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Clinical Trials
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Update of 2002 Cochrane evidence-based review of Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia found that while safe with no excess adverse effects compared to placebo, overall the evidence for predictable and clinically significant benefit is inconsistent and unconvincing.
Birks 2007
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Among 80 patients with vestibular symptoms, 13 patients (16%) had tried some form of complementary therapy for their vestibular symptoms. Ginkgo biloba and acupuncture were the two most popular treatments. Six of the 13 patients reported that their choice of treatment(s) helped them.
Baguley 2006
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[Letter to the Editor: The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects-A double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study.]
Blumenthal 2006
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A 12-week, double-blind, study assessed effects of ginkgo (120 mg per day) on cognitive abilities, attention and mood in 93 healthy older adults (55-79 years) & in 104 young adults. For older adult sample, longer-term memory assessed by associational learning tasks showed improvement with ginkgo.
Burns 2006
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Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study of Ginkgo biloba was carried out by administering 120 mg twice per day as Ginkgo biloba extract, as a 5-year, randomized double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial in prevention of dementia (and especially Alzheimer's disease) in normal elderly.
DeKosky 2006
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Review on pharmacological strategies that have been clinically studied for the primary or secondary prevention of Alzheimer's disease shows that at least 4 large prevention trials of conjugated oestrogen, selenium and vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and statins are currently underway.
Doraiswamy 2006
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The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating Ginkgo biloba to prevent dementia, successfully recruited 3072 participants age 75 years and older at four U.S. sites through Mass mailings.
Fitzpatrick 2006
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This exploratory pilot study 22 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed that no adverse events or side effects were reported and that ginkgo exerted modest beneficial effects on select functional measures (eg, fatigue) among some individuals with MS.
Johnson 2006
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The ingestion of 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba Extract as a single for 3 months did not produce insulin resistance in the non-diabetic or pre-diabetic subjects or exacerbate the disease in the T2DM subjects.
Kudolo 2006
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[Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on lipid peroxidation injury in the elderly patients with chronic corpulmonale.] [Article in Chinese]
Luo 2006
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The clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba E.S. (Flavogin) in the dementia of the Alzheimer type, was confirmed in patients aged 50-80 years and comparable with donepezil clinical efficacy.
Mazza 2006
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This is based on the reports that in the past, several studies suggest that Ginkgo biloba could have a potential benefit effect on cognitive function and prevention of Alzheimer disease.
Vellas 2006
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Update of 2001 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for vitiligo found some evidence of short term benefit with steroids, light therapies and other treatments for vitiligo, but long term benefits and harms of treating have not yet been established.
Whitton 2006
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Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761, an anti-dementia drug, enhances cognitive functioning and stabilizes mood in 107 cognitively impaired elderly subjects.
Woelk 2006
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Co-administration of acetylsalicylic acid and Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 does not constitute a safety risk, including in an elderly patient population undergoing treatment with EGb 761.
Wolf 2006
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Investigation of the effects of Ginko biloba extract on T lymphocyte subsets and superoxide dismutase levels in 109 schizophrenia patients shows that it may improve the decreased peripheral immune functions in schizophrenia.
Zhang 2006
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It has been suggested that extract of gingko biloba might enhance the efficiency of antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia, particularly on positive symptoms of the disorder.
Atmaca 2005
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A preliminary open-label study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ginkgo biloba during a 6-month period in Alzheimer type dementia, vascular and mix dementia. [Article in Polish]
Bidzan 2005
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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acetazolamide vs Ginkgo biloba for acute mountain sickness prophylaxis was performed and found no evidence of similar efficacy for Ginkgo biloba.
Chow 2005
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After acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants.
Elsabagh 2005
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A study to determine whether cognitive benefits, of Gingko biloba in post-menopausal women, would persist even after 6 weeks & those with poorer cognitive performance would benefit more revealed that beneficial effects were limited to test of mental flexibility & to those with poorer performance.
