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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Differences between gingival index, plaque index or abundance of bacterial species were not statistically significant when comparing mouthrinse containing essential oils & extracts from Melaleuca alternifolia, Leptospermum scoparium, Calendula officinalis & Camellia sinensis against placebo.
Lauten 2005
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In a five-week study consisting of 30 subjects, chlorhexidine and garlic groups showed antimicrobial activity against mutans streptococci, but not against other oral microorganisms. The tea tree oil group showed antimicrobial activity against mutans streptococci and other oral microorganisms.
Groppo 2002
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Investigation of the anti-inflammatory properties of tea tree oil on histamine-induced weal and flare in 27 volunteers showed that tea tree oil can reduce histamine-induced skin inflammation.
Koh 2002
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The evaluation of the efficacy of alcohol-based and alcohol-free melaleuca oral solution in patients with AIDS and fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis shows both formulations of the melaleuca oral solution appear to be effective alternative regimens for patients.
Vazquez 2002
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[Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.]
Carson 2001
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Toenail onychomycosis fungus was cured in 80% of 40 patients using a 5% Melaleuca cream vs. none in the placebo group of 20
Syed 1999
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Efficacy and safety of tea tree oil as a topical antimicrobial agent.
Carson 1998
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Toenail onychomycosis cure rate was about the same for either 1% clotrimazole solution or 100% tea tree oil in a 6 month study with 117 patients
Buck 1994
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Tinea pedis cure rate was 85% by 1% tolnaftate, 30% by a 10% w/w tea tree oil cream and 21% by placebo in a double blind trial with 104 patients
Tong 1992
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Acne treatment with 5% tea-tree oil or 5% benzoyl peroxide had significant benefit with few side effects in a double blind trial with 124 patients
Bassett 1990
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Traditional and Folk Use
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The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil & its components, as well as clinical efficacy.
Carson 2006
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Reports of both therapeutic and allergenic effects of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil are reviewed.
Carson 2001
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Tea tree oil is an aboriginal Australian traditional medicine for bruises, insect bites, and skin infections. It was rediscovered in the 1920s as a topical antiseptic that is more effective than Phenol
Budhiraja 1999
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"A New Constituent of Biogenetic, Pharmacological and Historical Interests from Melaleuca cajeputi Oil"--Lowry, J. B. Nature vol. 241, 1973 (London, Great Britain) pp. 61-62
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Tea tree oil (TTO) has the potential to be developmentally toxic if ingested at higher doses, however, TTO and its components are not genotoxic.
Hammer 2006
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Adverse effects, including allergic contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, linear immunoglobulin A disease, erythema multiforme-like id reactions, and systemic hypersensitivity reactions were reported.
Crawford 2004
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Tea tree oil is antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and has ability to activate monocytes. There are few apparent side effects to using tea tree oil topically in low concentrations, with contact dermatitis being the most common.
Halcon 2004
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It has been found that the Melaleuca tree is not a significant source of aeroallergen and the Melaleuca odor is not a respiratory irritant.
Stablein 2002
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7 cases of patients with allergic contact dermatitis attributed to tea tree oil was reported. Two exhibited a delayed type IV hypersensitivity towards fragrance-mix or colophony suggesting the possibility of cross reaction caused by contamination of the colophony. [Article in French]
Fritz 2001
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A case of allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil that presented with an extensive erythema multiforme-like reaction was reported.
Khanna 2000
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Allergic contact dermatitis following use of a tea tree oil hand-wash not due to tea tree oil.
Greig 1999
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Oxidation products (p-cymene, ascaridol, isoascaridol, a ketoperoxide) which start to form in a few days, are more allergenic than fresh distilled oil. The monoterpene portion is a stronger sensitizer than the sesquiterpene fraction
Hausen 1999
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Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil poisoning in three purebred cats.
Bischoff 1998
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3 of 28 normal volunteers tested strongly positive to patch testing with tea tree oil. They reacted strongly to sesquiterpenoid fractions
Rubel 1998
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Warning against a fashionable cure for vulvovaginitis. Tea tree oil may substitute Candida itching with allergy itching [Article in Swedish]
Wolner-Hanssen 1998
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Allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil in a wart paint.
Bhushan 1997
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Allergy-inducing potency of tea tree oil [Article in German]
Kranke 1997
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No harm to kidneys was seen after 100, 300 or 900 mg juniper oil/kg or terpinene-4-ol (10 mg% of juniper oil) at 400 mg/kg for 28 days with rats [Article in German]
Schilcher 1997
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Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil.
