.
Rosenthal 2000
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Adding Silybum to bread products is an effective medicine with general restorative influence, increasing internal protection resources, capacity for work and vital activity [Article in Russian]
Gil'miiarov 1998
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A family poisoned by Amanita mushrooms had a turnabout for the better upon treatment starting the 3rd day with silibinin [Article in Italian]
Carducci 1996
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No difference in 15 month mortality of alcoholic liver disease patients treated with 280 mg/day of Silymarin [Article in Spanish]
Bunout 1992
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The basic therapy in alcoholic liver diseases includes well balanced nutrition and symptomatic treatment. Infusions with glucose-glucagon-insulin, or the administration of silymarin, and in individual cases of glucocorticoids seems to be justified [Article in German]
Rink 1992
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Review of using milk thistle for gastrointestinal conditions, especially liver diseases
Fintelmann 1991
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Bile cholesterol and the bile saturation index decreased by silibinin in 15 patients (420 mg per day for 30 days) or in rats (100 mg/kg for 7 days)
Nassuato 1991
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A close relationship was found between the severity of the Amanita poisoning and the time elapsed before commencement of silybin therapy for 18 cases [Article in German]
Hruby 1983
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Retrospective analysis of 205 Amanita poisoning cases indicates benefit of penicillin, hyperbaric oxygenation and silybin [Article in German]
Floersheim 1982
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Silybum marianum is a medicinal plant used widely for treating liver diseases. The silymarin, a mixture of three flavolignan isomers namely silybin, silydianin, and silychristin is an active constituent of the plant.
Khan 2006
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A series of research on plants used in Calabria in the folk plant medicine was carried out in the last twenty years describes the use of 104 taxa distributed into 42 families including Silybum marianum for haemorrhoids.
Passalacqua 2006
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The review focuses exclusively on published literature pertaining to the potential use of Silybum marianum or its derivatives for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
Ball 2005
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Review on herbal medicines for liver diseases shows that silymarin does not reduce mortality and does not improve biochemistry and histology among patients with chronic liver disease; however, it appears to be safe and well tolerated.
Dhiman 2005
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Milk thistle has been used as a cytoprotectant for the treatment of liver disease, for the treatment and prevention of cancer, and as a supportive treatment of Amanita phalloides poisoning.
Rainone 2005
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The use of herbal preparations including milk thistle, ginseng, and Echinacea is prevalent among veterans with chronic hepatitis C, especially those with higher levels of education and higher incomes.
Siddiqui 2004
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Hepeel, a homeopathic remedy used to treat primary and secondary functional disorders of the liver contains diluted extracts from seven plants including Carduus marianus from Silybum marianum which showed antioxidative, antiproliferative and biochemical effects on HepG2 cells.
Gebhardt 2003
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[By the way, doctor... My neighbor takes something called milk thistle. He likes to drink alcohol and believes the herb will protect him against any kind of liver damage. Is he right?]
Lee 2001
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The extract from the seeds of Silybum marianum shows biological effects corresponding to nutritional supplements. [Article in Czech]
Simanek 2001
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The eight most important supplements for people on HAART includes multi-vitamins, L-glutamine, alpha lipoic acid, and milk thistle.
[No authors listed] 1999
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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The potential toxicity and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine NPI-028 in rats following subchronic (3-month) exposure via daily oral consumption was determined.
Keyler 2002
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[Milk thistle: effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects.]
Mulrow 2000
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Pharmacodynamics, site and mechanism of action of silymarin, the antihepatoxic principle from Silybum mar. (L) Gaertn. 1. Acute toxicology or tolerance, general and specific (liver-) pharmacology [Article in German]
Vogel 1975
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On the pharmacology and toxicology of silymarin, an antihepatotoxic active principle from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn [Article in German]
Hahn 1968
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Interactions
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Review on herb-drug interactions reveals that Silybum marianum (milk thistle) decreased the trough concentrations of indinavir in humans.
Hu 2005
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Animal Studies
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The effect of hepatoprotective drug silymarin on body weight and biochemical parameters, particularly, antioxidant status of ethanol-exposed rats was studied and its efficacy was compared with the potent antioxidant, ascorbic acid as well as capacity of hepatic regeneration during abstention.