Elsabagh 2005a
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The rate of bleeding complications is low in patients when taking any of the widely used antidementia drugs, glutamate modulators, cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium antagonists or the phytomedicine Ginkgo biloba.
Gaus 2005
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Single timepoint, phenotypic metabolic ratios were used to determine whether long-term supplementation of St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba affected CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4 activity in 12 healthy elderly subjects.
Gurley 2005
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The effects of Ginkgo biloba special extract, EGb 761, on PFA-100 in vitro bleeding time in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Halil 2005
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The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese]
He 2005
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The benefit and structure of Ginkgo biloba-extract EGb 761 in treatment of patients with dementia was examined which showed that Gingko produced to a higher quality of life & the progression of disease is slowed down & treatment costs are lower. [Article in German]
Heinen-Kammerer 2005
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The comparitive study of the effects of Ginkgo biloba treatment with the homeopathic remedy Vertigoheel in 170 patients with atherosclerosis-related vertigo shows that Vertigoheel is an appealing alternative to established G. biloba therapy for atherosclerosis-related vertigo.
Issing 2005
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The effect of ginkgo & ginger, on pharmacokinetics & pharmaco-dynamics(PD&PK) of warfarin & independent effect of these herbs on clotting status was investigated in 12 healthy subjects which showed that Ginkgo & ginger at recommended doses do not affect clotting status, (PD&PK) of warfarin.
Jiang 2005
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Ginkgo biloba extract was effective in partially reversing the thrombogenic coagulation profile without increasing the risk of bleeding in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.
Kim 2005
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Ginkgo biloba extract injection is effective in treating early diabetic nephropathy through decreasing urinary albumin excretion rate, regulating blood lipids, improving renal function and hemorheology. [Article in Chinese]
Lu 2005
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A 14-day oral administration of a widely used, standardized ginkgo extract at a generally advocated dosage of 240 mg/day did not significantly alter concentrations of major circulating steroids in men and women.
Markowitz 2005
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The reviewed RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses which based their findings on the results of RCTs suggest that Ginkgo biloba is effective compared with placebo for patients with intermittent claudication.
Pittler 2005
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The determination of the clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type did not show efficacy of GbE.
Schneider 2005
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The results of a meta-analysis of four recent clinical trials evaluating the homeopathic preparation Vertigoheel (VH) compared with usual therapies (betahistine, Ginkgo biloba extract, dimenhydrinate) for vertigo in a total of 1388 patients shows good efficacy and tolerability of VH.
Schneider 2005
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Two systematic clinical trials, both double-blind and placebo controlled, have yielded negative results and suggest that Ginkgo biloba extracts are of little more use in the treatment of tinnitus than a placebo.
Smith 2005
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[Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: exclusion of high risk, low status groups perpetuates discrimination and inequalities.]
Adams 2004
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A most recent large trial with Ginkgo biloba clearly showed that this drug does not prevent acute mountain sickness in a low-risk setting in which acetazolamide in a low dose of 2 x 125 mg was effective.
Bartsch 2004
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Anatomical & functional changes in visual organ in children & adolescents, age between 11 & 19 years, with long lasting diabetes mellitus (DM)type 1 & taking Egb 761 as an adjuvant was evaluated which showed that Egb 761 seems to be good adjuvant in patient with long lasting DM. [Article in Polish]
Bernardczyk-Meller 2004
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The effect of the Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 on skin blood flow in 27 healthy middle-aged volunteers and accompanying changes in urinary metabolites was investigated.
Boelsma 2004
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[Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: bias in participants may underestimate effectiveness of agents.]
Elphick 2004
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Evaluation of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba, acetazolamide, and their combination as prophylaxis against acute mountain sickness with 614 healthy western trekkers showed that when compared with placebo, ginkgo is not effective at preventing acute mountain sickness.