De Groot 1996
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Toxicity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil.
Carson 1995
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Case of a 17-mo-old male who ingested less than 10 ml of the oil and developed ataxia and drowsiness
Del Beccaro 1995
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A 2 year old was unable to walk thirty minutes after ingesting less than 10 mL of T36-C7, a commercial product containing 100% melaleuca oil. It resolved after 5 hours
Jacobs 1994
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Of 7 patients reactive to 1% melaleuca oil solution, 6 patients also reacted to limonene, 5 to alpha-terpinene and aromadendrene, 2 to terpinen-4-ol, 1 each to p-cymene and alpha-phellandrene and none to d-Carvone
Knight 1994
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4 cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil [Article in Dutch]
van der Valk 1994
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Inappropriately high topical doses have caused depression, weakness, incoordination and muscle tremors in dogs and cats. Supportive care has been sufficient to achieve recovery without sequelae within 2-3 d
Villar 1994
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Interactions
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Comparision of the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil with that of some of its components, both individually and in two-component combinations reveals that non-oxygenated terpenes in tea tree oil appear to reduce terpinen-4-ol efficacy by lowering its aqueous solubility.
Cox 2001
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Treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with toxic Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species
Allen 1978
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Contraindications
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For pollen of Callistemon, Melaleuca and Paspalum 81% of patients skin test positive to at least one of the pollens were also positive to the other two
Sweeney 1994
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Allergenic cross-reactivity between Callistemon citrinis (bottlebrush) and Melaleuca quinquenervia pollens
Stanaland 1988
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Cross-reactive allergenic components in Callistemon citrinis (bottlebrush) and Melaleuca quinquenervia pollen
Stanaland 1986
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Animal Studies
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Prostaglandin biosynthesis (PG I2, PG E2, PG D2) is not substantially affected by Melaleuca leucadendron (Cajeput), Guiera senegalensis or Combretum micranthum
Hiermann 1994
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Pharmacodynamics
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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil not only acts as an anti-inflammatory mediator through its antioxidant activity but may also efficiently protect the organism by reducing proliferation of inflammatory cells without affecting their capacity to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Caldefie-Chezet 2006
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[In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil.]
Furneri 2006
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It has been suggested that the effect of tea-tree oil on tumor cells could be mediated by its interaction with the plasma membrane, most likely by inducing a reorganization of lipid architecture.
Giordani 2006
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Tea-tree oil may be an effective antimicrobial agent when appropriately used at bactericidal concentrations, its application at sub-lethal concentrations may contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens.
McMahon 2006
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The most effective removal of smear layer on human teeth occurred with the use of NaOCl with a final rinse of 17% EDTA (negative control) followed by the use of a chamomile extract. Chamomile extract was found to be significantly more effective than distilled water and tea tree oil.
Sadr Lahijani 2006
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Determination of the susceptibility of organisms causing otitis externa (OE) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, showed that tea tree oil may have a role to play in the treatment of OE.
Farnan 2005
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It is shown that the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia has acaricidal properties against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus.
Iori 2005
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In the presence of 0.01 % Tween 80 as an emulsifier, tea tree oil treatments at concentrations between 3 and 30 ppmv (parts per million by volume) lowered the prevalence and significantly reduced the parasite burden of sticklebacks naturally infected with Gyrodactylus spp.
Steverding 2005
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It is shown that essential oils from Australian plants including Melaleuca alternifolia may be valuable antimicrobial agents for use alone or incorporated into cosmetics, cleaning agents and pharmaceutical products.
Wilkinson 2005
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Tea tree oil & terpinen-4-ol impair growth of human M14 melanoma cells & found to be more effective on their resistant variants, which express high levels of P-glycoprotein in plasma membrane, overcoming resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis exerted by P-glycoprotein-positive tumor cells.
Calcabrini 2004
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The role of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil as a modulator of oxidative response of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on leukocytes in humans in vitro revealed a direct active mediation on bactericidal action of circulating leukocytes & protector role on organism from an excess of ROS.
Caldefie-Chezet 2004
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Tea tree oil and components exerted their antifungal actions against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by altering membrane properties and compromising membrane-associated functions.
Hammer 2004
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The antimicrobial effect of 4 essential oils including Melaleuca alternifolia, on pH of two commonly used media, nutrient broth and Iso-sensitest broth, was evaluated which revealed that effect on pH was greatest at higher concentrations & fall in pH was greatest in nutrient broth.