Das 2006
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Dietary silymarin increased the plasma concentration of free and total silibinin, a major component of silymarin, in a dose-dependent manner in the rat, but did not decrease either mammary tumor incidence or number.
Malewicz 2006
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Effect of Silymarin (SM) on enzymatic & non enzymatic antioxidant defensive systems in acetaminophen-induced damage in male albino rat bain was evaluated which revealed that SM protects SNC by oxidative damage by its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation & by replenishing GSH levels.
Nencini 2006
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Oral administration of deguelin in A/J mice reduced tumor multiplicity by 56% and tumor load by 78%, whereas silibinin treatment at doses of 0.05% and 0.1% in the diet did not show any significant efficacy on either tumor multiplicity or tumor load.
Yan 2005
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The aqueous extracts of Fraxinus excelsior seed and Silybum marianum exhibit potent hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycaemic activities in normal and streptozotocin rats, respectively, without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations.
Maghrani 2004
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Silymarin and Prunella vulgaris improve antioxidant status in blood and liver and positively affect plasma lipoprotein profile in an experimental model of dietary induced hypertriglyceridemia using Hereditary hyper-triglyceridemic rats.
Skottova 2004
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Daily administration of 10 g per animal of silymarin extract has no adverse effect on the liver of lactating cows, and presents no objective evidence for a hepatoprotective effect in this species.
Tedesco 2004
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It is suggested that silymarin phytosome can provide protection against the negative effects of AFB1 on performance of broiler chicks.
Tedesco 2004a
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Based on skeleton of silybin, flavones & coumarins containing 1,4-dioxane ring system were prepared & evaluated against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats which revealed that hydroxy methyl group at position-2" in dioxane ring exhibited superior antihepatotoxic activity.
Ahmed 2003
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In vivo parenteral exposure to silymarin in male BABL/c mice results in suppression of T-lymphocyte function at low doses and stimulation of inflammatory processes at higher doses.
Johnson 2003
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Silymarin retards the development of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis in 12 baboons, consistent with several positive clinical trials.
Lieber 2003
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The study results suggest that alterations of TGFbeta1 and c-myc expression in the liver may be involved in the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin observed in other studies.
He 2002
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The in vivo exposure to silymarin influences phenotypic selection processes in the thymus of male BABL/c mice at doses that may be encountered in natural medicinal use.
Johnson 2002
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It was suggested that prevention of UVB-induced immuno-suppression and oxidative stress by silymarin may be associated with the prevention of photocarcinogenesis in mice.
Katiyar 2002
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The effect of dietary administration of the polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid silymarin, isolated from milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertneri], on azoxymethane -induced colon carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344 rats which revealed chemopreventive ability of dietary silymarin.
Kohno 2002
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This study assessed in vivo growth inhibitory potential of silibinin against advanced human prostate cancer (PCA)and found in vitro anticancer effect of silibinin/silymarin in an in vivo preclinical PCA model.
Singh 2002
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Findings suggest that silymarin is effective in preventing N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) induced bladder carcinogenesis in mice.
Vinh 2002
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Results indicate that feeding of silymarin (500 p.p.m.) during the promotion phase of 4-NQO-induced rat tumorigenesis exerts chemopreventive ability against tongue squamous cell carcinoma through modification of phase II enzymes activity, cell proliferation, and/or PGE(2) content.
Yanaida 2002
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Legalon significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in liver tissues, while the Saint-Mary thistle oil did not produce such effect. [Article in Russian]
Batakov 2001
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Extracts from 9 plants including Silybum, singly & in a commercial formulation , STW 5 & its modified preparation, STW 5-II, were tested for their anti-ulcerogenic activity against indomethacin induced gastric ulcers of the rat as well as for their antisecretory & cytoprotective activities.
Khayyal 2001
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To evaluate the use of radiolabeled silibinin, two derivatives, separated by HPLC after iodination ((125)I-SB(1) and (125)I-SB(2)) and their complexes 1:1 with phosphatidylcholine ((125)I-SPC(1) and (125)I-SPC(2)) were given with a single dose of 5.0 mg or 50 mg of silibinin per kg/wt to rats.