Gertsch 2004
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It is shown that by treatment of dementia patients with Ginkgo special extract EGb 761, the progression of dependency and need of care can be slowed down, which may have an impact on costs for care, e.g. by delaying nursing home placement. [Article in German]
Haan 2004
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There were no significant effects of Gincosan (120mg Ginkgo biloba & 200mg Panax ginseng)treatment on ratings of mood, bodily symptoms of somatic anxiety, menopausal symptoms or sleepiness or on any of cognitive measures of attention, memory or frontal lobe function in post-menopausal women.
Hartley 2004
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Update of 2002 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for tinnitus found that the limited evidence did not demonstrate effectiveness for tinnitus as a primary complaint. There was no reliable evidence to determine if it is effective for tinnitus associated with cerebral insufficiency.
Hilton 2004
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3 months of oral administration of Ginkgo biloba (GBE 761) reduced malondialdehyde levels of erythrocytes membranes, fibrinogen levels, promoted erythrocytes deformability, & improved blood viscosity & viscoelasticity, which may facilitate perfusion in diabetic mellitus patients with retinopathy.
Huang 2004
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Ginkgo biloba increases exhaled nasal nitric oxide (NO) output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric hypoxia in humans.
Jowers 2004
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Flavonoid antioxidants (dikvertin and ginkgo biloba) reduced the content of lipid peroxidation products, and induced the antioxidant activity in tear and blood plasma in patients with peripheral vitreochoreoretinal dystrophies and retinal detachment. [Article in Russian]
Karazhaeva 2004
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A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the influence of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on hemostasiological parameters in 50 healthy, male volunteers which showed no evidence of any inhibition of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation through EGb 761.
Kohler 2004
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Trial data for cholinesterase inhibitors were more consistent than those for ginkgo, particularly regarding patient populations and outcome measures.
Kurz 2004
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[Clinical effect of acute cerebral infarction treated by ginkgo damo injection and it's influence on SOD, MDA and NO] [Article in Chinese]
Liu 2004
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A double-blind placebo-controlled study conducted with 19 healthy males & 20 females with a mean age of 23.6 +/- 5.4 years and mean weight of 70.0 +/- 1.9 kg showed that supplement of Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating symptoms of post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function.
Mattes 2004
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[Clinical observation on treatment of diabetic peripheral neuphropathy by ginkgo leaf extract combined with active vitamin B12] [Article in Chinese]
Meng 2004
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 85 healthy subjects shows that the combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects.
Nathan 2004
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It is indicated that use of Ginkgo biloba or Ginseng does not provide any quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long-term in healthy adult volunteers.
Persson 2004
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A randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) & meta-analysis of randomized trials with 66 adult patients with tinnitus showed that Gb does not benefit patients.
Rejali 2004
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A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial with 60 participants, aged 21- 60 years, showed that the combination of Gingko biloba (GB) & Codonopsis pilosula seemed to be better than GB alone in improving the cognitive function and overall health.
Singh 2004
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In the short-term, Ginko biloba--Troxerutin-Heptaminol Hce is effective, acceptable and safe in the treatment of 22 patients with acute hemorrhoidal attacks.
Sumboonnanonda 2004
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Effects of continuing treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract 120 mg/day on activities of daily living & mood in healthy older volunteers who had immediately previously participated in a survey of effects of a 4 month treatment with drugs showed improvement in mood & self-assessed performance of tasks.
Trick 2004
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Both modified Wuzi Yanzong Granule and Ginkgo leaf capsule can effectively improve the memorial function of patients with mild cognitive impairment. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2004
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A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, trial of Ginkgo biloba 240 mg daily was carried out in 24 patients with sexual impairment due to antidepressant drugs showed spectacular individual responses but no statistically significant differences.
Wheatley 2004
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The potential association between use of C4A treatments, in particular EGb 761 (standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts), and dementia of Alzheimer type was investigated in elderly women & results suggest that C4A treatment may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia in elderly women.
Andrieu 2003
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A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 32 healthy volunteers to evaluate the effect of 3 doses of Ginkgo extract (120, 240 & 480 mg/day for 14 days) on hemostasis, coagulation & fibrinolysis showed no alteration of platelet function or coagulation.