Hood 2004
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EDTA enhanced antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (TTO) & terpinen-4-ol against stationary phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa while polymyxin B nonapeptide enhanced activity of TTO & gamma-terpinene. Increased tolerance to TTO in P. aeruginosa is related to barrier & energy functions of outer membrane.
Longbottom 2004
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The acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia and some of its individual active components on the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis were investigated which showed that TTO has a potential role as a new topical acaricide and confirm terpinen-4-ol as the primary active component.
Walton 2004
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Determination of in vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia oil against 161 isolates of oral bacteria from 15 genera indicates that a range of oral bacteria are susceptible to tea tree oil, suggesting that tea tree oil may be of use in oral healthcare products & in maintenance of oral hygiene.
Hammer 2003
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All tea tree oil components, except beta-myrcene, had antifungal activity. Lack of activity reported for some components by microdilution may be due to these components becoming absorbed into polystyrene of microtitre tray which indicates that plastics are unsuitable as assay vessels for such tests.
Hammer 2003a
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The majority of the organisms were sensitive to the essential oil, with tea tree oil and terpinen-4-olo being the most active oils showing antifungal activity at minimum inhibitory concentration values lower than other drugs.
Oliva 2003
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The essential oils from 8 plants including Melaleuca alternifolia, and Rosmarinus officinalis were analyzed by GC-MS and the antifungal activities of the oils were investigated and confirmed by disk diffusion assay and the broth dilution method against Aspergillus niger and A. flavus.
Shin 2003
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The antimicrobial activity of Backhousia citriodoraessential oils was found to be greater than that of citral alone and often superior to Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil.
Wilkinson 2003
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The mechanisms of action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and three of its components, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha-terpineol, against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 were investigated.
Carson 2002
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The in vitro activity of fluconazole & Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil evaluated against 99 vaginal Candida strains by broth microdilution & disc diffusion methods showed the potential use of topical tea tree oil formulations in treatment of candidiasis due to fluconazole-resistant strains.
Ergin 2002
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The in vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes (n = 106) and filamentous fungi (n = 78) was determined. Tea tree oil MICs for all fungi ranged from 0.004% to 0.25% and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) ranged from <0.03% to 8.0%.
Hammer 2002
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In order to find an alternative agent to commonly used antimycotic & antiseptic synthetic substances in vitro activity of Australian tea tree oil, essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, against several strains of Malassezia pachydermatis was examined which showed high susceptibility.
Weseler 2002
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The in vitro activity of tea tree oil against a range of wild strains of microorganisms isolated from clinical specimens of leg ulcers and pressure sores were investigated.
Banes-Marshall 2001
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Tea tree oil components suppress the production of superoxide by monocytes, but not neutrophils, suggesting the potential for selective regulation of cell types by these components during inflammation.
Brand 2001
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The antifungal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia Maiden (Myrtaceae) essential oil against yeasts (Candida spp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Debaryomyces hansenii) and dermatophytes (Microsporum spp. and Tricophyton spp.) is reported.
D'Auria 2001
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Beneficial aspects of medicinal plants on skin include: healing of wounds and burn injuries (especially Aloe vera); antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial and acaricidal activity against skin infections such as acne, herpes and scabies (especially tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil).
Mantle 2001
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[Can tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil prevent MRSA?]
Anderson 2000
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The ability of tea tree oil to disrupt the permeability barrier of cell membrane structures and the accompanying loss of chemiosmotic control is the most likely source of its lethal action at minimum inhibitory levels.
Cox 2000
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The in vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and tea tree oil against 54 Malassezia isolates were determined by agar and broth dilution methods.
Hammer 2000
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The inhibitory effect of tea tree oil (TTO) on the formation of germ tubes by Candida albicans was examined which revealed that pre-exposure to several concentrations of TTO, prior to induction of germ tubes in horse serum formed significantly fewer germ tubes than control cells.
Hammer 2000a
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The water-soluble components of tea tree oil can suppress pro-inflammatory mediators which are produced by activated human monocytes.
Hart 2000
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Effective cooling of the burn wound and an increased rate of wound healing was achieved by both repeated tap water compresses and by immediate or delayed application of Melaleuca Hydrogel.