Skottova 2001
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This study tests the capacity of silybin to protect the rat fetus from toxic effects of maternally ingested EtOH. Rats fed Silybin orally administered as Siliphos(R), which is one part silybin to two parts phosphatidylcholine found Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity was not elevated.
Edwards 2000
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Silymarin exhibited significant antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activities in the papaya latex induced model of inflammation and mycobacterial adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Results show action through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase for antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activities.
Gupta 2000
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Flavonoids of milk thistle, Silybum marianum fed to rats, reduced toxicity of T-2 toxin and was accompanied by reduction of a degree of change of activity of lysosomal enzymes and microsomal xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.
[Article in Russian]
Kravchenko 2000
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In animals received T-2 toxin against a background of a diet with addition a flour from seeds of milk thistle with high contents of flavonoids, described morphological changes were expressed to a lesser degree than rats not fed milk thistle seed flour. [Article in Russian]
Pozdniakov 2000
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The results suggest that silymarin offers high protective effects against tumor promotion, primarily targeted against stage I tumors, and the mechanism of such effects may involve inhibition of promoter-induced edema, hyperplasia, proliferation index, and oxidant state.
Lahiri-Chatterjee 1999
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Test results showed social recognition scores recorded for the Sprague-Dawley rats pups on the ethanol diet were significantly poorer than those observed in both silymarin/ethanol groups and the chow group.
Reid 1999
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Decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants (common barberry, sandy immortelle, common maize, spotted milk thistle) studied on free-radical oxidation (FRO) in vitro and in vivo on albino mice. In vivo tests found lipid perioxidation was suppressed.
Ryzhikova 1999
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In vitro experiments with kidney cells damaged by paracetamol, cisplatin, and vincristin demonstrated that administration of silibinin before or after the chemical-induced injury can lessen or avoid the nephrotoxic effects.
Sonnenbichler 1999
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The results of the study demonstrate the bioavailability of and phase II enzyme induction by systemically administered silibinin in different tissues, including skin, where silymarin has been shown to be a strong cancer chemopreventive agent.
Zhao 1999
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Silymarin was better than silybin and as good as probucol at anticholesterolemic effect. It increases HDL and decreases liver cholesterol content in rats
Krecman 1998
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Liver damage induced by thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol or rifampicin was reduced by monomethyl fumarate (from Fumaria indica whole plant) as well as silymarin
Rao 1998
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Silymarin (mixture of flavonolignans from seeds of Silybum marianum) caused mild increase in HDL cholesterol without change in serum cholesterol in rats
Skottova 1998
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Sylimaryn-phospholipid complex to rabbits decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL, phospholipids and triglycerides and increased serum zinc and liver P450. A decrease of serum dimalonic aldehyde was followed by increase of ascorbyl free radicals in liver [Article in Polish]
Bialecka 1997
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Silymarin protects against UVB and phorbol induced nonmelanoma skin cancer in mice
Katiyar 1997
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Glucose/insulin were lowered by silibinin with rat pancreas in vitro but not in vivo
von Schonfeld 1997
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Silymarin protects against skin tumors initiated by DMBA and promoted by TPA or okadaic acid and there is less TNF alpha mRNA
Zi 1997
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Cisplatin induced kidney damage was ameliorated by silibinin pretreatment (200 mg/kg 1 hr before) in rats
Gaedeke 1996
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The hepatoprotective activity of Picroliv (glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa) was comparable with that of silymarin against thioacetamide-induced injury to rats
Dwivedi 1991
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A single dose of silymarin (flavonolignane) completely abolished the lethal effects to rodents of microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxin from blue-green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa
Mereish 1991
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Silybum seed fed cows had slight increase in milk production [Article in Czech]
Vojtisek 1991
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Silymarin increases the redox state and total glutathione content of the liver, intestine, and stomach of the rat but not in the kidney, lung, and spleen. Apparently there is entero-hepatic circulation
Valenzuela 1989
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Silymarin, 15 mg/kg 60 min before the toxin or 100 mg/kg 10 min after, is protects against phalloidine induced liver damage
Desplaces 1975
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Silybine to rats (20 mg/kg) lowers systemic blood pressure, potentiates post-serotonine hypertension, inhibits ovalbumine induced anaphylactic shock and without change in vascular permeability [Article in French]
Lecomte 1975
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Proceedings: Neutralization of the lethal effects of phalloidine and alpha-amanitine in animal experiments by substances from the seeds of Silybum marianum l. gaertn.