Bal Dit Sollier 2003
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A pilot study to assess multiple crossover n = 1 trials with verum/placebo discrimination as the outcome measure as a means of identifying responders and non-responders to the acute nootropic effect of Ginkgo biloba among healthy volunteers was carried out.
Canter 2003
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Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides capsule preparation has some definite therapeutic effects on upper digestive tract malignant tumors of middle and late stage in 86 patients. [Article in Chinese]
Chen 2003
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A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German]
Cieza 2003
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[Ginkgo biloba works in healthy persons, too. Older people feel more mentally fit] [Article in German]
Cieza 2003
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The relatively short-term (i.e., 4 weeks) effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on mental functioning and quality of life in healthy volunteers was evaluated which showed that self-estimated mental health as well as self-estimated quality of life were significant in favor of EGb 761.
Cieza 2003
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial indicated that Coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba do not influence the clinical effect of warfarin. [Article in Danish]
Engelsen 2003
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The benefits of Ginkgo on memory and frontal lobe function found in the double-blind, placebo-controlled study, postmenopausal women are modest but are unlikely to be secondary to major mood changes.
Hartley 2003
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Commonly used doses of Ginkgo biloba do not have any immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables in young, healthy volunteers.
Kalus 2003
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Neither piracetam nor Ginkgo biloba appears to be a promising medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Kampman 2003
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Both ginseng and ginkgo also led to significant reductions in frontal 'eyes closed' theta and beta activity, with additional reduction for ginseng in the alpha waveband in 15 healthy volunteers.
Kennedy 2003
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Gingko biloba extract was a potent antioxidant for both normocholesterolemic and hypercholemic subjects, It acts by reducing thiobarbituric acid reacting substances possibly by inhibiting platelet COX-1 isoform activity.
Kudolo 2003
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An exploratory analysis of the influence of baseline neuropsychological profiles on the effect of Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease was conducted in patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
Le Bars 2003
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It is found that standardized extracts of Ginkgo biloba at recommended doses are unlikely to significantly alter the disposition of co-administered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways for elimination in normal volunteers.
Markowitz 2003
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Ginkgo biloba extract seems to be a simple, safe and fairly effective therapy for arresting the progression of the slow-spreading vitiligo disease.
Parsad 2003
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Ginkgo biloba extract administration appears to improve preexisting visual field damage in some patients with normal tension glaucoma.
Quaranta 2003
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A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning.
Santos 2003
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It has been found that a single dose of 180 g of Ginkgo biloba does not affect soleus motoneuron pool excitability in 20 healthy volunteers.
Stone 2003
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Agents including the antioxidants vitamin E, selegiline, and Ginkgo biloba extracts have shown some benefit in clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease.
Tariot 2003
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A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial in elderly patients with dementia do not support the view that Ginkgo is beneficial for patients with dementia or age-associated memory impairment.
van Dongen 2003
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The effect of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on human gastric cancer was studied in 30 patients and its therapeutic mechanism may relates to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells.
Xu 2003
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The efficacy of Tianlong Xifeng granule in the treatment of ceroarterosclerosis with Gan-yang-hua-feng Zheng was investigated in 122 patients & 60 patients in the control group were treated with Ginkgo Biloba capsule. [Article in Chinese]
Yi 2003
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[Use of tanakan in disturbances of memory and attention in the elderly].[Article in Russian]
Zakharov 2003
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Clinical trials in healthy subjects shows no marked or consistent positive effects of Ginkgo biloba on any particular objective measure of cognitive function. A positive subjective effect was reported only in the longest trial.
Canter 2002
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The bioavailability of the main active ingredient in Ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolid B, was higher in volunteers treated with 40mg twice daily as compared to the single 80mg dose.
Drago 2002
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Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract, one day prior to rapid ascent, appeared to reduce the severity of acute mountain sickness.