Jandera 2000
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The bacteriostatic & bacteriocidal/ fungicidal activity of a tea tree oil solution, of a new tea tree oil (Tebodont) and the respective placebo-gel, of a chlorhexidin-digluconate-solution and of PlakOut was tested in vitro against ten different oral microorganisms. [Article in German]
Kulik 2000
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The pharmacology and antimicrobial activity of the three 'tea-tree' oils including the Australian Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), was determined using guinea-pig ileum, skeletal muscle (chick biventer muscle and the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm) and also rat uterus in vitro.
Lis-Balchin 2000
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The addition of Polymyxin B nonapeptide to Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 markedly increased this organism's susceptibility to tea tree oil and to its normally inert hydrocarbons, p-cymene and gamma-terpinene.
Mann 2000
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The effect of Tea tree oil & its isolated mono- & sesquiterpenes on viability of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, promastigotes of Leishmania major & human HL-60 cells was evaluated which showed that (tea tree) oil was 50-fold & 80-fold more toxic to T. brucei than to HL-60 cells.
Mikus 2000
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[Selection of resistance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia in Staphylococcus aureus.]
Nelson 2000
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Evaluation of in vitro susceptibilities of Candida and Aspergillus species to Melaleuca alternafolia oil demonstrated that Melaleuca inhibited the Candida species, however, the growth of Aspergillus was not inhibited at the concentrations tested.
Vazquez 2000
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Differentiation in white blood cells was induced to a similar extent by both the crude oil and the purified active component, (+:-) terpinene-4-ol
Budhiraja 1999
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Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tea tree oil and mupirocin.
Elsom 1999
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Organic matter (bakers yeast) and surfactants (Tween) compromise the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil
Hammer 1999
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In vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.
Hammer 1999
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Of 6 myrtaceous oils, tea tree was the strongest antibiotic, with MIC = 0.25% for Enterobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus. Manuka oil was stronger than tea tree to gram-positive bacteria
Harkenthal 1999
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8 of 30 plants showed potent activity against HSV-1 in a plaque assay at 100 micrograms/mL, including fruit of Melaleuca leucadendron (Cajuput) and pericarp of Nephelium lappaceum
Nawawi 1999
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Activity of tea tree oil on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Chan 1998
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Tea tree oil inhibits all but one of 58 clinical isolates of Candida, Trichophyton, Trichophyton, Trichophyton, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Epidermophyton and Microsporum gypsum
Concha 1998
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Concentrations of tea tree oil which inhibit Escherichia coli also inhibit glucose-dependent respiration and stimulate the leakage of intracellular K+. Stationary phase cells are more tolerant to tea tree oil than exponential phase cells
Cox 1998
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Electron micrographs of cells grown with Tea tree oil showed loss of electron dense material, coagulation of cell cytoplasm and formation of extracellular blebs. Stationary phase cells were less susceptible than exponentially grown cells
Gustafson 1998
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Candida inhibition by 24 essential oils: Sandalwood oil had the lowest MIC, at 0.06%, Melaleuca alternifolia was 0.25%
Hammer 1998
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Sporulation of fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium & Rhizopus) was suppressed by vapors of citron, lavender and thyme oils, less by perilla and tea tree oils and scarcely by lemongrass and cinnamon bark oils. Potency correlates with respiration-inhibition
Inouye 1998
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Burnaid a sorbalene-based cream containing 40 mg/g of tea tree oil and 1 mg/g of triclosan, inhibits S. aureus and E. coli but not E. faecalis or P. aeruginosa so should not be used on burns
Faoagali 1997
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MIC by tea tree oil for 90% of 64 Malassezia furfur isolates was 0.25% by agar dilution and 0.12% by broth dilution
Hammer 1997
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In-vitro activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia against Streptococcus spp.