Vogel 1974
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Pharmacodynamics
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The effects of various isoflavonoids and plant-derived extracts including Silybum marianum & Cimicifuga racemosa, on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is reviewed.
Hamann 2006
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STW 5, a commercial preparation containing 9 extracts including milk thistle fruit and greater celandine herb, did not only lower the gastric acidity as effectively as the commercial antacid, but it was more effective in inhibiting the secondary hyperacidity.
Khayyal 2006
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Microbial transformation of silybin A & B, the major hepatoprotective flavonolignan diastereomers from the fruits of Silybum marianum, with the culture broth of Trichoderma koningii gave two pairs of glucosylated derivatives. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods.
Kim 2006
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Silymarin partially reduced UV-induced apoptosis in human malignant melanoma, A375-S2 cells by activating the Akt pathway, and silymarin's protective effect was also exerted by mitogen-activated protein kinase family members.
Li 2006
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The protective effect of silibinin against UV irradiation in HaCaT cells is exerted by inactivation of caspase-8 after direct down-regulation of FADD expression, resulting in blockage of UV-induced apoptosis.
Li 2006a
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The in vitro and in vivo research demonstrates that the 18 reviewed botanical medicines including Silybum marianum, Smilax glabra, etc. modulate the secretion of multiple cytokines.
Spelman 2006
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The protective effects of silymarin, its flavonolignans silybin and dehydrosilybin and flavonoids quercetin and taxifolin against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage to human keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts was investigated.
Svobodova 2006
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Silibinin, a plant flavanoid from milk thistle protects against isoproterenol-induced rat cardiac myocytes injury through resuming mitochondrial function and regulating the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2 family members.
Zhou 2006
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Silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum, protected rat cardiac myocytes against isoproterenol-induced DNA damage through caspase pathway and the expression of p53, but independent on regulation of cell cycle.
Zhou 2006a
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The inhibitory effect of silydianin, an active constituent of Silybium marianum, on the in vitro production and release of oxidative products has been examined.
Zielinska-Przyjemska 2006
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It is suggested that the inhibition on MMP-2 and u-PA expression by silibinin may be through a suppression on ERK1/2 or Akt phosphorylation, which in turn led to the reduced invasiness of the cancer cells.
Chen 2005
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Silibinin prevented taurolithocholate - and estradiol-17beta-d-glucuronide-induced bile salt secretory failure, at least in part, by avoiding redistribution of bile salt export pump, by a mechanism probably involving cAMP-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations.
Crocenzi 2005
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Silymarin and silibinin were shown for the first time to suppress the activity of the DNA topoisomerase IIalpha gene promoter in DU145 cells and, among the pure compounds, isosilybin B was again the most effective.
Davis-Searles 2005
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Milk thistle may protect against cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in rats and might serve as a novel combination agent with cisplatin to limit renal injury.
Karimi 2005
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Silymarin is a promising chemopreventive and pharmacologically safe agent which can be exploited or tested against skin cancer in human system and it may supplement sunscreen protection and provide additional anti-photocarcinogenic protection.
Katiyar 2005
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Silibinin strongly inhibited growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cells with a relatively stronger cytotoxicity in Hep3B cells, which was associated with apoptosis induction.
Varghese 2005
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The ability of silymarin complex and its components to protect cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress is due mainly to their cell membrane stabilization effect, radical scavenging and iron chelating potency.
Chlopcikova 2004
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It is shown that silibinin treatment may decrease the expressions of metalloproteinase-2 and urokinase plasminogen activator in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and enhance the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2.
Chu 2004
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Review on risks or therapeutic opportunities of flavonoids shows that Soy, St. John's Wort, Silybum marianum, tea, etc. are medicinal plants containing flavonoids whose efficacy in treatment of a variety of diseases has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. [Article in Italian]
Firenzuoli 2004
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Treatment with silymarin 500 microM for 12 h significantly inhibited UV irradiation (2.4 J/cm(2), 5 min)-induced apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells (A375-S2 cells).