Gertsch 2002
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A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study did not replicate a prior positive finding supporting the use of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant, especially SSRI, induced sexual dysfunction.
Kang 2002
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The relative bioavailability of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and bilobalide was investigated after single oral administration of 120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract as tablets or capsules in humans.
Kressmann 2002
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The effect of ingesting Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma and prostanoid urinary excretion in healthy volunteers and subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus was compared.
Kudolo 2002
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The improvement seen in Alzheimer patients treated with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 was found to be dependent on the severity of the dementia.
Le Bars 2002
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Under clinical conditions, bilobil increases the cerebral blood flow, normalizes the metal ligand homeostasis, and improves the antioxidant status in children with early forms of cerebrovascular disease (neurocirculate distonia) and attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome. [Article in Russian]
Limanova 2002
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[The acute effects of combined administration of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in humans.]
Maher 2002
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A clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto and kava based on American experiences was given. [Article in Swedish]
Mattsson 2002
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Oral treatment with a Ginkgo biloba extract (Gibidyl Forte(R)) is able to dilate forearm blood vessels causing increments in regional blood flow without changing blood pressure levels in healthy subjects.
Mehlsen 2002
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A large-scaled clinical trial was conducted with 262 community-dwelling volunteers (both male and female) 60 years of age and older, to study the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract on the neuropsychological functioning of cognitively intact older adults.
Mix 2002
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Ginkgo biloba phytosome may be effective in reducing the number of Raynaud's attacks per week in patients suffering from Raynaud's disease.
Muir 2002
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The acute effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB 120 mg) on memory functioning was examined in healthy older volunteers using cognitive drug research battery of memory tests & Rey auditory verbal learning task & findings suggest that 120 mg of GB has no acute nootropic effects in healthy older individuals.
Nathan2002
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Patients with vestibular lesion symptoms, treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, gained full vestibular compensation sooner than untreated patients. [Article in Polish]
Orendorz-Fraczkowska 2002
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The acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load was examined.
Scholey 2002
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Ginkgo biloba extract, an over-the-counter agent marketed as enhancing memory, did not improve any cognitive function in volunteers 60 years or older when treated with a dose of 40mg three times daily.
Solomon 2002
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Folium Ginkgo extract could suppress the free radical production, -scavenge free radicals, antagonize the lipid peroxidation injury of cell membrane and up-regulate erythrocyte immunity in 30 asphyxia neonates. [Article in Chinese]
Wang 2002
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Large trial found 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 given 3 times daily for 12 weeks is no more effective than placebo in treating tinnitus.
Drew 2001
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Patients treated with antidepressants and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE Li 1370) showed improvement on cognitive performance and sleep regulation than those not on Ginkgo biloba extract.
Hemmeter 2001
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Trial of healthy volunteers found dose-dependent improvement in performance on the "quality of memory" factor, targeted at the secondary memory rather than the working memory component. There was a dose dependent decrease in "speed of attention".
Kennedy 2001
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Increase in hepatic metabolic clearance rate of insulin and hypoglycemic agents found in 3-month study of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)of individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Kudolo 2001
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Study of 36 ADHD children treated with Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba extract found symptoms improved.
Lyon 2001
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Study of 30 healthy males found Ginkgo biloba extract to be safe but largely ineffective in enhancing memory.
Moulton 2001
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Trial with healthy volunteers found no differences in sleep paramaters (including REM)where Ginkgo biloba extract Li1370 was administered. Sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality improved and showed Li1370 was well tolerated.
Murray 2001
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Trial of Alzheimer patients found significant improvements in speed of information processing working memory and executive processing attributable to EGb.
Stough 2001
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Trial of schizophrenic patients found Ginkgo biloba treatment may enhance the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs and reduce their extrapyramidal side effects.
Zhang 2001
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The impact of 4 months supplementation with 120 mg/day of Ginkgo biloba special extract (LI 1370) on activities of daily living & various aspects of mood & sleep in a population of older volunteers revealed that GBE supplementation has beneficial effects on quality of life in an older population.