Carson 1996
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S. aureus and most of the gram-negative bacteria tested were more susceptible to tea tree oil than the coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci
Hammer 1996
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Tea tree oil inhibit growth dozens of fungi and yeasts with MIC = 1.1 - 4.4 mg/ml
Nenoff 1996
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Head lice are effectively treated by essential oils (in alcoholic solution) of aniseed, cinnamon leaf, red thyme, tea tree, peppermint, or nutmeg, followed by a rinse the following morning with an essential oil/vinegar/water mixture
Veal 1996
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Tween 80 enhanced solubility of tea tree oil in the test medium. The MIC90 of tea tree oil for E. coli was 0.25% while for S. aureus was 0.50%
Carson 1995
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All 66 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus tested, including methicillin- mupirocin-resistant ones, were susceptible to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia
Carson 1995
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Terpinen-4-ol was active against all the test organisms while rho-cymene demonstrated no antimicrobial activity. Linalool and alpha-terpineol were active against all organisms with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Carson 1995
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Anti-A agglutinins were found in extracts of Hohenbuehelia serotina, Paxillus panuoides, Melanoleuca melaleuca and Hygrophorus capreolarius and reaction was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Furukawa 1995
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Setting time of root canal sealer was shorter with eugenol or oil of pimento than with Melaleuca
Kaplowitz 1991
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Con A induced histamine was inhibited by extracts of Melaleuca leucadendron fruits, attributed to ursolic acid and two stilbenes, piceatannol and oxyresveratrol
Tsuruga 1991
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Antimicrobial activity of Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum gratissimum, Eugenia caryophyllata, Melaleuca viridiflora, Helichrysum sp., Psiadia altissima [Article in French]
Ramanoelina 1987
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"Nerolidol: An Antifeeding Sesquiterpene Alcohol for Gypsy Moth Larvae >From Melaleuca leucadendron"--Doskotch, R. W., et al., Journal of Chemical Ecology, 6:845-851 (1980).
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Analytical Chemistry
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After determining the chemical composition of tea-tree oil and lavender oil, by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry, their mutagenic and antimutagenic activities were investigated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay.
Evandri 2005
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Antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree oil & components alpha-terpinene, alpha-terpinolene, & gamma-terpinene, were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay & hexanal/hexanoic acid assay & their antioxidant activities were: alpha-terpinene > alpha-terpinolene > gamma-terpinene.
Kim 2004
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Analysis of the commercial essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) by GC-MS showed that the amount of terpinens in each sample differed. [Article in Japanese]
Mori 2002
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Individual leaves of the commercial terpinen-4-ol type of Melaleuca alternifolia were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively for volatile constituents from the emergence of the first true leaves, through to 6-week-old tenth leaf set material.
Russell 2002
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The retention times in the two dimensions for a number of individual components comprising hydrocarbon, alcohol, ester & ketone chemical classes in a Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil were recorded from replicate analyses using 4 separate column sets & 2 identical gas chromatographs.
Shellie 2002
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Oil quantity and quality were measured for the cotyledon leaves of the commercial terpinen-4-ol chemical variety of Melaleuca alternifolia. Oil yield obtained by ethanolic extraction was 3.8 micrograms per leaf or 2.6%.
Southwell 2002
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A microwave assisted ethanol extraction & a 2-h hydrodistillation technique were used on both dry and fresh leaf from a low and a high oil concentration tree.
Baker 2000
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The composition and yield of oil in 615 trees representing the natural populations of Melaleuca alternifolia, or tea tree, was investigated. Preliminary formulae have been developed to allow comparisons of oil data obtained by steam distillation with a static headspace gas chromatography method.
Homer 2000
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(+)-cis-Sabinene hydrate and (+)-trans-sabinene hydrate are the main monoterpenes found in marjoram (Origanum majorana), but can also be found in other Origanum species as well, as in Melaleuca alternifolia.
Novak 2000
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Triterpenes, eupha-7,24-diene-3beta,22beta-diol, 20-taraxastene-3alpha,28-diol, 3alpha,27-dihydroxy-28, 20beta-taraxastanolide & 3alpha-hydroxy-13(18)-oleanene-27, 28-dioic acid from Melaleuca leucadendron (Cajeput) heartwood
Lee 1999
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A rapid screening assay to determine the MIC of tea tree oil for a range of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria
Mann 1998
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Gutta-percha is dissolved at least 50% in 15 min by chloroform, rectified white turpentine, oil of melaleuca, eucalyptol, white pine oil, and pine needle oil
Kaplowitz 1990
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A new constituent of biogenetic, pharmacological and historical interest from Melaleuca cajeputi oil.
Lowry 1973
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Leaf contains 50-130 ppm myrcene
[NIEHS]
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Molecular structure of (+)-terpinen-4-ol at
ChemExper
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Molecular structure of p-, o- and m-cymene at
ChemExper
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Properties of cymen-8-ol at
NIEHS
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The structure and properties of terpinen-4-ol at
NIST
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The structure and properties of cymene at
NIST
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Monoterpene synthases were partially purified from flush growth of high terpinen-4-ol chemotype of Melaleuca alternifolia. To further characterise monoterpene synthase, a cDNA library was constructed & 500 expressed sequence tags were sequenced to isolate putative terpene synthases.