Li 2004
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Well-known and newfound properties of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) preparations are considered (including hepatoprotector, immunostimulant, antiproliferative, antisclerotic, etc.) and the ways of their realization are analyzed. [Article in Russian]
Samigullina 2004
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Silibinin inhibits in vivo lung tumor growth and reduces systemic toxicity of doxorubicin with an enhanced therapeutic efficacy via an inhibition of doxorubicin-induced chemoresistance involving NFkappaB signaling.
Singh 2004
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The mechanisms of silibinin/ silymarin efficacy against prostate cancer involve alteration in cell cycle progression, and inhibition of mitogenic and cell survival signaling, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor type I and nuclear factor kappa B signaling.
Singh 2004
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It has been observed that silibinin inhibits prostate tumor growth in animal models without any apparent signs of toxicity.
Singh 2004a
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The cancer protective potential of silibinin, which down-regulates the co-activator of the androgen receptor, the prostate epithelium-derived Ets transcription factor and consequently the secretion of prostate-specific antigen was demonstrated.
Thelen 2004
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The down-regulation of prostate specific antigen by silibinin and its counteraction on dihydrotestosterone effects indicate that this compound can interact with the expression of genes that are regulated through the androgen receptor.
Thelen 2004a
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Callus and suspension cultures of Silybum marianum were derived and growth & production characteristics were assayed. The test for antioxidative activity against DPPH-radical demonstrated marked antioxidative properties of substances produced by culture of Silybum marianum. [Article in Czech]
Tumova 2004
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The strongest synergistic effects for cell growth inhibition [combination index (CI) 0.35 for MCF-7 and 0.45 for MDA-MB468 cells] were evident at a silibinin dose of 100 microM plus 25 nM doxorubicin in both the cell lines.
Tyagi 2004
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Silibinin modulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors - cyclin-dependent kinase - cyclin cascade and activates caspase 3 causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells.
Tyagi 2004a
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The antioxidant activity of silybin might be due to its ability to inhibit protein kinase C translocation and NADPH oxidase activation in phorbol myristate actetate -stimulated neutrophils.
Varga 2004
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The effect of silibinin in combination with cisplatin and carboplatin on human prostate cancer cells DU145 cell growth and apoptosis was investigated.
Dhanalakshmi 2003
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The cytoprotective effects upon primary human hepatocytes of silymarin extract and its main flavonolignans following exposure to the cytotoxic actions of model toxins was evaluated.
Dvorak 2003
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[Silibinin: a thorny therapeutic for EGF-R expressing tumors?]
Hannay 2003
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Incubation of rat liver microsomes with preparations of grape flavonoids, dihydroquercetin, and silibinin increased their resistance to lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-Fe2+.
Kravchenko 2003
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Silybin has a potent antibacterial activity, more potent than silymarin II, against gram-positive bacteria without hemolytic activity, whereas it has no antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria or fungi.
Lee 2003
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Addition of silibinin was shown to inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by EGF in 9L-EGFR cells which support the hypothesis that silibinin toxicity to cancer cells involves the EGFR signaling pathway.
Qi 2003
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Silibinin significantly inhibited concanavalin A-induced liver disease and it proved to be an immune-response modifier in vivo, inhibiting intrahepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, and iNOS, and augmenting synthesis of IL-10.
Schumann 2003
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Silibinin is not resorbed by the chylomicron pathway, and the endogenous lipoprotein pathway VLDL --> LDL may play a role in the transport of silibinin from the liver to the extrahepatic tissues concurrently facilitating the lipoprotein antioxidant influence of silibinin.
Svagera 2003
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Silymarin increased the external membrane fluidities of liver microsome and mitochondria, and decreased the internal membrane fluidities of liver microsome and mitochondria in mice. [Article in Chinese]
Wu 2003
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Oil of Silybum Varianum is compared with the most widespread food oils. [Article in Russian]
Gil'miiarova 2002
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The data data demonstrate that milk thistle extract can promote neuronal differentiation and survival, suggesting potential benefits of chemicals in this plant on the nervous system.
Kittur 2002
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In contrast to quercetin, silybin, silydianin and silychristin did not chelate iron in aqueous solution. The results suggest that silymarin may prevent doxorubicin-mediated damage to rat heart membrane primarily through a free radical scavenging mechanism.