Cockle 2000
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Ginkgo biloba administration did not significantly change brain MAO A or B suggesting that mechanisms other than MAO inhibition may be mediating some of its CNS effects.
Fowler 2000
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Study on the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba therapy in 72 patients (44 male and 28 female) with chronic cochleovestibular disorders shows it has a very good effect on both postural and oculovestibular reflexes. Also, hearing was improved, and patients' comfort was heightened by the therapy.
Hahn 2000
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Acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers significantly improved "speed of attention". Effects were dose dependent.
Kennedy 2000
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Lowered blood pressure and increased fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide found in 3-month study of ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals.
Kudolo 2000
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Study of mildly to severely impaired Alzheimer's patients found improvements in group taking Ginkgo biloba extract.
Le Bars 2000
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Short-term utilization of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 found to enhance neurocognitive functions/processes of cognitively intact older adults.
Mix 2000
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Systematic review of 8 RCTS suggests Ginkgo biloba extract is moderately superior to placebo in the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication.
Pittler 2000
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Combination of Muira puama and Ginkgo biloba found effective in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in healthy women with low sex drive, based on self-reporting.
Waynberg 2000
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Trial of 256 healthy middle-aged volunteers found Ginkgo/ginseng combination significantly improved working and long-term memory.
Wesnes 2000
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Ginkgo extract EGb 761 found as effective as second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, metrifonate) in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia.
Wettstein 2000
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Ginkgo biloba extract significantly improved symptoms of glaucoma in particular ocular blood flow velocity.
Chung 1999
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Patients taking Ginkgo experienced reduced symptoms of mental decline. A more objective system of assessment is needed to provide firm proof.
Curtis-Prior 1999
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Cochrane evidence-based review of Ginkgo biloba for age-related macular degeneration found that
the question as to whether people with AMD should take Ginkgo Biloba extract to prevent progression of the disease has not been answered by research to date.
Evans 1999
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Ginkgo biloba did not prevent the development of the symptoms of winter depression.
Lingaerde 1999
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Indeterminate results from a tinnitus treatment program that included Gingko biloba.
Oliveira 1999
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Acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced memory, particularly working memory in asymptomatic volunteers.
Rigney 1999
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Improvement in pain-free walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were found using two different dosage levels of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761.
Schweizer 1999
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGb may enhance treatment with antipsychotic haloperidol on schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms. Mechanism may be an antioxidant effect.
Zhou 1999
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Ginkgo biloba extract with carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan applied to skin for 2 weeks reduced dermatitis from various allergens for 22 women in double blind study
Castelli 1998
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Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders can considerably improve oculomotor and visuovestibular function.
Cesarani 1998
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Ginkgo leaf extract, avg 209 mg/day, offset sexual dysfunction caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 91% for 33 women and 76% for 30 men
Cohen 1998
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Alzheimer's therapy study ought to include ginkgo, antioxidants, hormones, etc.; a review
Doraiswamy 1998
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Literature review indicates ginkgo biloba provides statistically significant but clinically modest improvement in cognitive function for early dementia
Flint 1998
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Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761--an anti-dementia drug [Article in German]
Horr 1998
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Patients with circulatory encephalopathy improved when they received different forms of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in combined treatment.
Ivaniv 1998
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Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases experience improvement when treated with Ginkgo biloba extract GbE.
Li 1998
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Systematic review of reported trials of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease show positive effects but more research needed on dosage.