Shelton 2004
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To investigate level of genetic control of monoterpene composition in essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, individuals representing 3 extreme chemotypes of high terpinen-4-ol, high 1,8-cineole & high terpinolene were crossed with commercially desirable high terpinen-4-ol oil profile.
Shelton 2002
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Mycoplasma melaleucae sp. nov., a sterol-requiring mollicute from flowers of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Melaleuca decora and the silk oak (Grevillea robusta)
Tully 1990
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Contemporary Formulas
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The antimicrobial activity of different formulations, of microemulsions, liposomal dispersions, multiple emulsions and a colloidal bed of sterile clay were formulated using 5% w/w of tea tree oil had a maximum effect at pH 5.5.
Biju 2005
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Vegetative propagation of highly productive clones which produce tea tree oil high in terpinen-4-ol
Williams 1998
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Melaleuca alternifolia" or "tea tree" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Muscle relaxant and analgesic composition containing 5-10% oil of Melaleuca spp. along with other aromatic oils, such as camphor, menthol and methyl salicylate, a thickening agent, a preservative, and a carrier;
US Patent 5,096,709
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Genital herpes and other inflammations treated with tea tree oil, pau d'arco powder (lapacho), licorice root, and echinacea, local anesthetic (pramoxine HCl), aloe vera and chamomile;
US Patent 5,455,033
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Antiperspirant composed of a thickener--absorber mixture of hydroxylalkylcellulose with colloidal silica and silicates and an antiperspirant active material, preferably chlorhydrol plus tea tree oil;
US Patent 5,468,473
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Oral compositions for plaque and gingivitis composed of thymol and eugenol, and optionally a sesquiterpene alcohol, e.g. farnesol and enhanced with Tea Tree oil, sage oil and eucalyptol;
US Patent 5,472,684
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Sunburn care with tea tree oil, spearmint oil, lidocaine HCl and a component that reduces tackiness;
US Patent 5,558,914
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Disinfectant composed of biocidally active terpenes (e.g. tea tree oil), surfactants, proton donor type biocides, trihydroxy aliphatic or aromatic acid;
US Patent 5,610,189
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Headache relief with topical treatment of oils of lemon, sweet almond, cajuput, clove, eucalyptus, peppermint and thyme;
US Patent 5,629,281
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Treating an aquatic animal to aid recovery from bacterial or fungal diseases, or wounds, abrasions, or burns by adding cajeput oil to water containing the aquatic animal at 0.001 - 1 ml of cajeput oil per day per 10 gallons;
US Patent 5,882,647
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Tinea pedis treatment by an antifungal, such as melaleuca alternifolia extract oil, added to soap;
US Patent 5,894,020
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Periodontal disease preventive dentrifice composed of a tissue regeneration agent (coenzyme Q), and a antimicrobial agent, such as melaleuca alternifolia extract oil, mixed into a solution medium;
US Patent 5,908,613
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Therapeutic skin care preparation composed of glycerin, aloe vera, beeswax, titanium dioxide and fragrance, thickeners including sodium carrageenan, and antiseptic ingredients including tincture of iodine and Melaleuca alternifolia;
US Patent 5,972,362
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A knock-down herbicidal composition consisting essentially of the combination of (a) pine oil, and (b) tea tree oil or eucalyptus oil;
US Patent 5,998,335
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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The 1,8-cineole and terpinolene chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings were investigated and compared with the recently reported commercial terpinen-4-ol chemotype.
Russell 2003
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Analysis of Melaleuca alternifolia leaf set 10 at the age of 6 weeks (seedling age 17 weeks) provides an unambiguous analysis & correlates seedling quality with mature plantation quality. In addition, the oil yield of mature tea tree leaf was found to be 5 times higher than that of seedling leaf.
Russell 2003a
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Related Links
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Scroll down index of herbs to find Aetheroleum Melaleucae Alternifoliae within the pdf file in
WHO monograph
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Directory of Essential Oils for Aromatherapy Tea-Tree Oil( Melaleuca alternifolia).
Aromatherapy
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Since the early 1990s, research on the medicinal properties of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) has been conducted by a group of scientists in the Department of Microbiology at The University of Western Australia.
The Tea Tree Oil Research Group
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