Psotova 2002
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The study demonstrated that silibinin as well as silymarin induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in rat prostate cancer cells.
Tyagi 2002
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It was found that Milk Thistle is immunostimulatory in vitro and it increased lymphocyte proliferation in both mitogen and mixed lymphocyte culture assays.
Wilasrusmee 2002a
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Dong quai, ginseng, and milk thistle had nonspecific immunostimulatory effects on lymphocyte proliferation, whereas ginger and green tea had immunosuppressive effects.
Wilasrusmee 2002b
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Effect of 4 flavonolignans: silybin, its hemisynthetic derivative dehydro-silybin, silydianin & silycristin on 3 specific cytochromes P450 activities were tested which showed dose-dependent inhibition with IC(50) values in micromolar range but inhibition is not considered to be relevant for therapy.
Zuber 2002
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The in vitro effect of lyophilized Helichrysi flos extracts on microsomal lipid peroxidation was proved to be more effective compared to silibinin in examined concentrations.
Czinner 2001
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Silymarin is a derivative from the milk thistle plant with few side effects used for centuries to treat liver ailments. Research results suggest silymarin has hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, and regenerative properties producing a beneficial effect for some types of hepatitis.
Giese 2001
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The outcomes, obtained in experiment, testify about high reparative ability of a natursilum.[Article in Russian]
Gil'miiarova 2001
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The effect of silibinin, a component of Silybum marianum, on cellular differentiation was investigated in the leukemia HL-60 cell culture system. Silibinin enhanced protein kinase C (PKC) activity and increased protein levels of both PKCalpha and PKCbeta in 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-treated HL-60 cells.
Kang 2001
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Silibinin, an active component of Silybum marianum, enhanced protein kinase C (PKC) activity and increased protein levels of both PKCalpha and PKCbeta in 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-treated human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.
Kang 2001
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Several flavonoids obtained from barley leaves, soybean and some medicinal plants, Silybum marianum, Sophorae Flos, Cinnamon, Ephedrae Herba and Scutellariae Radix, were tested for their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity.
Okawa 2001
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Herbal medicines have been used for centuries and only recently been subjected to rigorous scientific scrutiny. Fever-few, milk thistle, tea tree oil, and valerian are considered safe for use by most patients. Where benefits occur, supporting evidence is inconclusive in some cases.
Petry 2001
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The review covers the preparations of widely used herbs such as Silybum marianum, Phyllanthus amarus, P. kurroa, etc. as hepatoprotectants and includes the mode of action of these preparations.
Ram 2001
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The objective of this review is to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of silymarin by application of systematic approach.
Saller 2001
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Silymarin is considered to have mixed effects in human liver diseases. A Japanese herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to functions as a potent antifibrosuppressant. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the HCV-mediated fibrogenesis is valuable information for effective antifibrogenic therapies.
Shimizu 2001
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Treatment with milk thistle extracts silymarin and silibinin alone or, more effectively in use with cysteine donors, benefit peritoneal macrophages of CAPD-patients due to a normalization and activation of the cellular thiol status followed by a restoration of specific functional capabilities.
Tager 2001
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Flavonolignans inhibit the oxidative burst of PMNLs. This inhibitory effect depends on the chemical structure of the flavonolignans.
Varga 2001
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Results showed the mixed commercial antioxidant, which suppressed lipid peroxidation and protected membrane proteins against degradation induced by peroxyl radicals, also effectively delayed AAPH induced haemolysis.
Zou 2001
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Study results suggest that cell signaling and regulators of cell cycle are potential epigenetic molecular targets for prostate cancer prevention by such dietary agents that contain polyphenolic flavonoids and isoflavones such as those present in milk thistle, soy beans, and green tea.
Agarwal 2000
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Iran grown Silybum marianum, Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis and Cichorium intybus extracted with 70% ethanol were found
to enhance the proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with the allogenic cells.
Amirghofran 2000
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Silibinin metabolism of erythromycin(CYP3A4), chlorzoxazone(CYP2E1), S(+)-mephenytoin(CYP2C19), caffeine (CYP1A2) or coumarin(CYP2A6)was minimal. Dextromet | | |