Oken 1998
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111 patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease and claudication given 3 pills/day of EGb 761 for 24 wk had walking distance increase to 153m vs 127 for placebo
Peters 1998
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Preliminary lab and clinical data support use of herbals such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and garlic, and nutritional supplements to slow aging
Rattan 1998
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Analysis (by GC/MS) and characterization of quercetin and kaempferol in urine following ingestion of Ginkgo biloba tablets
Watson 1998
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Review indicates good evidence for the efficacy of St John's wort for depression and for ginkgo in the treatment of memory impairment caused by dementia
Wong 1998
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After six-weeks treatment, increase in ECG first degree AV-blocks and abnormalities of repolarization for imipramine but a significant reduction for hypericum in double blind study with 209 depression patients
Czekalla 1997
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Modest improvements in cognitive tests by 202 mild to severely demented patients taking EGb 761 for a year
Le Bars 1997
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240 mg/day of Ginkgo extract EGb 761 (Tebonin forte) to 20 Alzheimer's patients improved SKT score by 3 points while placebo group deteriorated by 0.8.
Maurer 1997
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320 mg/day EGb 761 (n = 8) compared to placebo (n = 7) for 5 days before cardiopulmonary bypass reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive species, decrease of DMSO/ascorbyl radicals, myoglobin leakage and ventricular myosin leakage. Final outcome comparable
Pietri 1997
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Urine collected for 3 days after Ginkgo biloba leaves taken contains metabolites that account for less than 30% of the flavonoids ingested
Pietta 1997
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64 healthy adults given Ginkgo biloba/ginseng combination at 80, 160, or 320 mg bid for 90 days had improved heart rate and cognition
Wesnes 1997
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24 week, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study with parallel-group comparison of 60 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease using EGb 761 at 120 mg/d found longer walking distances in the treatment group [Article in German]
Blume 1996
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18 claudication patients randomized in a double blind cross-over study with GB-8 at 120 mg/day for 3 months showed improved concentration and memory but unchanged walking distance, peripheral blood pressure, and leg pain [Article in Danish]
Drabaek 1996
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Review of 10 clinical trials with Ginkgo for claudication found all lacking in methodological quality so further study is necessary [Article in German]
Ernst 1996
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Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition (p <0.05)[Article in German]
Haase 1996
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216 Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 240 mg EGb 761 for 24 weeks found benefit with the 156 patients who completed the study
Kanowski 1996
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New Clinical Drug Eval. Unit (NCDEU) review of natural psychotropics, highlighting Hypericum, Valerian, Ginkgo and Ginseng
Cott 1995
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55 ischaemic stroke patients in placebo controlled trial found no benefit for Ginkgo extract at 160 mg/day although 40 trials by others have shown usefulness for chronic cerebral ischaemia
Garg 1995
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Meta analysis of 11 placebo controlled randomized double blind trials in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency indicates Ginkgo benefit [Article in German]
Hopfenmuller 1994
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900 mg of hypericum per day for 4 weeks benefited seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Martinez 1994
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43 patients with high cholersterol (230-390) had modest lowering by garlic-ginkgo combination compared with placebo
Kenzelmann 1993
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72 outpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study for 24 weeks with EGb 761 found improved short-term memory [Article in German]
Grassel 1992
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Meta-analysis of 5 placebo controlled trials with EGb 761 for patients with peripheral arterial disease found improved walking distances [Article in German]
Schneider 1992
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31 memory impaired patients in a 6-month double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 120 mg/d Ginkgo extract (tanakan) showed benefit for cognitive function
Rai 1991
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60 inpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind study for 6 weeks with 160 mg/d Ginkgo extract had small progressive improvements after 4 weeks [Article in German]
Eckmann 1990
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For 70 patients with vertiginous syndrome of undetermined origin, in a 3-month double blind trial, 47% of the treatment group had symptoms eliminated vs. 18% of the placebo group [Article in French]
Haguenauer 1986
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103 tinnitus patients in a 13 month trial found benefit with Ginkgo vs. placebo [Article in French]
Meyer 1986
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166 patients with cerebral disorders due to ageing in a double-blind, placebo controlled trial had benefit after 3 or more months [Article in French]
Taillandier 1986
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A 6-month double-blind randomised clinical trial with 79 patients with peripheral arteriopathy showed benefit for Ginkgo extract (rokan)
Bauer 1984
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